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This study discusses the progress of science in Andalusia during the rule of the Umayyad Daulah II, which served as an essential bridge between the Islamic world and the West. The purpose of this research is to examine the factors that stimulated scientific advancement, the fields of knowledge that developed, and the intellectual values inherited for modern life. This study employs a qualitative approach with a library research method by analyzing various historical sources, academic journals, and scholarly works related to Islamic civilization in Andalusia. The results show that scientific progress in Andalusia under the Umayyad Daulah II emerged from political stability, social tolerance, religious enthusiasm, and government support for education and research. Knowledge flourished in diverse disciplines such as medicine, astronomy, mathematics, philosophy, art, and architecture. Andalusia became a leading center for education and translation, transmitting Islamic knowledge to Europe and contributing greatly to the rise of the Renaissance. In conclusion, the intellectual achievements of Andalusia demonstrate that the harmony between faith, justice, and openness produces a just and progressive civilization. These scientific and moral values remain relevant for guiding the development of a modern civilization grounded in ethics and humanity.

The quality of human resources is a fundamental pillar of a country’s development, and education plays a crucial role in shaping this quality. Education not only provides knowledge and skills but also builds attitudes, values, and competencies that enable individuals to contribute effectively to social and economic development. This study aims to examine how education can enhance human growth and improve the overall quality of human resources. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method by distributing questionnaires to thirty members of the general public. The collected data were analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques to identify community perceptions regarding the importance of education in human development. The results show that the majority of respondents strongly believe that education has a significant positive impact on human growth. Education is perceived as an essential tool for improving critical thinking abilities, increasing productivity, and fostering awareness of the importance of active participation in national development processes. Furthermore, respondents indicated that education contributes to the development of discipline, creativity, and adaptability, which are necessary to face global challenges and technological changes. Education also plays an important role in reducing social inequality by providing equal opportunities for individuals to improve their quality of life. Overall, these findings confirm that improving the quality of education should be a top priority in national development strategies. High-quality education is essential to produce competitive, innovative, and superior human resources that can significantly contribute to sustainable national progress.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

This study analyzes the short story Cinta Semata Wayang by Nuryana Asmaudi SA using a literary psychology approach grounded in Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory. The research applies a literature study with a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through close reading to identify structural elements and the psychological dynamics of the characters. The findings reveal marital conflict symbolized through wayang figures, particularly Rama and Sinta. Structurally, the story presents a progressive plot, symbolic and metaphorical language, and central themes of love and responsibility. The psychological analysis highlights the interaction of the id, ego, and superego within the main characters: Rama experiences tension between personal desires and moral norms, while Sinta demonstrates superego dominance through loyalty and emotional endurance. The short story emphasizes that true love is not solely based on emotion but also requires responsibility, commitment, and moral awareness as the foundation of a harmonious and sustainable relationship. This research contributes to literary psychology studies and deepens understanding of moral values in literature.

The production sector at both the district and city levels is crucial for fostering structural change and boosting economic growth in specific areas. Still, many regions struggle with issues such as linking supply chains, readiness for technology, quality of labor, and efficient policies. This research intends to examine the strategies of the manufacturing sector at the district and city levels to enhance regional competitiveness and promote sustainable economic growth. The study utilizes a descriptive qualitative method based on a review of literature from academic journals, policy papers, and official statistics related to manufacturing progress. Results reveal that several important factors strongly affect regional manufacturing growth. These include the connection of local supply chains, industry strategies focused on the market, the implementation of digital and smart manufacturing methods, innovation encouraged by educational institutions and organizations, and the influence of local governments in developing an effective industrial policy atmosphere. Furthermore, creating designated industrial areas and managing operations efficiently significantly helps attract investments and boost the manufacturing output of regions. The research concludes that a cohesive and tailored manufacturing strategy for each region is vital for improving local productivity, generating jobs, and enhancing economic stability at both district and city scales.

 The development of modern education requires a strong philosophical foundation to ensure that learning processes are not merely technical but oriented toward holistic human formation. This article aims to comprehensively analyze the role of the philosophy of science within contemporary education through a conceptual exploration grounded in an extensive literature review. The philosophy of science with its three major pillars: ontology, epistemology, and axiology serves as an analytical framework for understanding the nature of human beings, the structure of knowledge, and the values embedded within educational objectives. The research methodology employs the Miles and Huberman data analysis model, consisting of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing/verification. The findings indicate that the philosophy of science plays a strategic role in providing direction and orientation for the development of humanistic, adaptive, and globally responsive education. Moreover, this study reveals that the advancement of scientific knowledge encounters significant challenges, including ontological complexity, epistemological crises driven by digital disruption, moral degradation, and shifting scientific paradigms. In the age of artificial intelligence and globalization, the philosophy of science emerges as an ethical and methodological compass to ensure that scientific progress remains aligned with human welfare. This study underscores the urgency of reconstructing educational paradigms by integrating humanistic values, local wisdom, and modern scientific thought to realize a future of science that is ethical, sustainable, and dignified.

Measurement is a fundamental domain of mathematics that connects formal mathematical concepts with everyday experiences. Despite its practical relevance, students often experience persistent difficulties in understanding measurement conceptually, tending to approach it as a procedural activity rather than as a process of reasoning about quantities, units, and comparisons. These challenges indicate that learning measurement is influenced not only by individual cognitive factors but also by the social dynamics that shape classroom learning environments. This study aims to examine classroom social dynamics in learning measurement by providing empirical evidence from contextual learning situations. This study employed a qualitative research approach to explore how social interaction, scaffolding, and participation mediate students’ understanding of measurement in contextual learning environments. Data were collected through classroom observations, video recordings of learning activities, analysis of students’ written work, and interviews with selected students and the teacher. Contextual measurement tasks were designed to encourage collaboration, dialogue, and justification, enabling the examination of student–student and teacher–student interactions as they naturally occurred in the classroom. Data analysis was conducted iteratively to identify patterns of interaction, forms of scaffolding, and students’ learning progression within the Zone of Proximal Development. The findings reveal that students initially engaged with measurement tasks in a predominantly procedural manner, with limited conceptual understanding and minimal peer interaction. After the implementation of contextual learning situations, classroom social dynamics changed substantially. Students became more actively involved in discussion, collaborative problem-solving, and collective meaning-making. Peer interaction supported the articulation and refinement of students’ reasoning, while teacher scaffolding guided learning by extending students’ thinking without providing direct solutions. These social processes facilitated students’ movement from their actual level of understanding toward higher levels of conceptual competence within the Zone of Proximal Development. The study further shows that contextual learning tasks alone are insufficient to promote meaningful understanding unless they are supported by productive social interaction and adaptive scaffolding. Conceptual understanding of measurement emerged through socially mediated processes rather than through task completion alone. This study contributes to mathematics education research by emphasizing the central role of classroom social dynamics in contextual learning and by offering insights into how interaction and scaffolding can be orchestrated to support students’ conceptual understanding of measurement.

Islamic entrepreneurship education integrates ethical, moral, and spiritual values with practical business practices. This study examines the perspective of the Prophet Muhammad’s hadith on entrepreneurship, emphasizing principles such as honesty, independence, creativity, risk-taking, and social responsibility. Using a qualitative approach, primary hadith sources and scholarly interpretations are analyzed to identify both values and practical implementations of entrepreneurship education in Islam. Findings reveal that the Prophet emphasized self-reliance, productive work, and ethical business conduct, providing practical guidance such as utilizing available resources, step-by-step mentoring, and progressive skill development. Additionally, Islamic entrepreneurship education prioritizes character formation, integrity, and social contribution alongside economic gain. Practical examples from hadith illustrate methods for instilling entrepreneurial values, including prohibitions against unethical transactions, encouragement to work with one’s own hands, and support for independent income generation. The study shows that integrating moral guidance from hadith with business training produces competent, responsible, and ethically grounded entrepreneurs. This framework offers a comprehensive model for modern entrepreneurship education, balancing profitability, ethical conduct, and societal welfare. The research contributes to understanding how Islamic values can form the foundation of sustainable and morally conscious business practices, providing educators and practitioners with actionable insights for cultivating entrepreneurship aligned with Islamic teachings.

The development of technology in the digital era has brought significant changes to global education systems, including in Indonesia. Digital transformation encourages learning models that are more flexible, interactive, and focused on 21st-century competencies. However, this progress also presents various challenges, particularly related to moral degradation among youth, unequal access to technology, and low digital literacy among teachers and students. This study aims to analyze character education models from a global perspective and evaluate the challenges and strategies for their implementation in Indonesia in the digital era. Using a qualitative research method with a library research approach, data were obtained from credible sources such as scientific journals, books, official reports, and national and international educational documents. The findings indicate that developed countries have successfully integrated technology into their curricula, teacher training, and educational policies, resulting in well- established digital learning ecosystems. In Indonesia, digitalization in education has grown rapidly, especially since the pandemic, but still faces obstacles such as limited infrastructure, varied levels of digital competence among teachers, and a lack of integration of digital pedagogy. In addition, student readiness and access inequality in frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged regions (3T) present further challenges in applying global education models

Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication resulting from hyperglycemia, which triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to progressive structural and functional kidney damage. Orange peel and Aloe vera contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antifibrotic properties that may protect the kidneys from diabetes induced injury. Nanoemulsion delivery systems can enhance the bioavailability of these extracts in the body. This experimental study aimed to analyze the nephroprotective effects of orange peel and Aloe vera nanoemulsion in a diabetic nephropathy rat model, including glomerular morphology and kidney function. A post-test only control group design was used on Wistar rats divided into five groups: positive control, negative control, and three treatment groups receiving varying nanoemulsion doses. Glomerular structure was evaluated by assessing the number of glomeruli exhibiting synechiae and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to non-normal data distribution, yielding p=0.2387 (p>0.05), indicating no significant differences among groups. Urea levels were elevated above normal, whereas creatinine levels remained within normal limits. Although not statistically significant, the treatment groups demonstrated nephroprotective tendencies, shown by improvements in glomerular synechiae in the diabetic nephropathy model.

This study investigates the effectiveness of a multimodal approach in improving students’ English reading comprehension at SMPN 10 South Tangerang during the 2025/2026 academic year. Involving 42 eighth-grade students, the research aimed to determine whether integrating various modes of learning—such as text, images, audio, and video—could enhance reading comprehension more effectively than traditional text-based instruction. A pre-experimental one-group pre-test and post-test design was used to measure students’ progress before and after the implementation of multimodal learning. Data were analyzed using a paired sample t-test to identify significant differences between the two tests. The results indicated a notable improvement, with the mean score increasing from 70.48 on the pre-test to 79.76 on the post-test, representing a gain of 9.28 points. The significance value (Sig. 2-tailed = 0.000) confirmed that the improvement was statistically meaningful. These findings demonstrate that multimodal instruction enhances comprehension by presenting information through multiple sensory channels, supporting diverse learning preferences, and creating a more engaging and interactive learning environment. The study concludes that the multimodal approach is an effective method for teaching reading comprehension in junior high school and recommends broader application in English classrooms to strengthen students’ motivation, understanding, and overall learning outcomes.

This study is motivated by the rapid development of science and technology, which expands the scope of academic freedom while simultaneously introducing new challenges related to moral responsibility in scholarly practice. Freedom of thought, research, and expression serves as the foundation of intellectual progress; however, without ethical oversight, this freedom risks leading to misuse such as data manipulation, plagiarism, and irresponsible use of emerging technologies. This research aims to conceptually examine the relationship between freedom and responsibility within modern ethics and explore its relevance to contemporary academic practice. The study employs a literature review method that analyzes philosophical works, academic reports, and scientific articles related to academic freedom, research ethics, and technological development. The analysis identifies converging ideas, differing ethical positions, and practical implications arising from the integration of both concepts. The findings indicate that academic freedom can function optimally only when accompanied by moral, professional, and social responsibility. Furthermore, the dynamics of digital technology and modern academic culture demand increasingly complex forms of responsibility, including research transparency, scientific integrity, and awareness of the social impact of knowledge production. This study implies that balancing freedom and responsibility is essential for cultivating an academic environment that upholds integrity and contributes positively to society. 

This study examines how climate justice principles can be integrated into fiscal governance frameworks to enhance accountability within global climate finance. As climate change intensifies economic vulnerabilities, particularly in developing countries, the allocation and oversight of climate finance have become critical determinants of equity and resilience. Current fiscal oversight mechanisms exhibit notable progress in transparency but remain insufficient in addressing fairness, distributive justice, and participation. Through a comparative institutional analysis of global financial institutions, national budget systems, and emerging technological tools, this study identifies persistent challenges—including fragmented accountability structures, lack of standardized reporting mechanisms, and political-economy dynamics that hinder equitable funding flows. The findings emphasize that climate finance often prioritizes procedural compliance over transformative outcomes, limiting its potential to reduce structural inequalities and build adaptive capacity. The study argues that accountability frameworks must evolve beyond conventional financial auditing, incorporating social and environmental metrics that reflect the moral imperatives of climate justice. By integrating participatory governance, digital innovations, and harmonized reporting standards, fiscal systems can foster more transparent, just, and impactful climate finance. This research contributes to the discourse on climate governance by proposing accountability reforms capable of linking financial decision-making with ethical considerations, thereby advancing global efforts toward a fair and resilient climate transition.

This community engagement program aims to strengthen the economic capacity of community groups in Azerbaijan through an integrated model combining artificial intelligence (AI)–supported learning, digital skills enhancement, and practical economic training. Although Azerbaijan has demonstrated rapid digital progress, micro-entrepreneurs still face challenges related to limited digital literacy, insufficient financial planning capabilities, and the absence of structured mentorship that integrates emerging technologies. This program utilizes a participatory development approach involving baseline assessment, AI-driven training modules, intensive workshops, and mentoring over two months. A total of 45 participants from three community clusters were included. Quantitative findings reveal a 63% increase in digital literacy scores and a 67% adoption rate of AI-supported tools for marketing and financial planning. Qualitative insights show improved confidence in business decision-making, better understanding of market dynamics, and enhanced practical skills in budgeting and content creation. Participants also reported early indicators of improved sales performance and customer engagement. The integration of AI tools into community-based capacity-building initiatives demonstrates high effectiveness in accelerating digital readiness and entrepreneurial resilience. The program concludes that structured AI-based interventions can significantly empower grassroots communities in emerging economies. Limitations include the small sample size and short mentoring duration. Future research should explore larger populations and long-term economic outcomes.

Inclusive education in early childhood settings emphasizes equal learning opportunities for children with special needs within regular classrooms. However, the implementation of inclusive practices in public kindergarten classrooms presents various challenges for teachers, particularly due to diverse learner needs and limited institutional support. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by teachers in teaching children with special needs in public kindergarten classrooms. Employing a qualitative descriptive research design, the study was conducted in a public kindergarten that implements inclusive education. The participants were kindergarten teachers selected through purposive sampling based on their direct experience teaching children with special needs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, and were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and issues. The findings indicate that teachers encounter significant challenges in managing children’s behavior and attention, implementing instructional adaptations without systematic planning, assessing inconsistent developmental progress, and coping with emotional stress. These challenges are further intensified by limited professional competence, lack of formal training in inclusive education, and minimal institutional support, including the absence of support teachers and specialist services. The study highlights the need for targeted professional development, structured instructional planning, and strengthened school support systems to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of inclusive education in public kindergarten settings.

Early childhood is a critical period for growth and development, characterized by rapid changes in neurological, motor, sensory, and emotional systems. Stimulation during this stage plays a vital role, and non-pharmacological interventions such as massage and aromatherapy may enhance developmental outcomes. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest control group design to evaluate the effectiveness of infant massage combined with aromatherapy. Twenty infants aged 3–12 months who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited and assigned to either a control group (infant massage only) or an intervention group (infant massage with aromatherapy). Growth parameters (weight, length, head circumference) and developmental outcomes were measured using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire, covering gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social domains. Infants in the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in body weight, body length, head circumference, and developmental scores compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the addition of aromatherapy to infant massage provides measurable benefits for both physical growth and developmental progress. Combined infant massage and aromatherapy represent effective non-pharmacological strategies for early stimulation, supporting optimal growth and developmental trajectories in infants.

Village entrepreneurship is an initiative designed to stimulate regional economic growth by accelerating the development of rural areas, which have long been perceived as slow, less productive, and lagging behind urban centers. The creation of entrepreneurial villages offers a concrete strategy to enhance community productivity because it encourages all components of the village government, residents, and local institutions to participate in structured and collaborative entrepreneurial activities. Such villages are expected to generate new economic opportunities, strengthen local industries, and increase community independence. However, initial observations from this Community Service program show that partner villages still face significant barriers, including limited land area, geographical remoteness, and inadequate human and natural resources. Many peripheral villages have not yet utilized digital technology effectively, making it difficult to expand markets or access broader economic networks. In addition, challenges related to financial access, limited talent development, socio-cultural constraints, and weak market infrastructure continue to hinder economic progress. These conditions demonstrate the urgent need for strategic assistance, capacity-building programs, and stronger support systems to help villages transform into sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems capable of contributing to long-term regional development.

The development of digitalization has brought significant progress in the dissemination and accessibility of creative works, particularly through digital platforms that enable rapid and widespread distribution. The digitalization of creative works provides significant opportunities for creators and the creative industry to expand market reach and increase creative productivity. However, on the other hand, this progress also poses various challenges, particularly related to the increase in copyright infringement such as piracy, unauthorized duplication, and illegal distribution of digital content. This article aims to examine criminal acts against copyright infringement in the digital era based on Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The research methods used are literature study and case analysis to identify types of digital copyright infringement, the application of criminal law, obstacles in law enforcement, and possible solutions. In addition, this article also analyzes the effectiveness of applicable legal regulations and the impact of copyright infringement on the sustainability of the creative industry. The results of the study indicate that firm and adaptive law enforcement to technological developments is crucial to protect creators' rights and maintain the sustainability of creativity in the digital era.  

Multiple diastema is a space or gap between two or more adjacent teeth. Diastema management can be corrected using removable orthodontic treatment and eliminating etiological factors. Treatment in this case shows the progress of successful treatment of multiple diastema in Soelastri General Hospital using removable orthodontic appliances based on the indications and needs of patient care. Case management: A 24-year-old woman came to Soelastri General Hospital Surakarta with complaints of gaps in the teeth between the 4 lower front incisors. The patient's bad habit history is known to be tongue thrusting. Intraoral examination found interdental gaps in the 4 lower incisors measuring 33.32 (1.6mm), 32.31 (1.2mm), 31.41 (1.1mm), 41.42 (1.3mm). Diastema closure with finger spring activation towards the mesial and labial arches of the upper and lower jaws. Activation was carried out gradually at each control so that the diastema at the fourth control on teeth 33-32 (0.5 mm). Conclusion: This shows that removable orthodontic appliances are effective for closing multiple diastema with mild to moderate degrees, with patient compliance in using the appliance and the effect of using a tongue crib in reducing the patient's tongue thrusting habit.

This study examines the role of the contextual teaching and learning (CTL) model in supporting teachers to create active and meaningful learning experiences. The research highlights the importance of linking instructional content with students’ real-life contexts to strengthen conceptual understanding and improve problem-solving abilities. Through descriptive analysis, this paper outlines the main components of CTL, including constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning communities, modeling, reflection, and authentic assessment. The findings show that the CTL model enables students to construct knowledge independently, apply concepts to practical situations, and develop critical thinking skills. Furthermore, this study describes challenges faced by teachers across educational levels—such as limited time, students’ low independence, and variations in academic abilities—and proposes practical solutions to address them. The implications of this study emphasize the need for teachers to design engaging learning activities, build supportive classroom environments, and integrate authentic assessment to measure students’ holistic progress. Overall, CTL serves as an effective model for enhancing learning relevance, increasing student participation, and preparing learners to face real-world challenges.