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Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood and affect academic, social, and occupational functioning. In adult patients, ADHD is frequently associated with an increased risk of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), raising concerns regarding the potential for misuse and dependence related to stimulant medications used in ADHD therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD and to review the risk of stimulant misuse and dependence based on current scientific evidence. The method employed in this study was a literature review using data obtained from national and international journals indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2017 and 2026. The findings indicated that stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, were effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the central nervous system. Most studies reported that the use of stimulant medications at therapeutic doses and under medical supervision was not significantly associated with an increased risk of substance misuse or dependence. The risk of misuse was more commonly observed in cases involving non-medical use and inadequate clinical monitoring. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) also contributed to improving treatment outcomes and patients’ quality of life. Therefore, the use of stimulant medications in adult ADHD patients may be considered relatively safe and effective when administered rationally, individually, and under appropriate medical supervision.

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder that may persist into adulthood and affect academic, social, and occupational functioning. In adult patients, ADHD is frequently associated with an increased risk of Substance Use Disorder (SUD), raising concerns regarding the potential for misuse and dependence related to stimulant medications used in ADHD therapy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacotherapy for adult ADHD and to review the risk of stimulant misuse and dependence based on current scientific evidence. The method employed in this study was a literature review using data obtained from national and international journals indexed in Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar published between 2017 and 2026. The findings indicated that stimulant medications, such as methylphenidate and amphetamine, were effective in reducing the core symptoms of ADHD by increasing dopamine and norepinephrine activity in the central nervous system. Most studies reported that the use of stimulant medications at therapeutic doses and under medical supervision was not significantly associated with an increased risk of substance misuse or dependence. The risk of misuse was more commonly observed in cases involving non-medical use and inadequate clinical monitoring. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological approaches such as cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) also contributed to improving treatment outcomes and patients’ quality of life. Therefore, the use of stimulant medications in adult ADHD patients may be considered relatively safe and effective when administered rationally, individually, and under appropriate medical supervision.

Substance and prescription drug misuse among adolescents continues to escalate and demands targeted preventive strategies within the school setting. This community service activity aimed to enhance students’ knowledge about the hazards of drug abuse through an interactive, school-based educational intervention. The program was conducted on 11 November 2026 at SMA Negeri 7 Kota Batam, involving fifty grade-X students as participants. A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design was employed. The intervention combined interactive lectures, real-case illustrations, and two-way discussion, with knowledge measured using a content-validated questionnaire covering ten indicators. The mean score improved from 55.2 (pretest) to 86.3 (posttest), a gain of 31.1 points, while the proportion of correct answers across indicators rose from 48.6-62.9% to 80.0-91.4%. The largest gains appeared on items concerning rational drug use and the importance of professional health guidance, whereas the legal-consequence indicator improved more modestly. Interactive, contextually relevant education proves effective in elevating adolescent knowledge of drug abuse hazards, with stronger gains on experience-near content than on abstract regulatory aspects.

Breast cancer remains a major global health challenge, with treatment effectiveness often limited by drug resistance and the toxic side effects of chemotherapy on normal cells. The exploration of bioactive compounds from natural sources through a medicinal chemistry approach offers a promising alternative strategy. This study aims to examine the molecular mechanisms of action and Structure-Activity Relationships (SAR) of various natural compound scaffolds as potential breast anticancer agents. The method employed was a systematic narrative literature review of 15 recent scientific articles evaluating computational parameters, including molecular docking, as well as in vitro and in vivo activities. The results indicate that polyphenols, flavonoids such as quercetin and EGCG, and curcumin possess strong cytotoxic activity and high binding affinity toward cancer-related target macromolecules. SAR analysis demonstrates that key structural features, including the number and position of free phenolic hydroxyl groups, the presence of gallate ester groups, and conjugated diketone systems, play a crucial role in determining ligand receptor complex stability. These interactions are supported by hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, and favorable steric compatibility within receptor binding sites. Computational findings further suggest that structural optimization can enhance ligand selectivity and improve pharmacokinetic properties. This study concludes that natural phytochemical scaffolds have significant potential as lead compounds and provide a rational basis for Computer-Aided Drug Design in developing more potent, selective, multi-target, and safer breast anticancer therapies.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that requires international efforts to prevent the ineffectiveness of existing antibiotics and support the development of new antimicrobial agents. The increasing use of antibiotics in the community must be accompanied by proper understanding regarding rational antibiotic use to minimize the risk of resistance. This community service activity aimed to provide education on rational antibiotic use and the dangers of antibiotic resistance to undergraduate nutrition students at STIKes Adila, Bandar Lampung. The activity was conducted through educational sessions using flyers, presentation slides, and interactive discussions to encourage active participation and improve understanding of the topic. Evaluation was carried out using pre-test and post-test assessments to measure changes in participants’ knowledge levels. Descriptive analysis showed an improvement in participants’ knowledge, with the high knowledge category increasing from 0% during the pre-test to 85% in the post-test, while the low knowledge category decreased from 35.5% to 0% after the intervention. These findings indicate that educational interventions can effectively enhance awareness and understanding of rational antibiotic use and the prevention of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, continuous educational programs are important to promote responsible antibiotic use and support public health efforts in combating antibiotic resistance.

Antibiotic resistance is a global health problem that requires international efforts to prevent the ineffectiveness of existing antibiotics and support the development of new antimicrobial agents. The increasing use of antibiotics in the community must be accompanied by proper understanding regarding rational antibiotic use to minimize the risk of resistance. This community service activity aimed to provide education on rational antibiotic use and the dangers of antibiotic resistance to undergraduate nutrition students at STIKes Adila, Bandar Lampung. The activity was conducted through educational sessions using flyers, presentation slides, and interactive discussions to encourage active participation and improve understanding of the topic. Evaluation was carried out using pre-test and post-test assessments to measure changes in participants’ knowledge levels. Descriptive analysis showed an improvement in participants’ knowledge, with the high knowledge category increasing from 0% during the pre-test to 85% in the post-test, while the low knowledge category decreased from 35.5% to 0% after the intervention. These findings indicate that educational interventions can effectively enhance awareness and understanding of rational antibiotic use and the prevention of antibiotic resistance. Therefore, continuous educational programs are important to promote responsible antibiotic use and support public health efforts in combating antibiotic resistance.

Consumerism is an increasingly dominant phenomenon in modern society along with the development of capitalism, globalization, and information technology. Society's consumption patterns have shifted from being primarily oriented toward fulfilling needs to fulfilling symbolic desires. In this context, Jean Baudrillard's thinking is relevant in explaining that consumption is no longer based on use value, but rather on the sign value inherent in a commodity. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of consumerism in modern society through Jean Baudrillard's critical perspective and to uncover its social implications. The research method used is a qualitative approach with library research, which examines various scientific literature, books, and journals related to consumerism and simulation theory. The results show that consumerism has created a pseudo-reality (simulacra), where individuals consume based on symbolic impulses shaped by the media, advertising, and popular culture. Consumption becomes a means to construct self-identity and gain social recognition, thus encouraging excessive consumer behavior. Furthermore, this phenomenon also results in social alienation, identity crises, and dependence on the global capitalist system. Thus, consumerism is not only an economic activity but also a complex socio-cultural phenomenon. Therefore, critical awareness is needed so that society can be more rational and selective in its consumption practices

Travertine is a non-marine carbonate rock precipitated from calcium- and bicarbonate-rich waters, commonly associated with hot springs, streams, and lakes in tectonically active regions. This study presents a systematic literature review of travertine deposit characteristics, encompassing mineralogical composition, geochemical signatures, petrographic textures, morphological types, isotopic properties, biotic–abiotic controls on formation, early diagenesis, and petrophysical implications. The synthesis indicates that travertine is predominantly composed of calcite, with aragonite forming under conditions of elevated temperature, high Mg/Ca ratios, and rapid CO₂ degassing. Travertines display exceptional textural diversity, ranging from abiotic crystalline crusts to microbially mediated fabrics such as shrub, peloidal, and stromatolitic structures. Major morphologies include fissure ridges, mounds, terraces, cascades, and slopes, strongly governed by tectonic setting, topography, hydrology, and substrate geology. Stable isotopes (δ¹³C and δ¹⁸O), strontium isotopes, trace elements, and REE patterns effectively constrain fluid provenance and distinguish thermogene from meteogene travertines. Microbial activity plays a crucial role in biomineralization, influencing precipitation rates, crystal morphology, and lamination patterns. Early diagenetic processes occurring during active deposition may significantly modify primary fabrics and geochemical signals. Travertine petrophysical properties exhibit distinctive porosity–velocity relationships, making them valuable analogues for subsurface carbonate reservoirs. This review highlights that travertines record complex interactions among physical, chemical, biological, and geological processes and hold significant value for paleoenvironmental reconstruction and carbonate reservoir studies.

The coffee shop industry in Indonesia is experiencing rapid growth that requires business owners to optimize data-driven strategies. This study aims to analyze customer preferences at Semanis Coffee and Resto using data mining methods  to support more effective business decision-making. The method used is Market Basket Analysis with the FP-Growth algorithm for association rule mining and the K-Means algorithm for customer segmentation. The research data consists of 672 sales transactions during the March-May 2025 period. The results of the association analysis with a minimum support of 0.004 and a minimum confidence of 0.2 resulted in five valid rules with a lift ratio above 1. The strongest rule is the combination of Americano→Milk Choco with a confidence of 42.9% and an elevator ratio of 5.229, indicating a strong linkage between products. The most popular products are Milk Choco (10.8%) and Americano (8.5%). Customer segmentation analysis identified three clusters: Cluster 0 (Loyal Customers) 80% with high frequency but low transaction value; Cluster 1 (Occasional Customers) 10% with low activity; and Cluster 2 (Large Buyers) 10% with high transaction value but low frequency. This study concludes that product bundling strategies, loyalty programs, reactivation campaigns, and premium services can be applied to increase the effectiveness of coffee shop businesses.

This study aims to explain how to instill character values ​​through extracurricular drumband activities at SD N 2 Musuk, located in Boyolali Regency. The rationale behind this research is because extracurricular activities are important in shaping students' character in accordance with the institution's vision and mission. The method applied in this study is descriptive qualitative. As research subjects, there are 45 students from grades 4, 5, and 6, and involving the principal, teachers, and coaches as sources of information. Data collection was conducted through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and documentation, which were then analyzed descriptively through data reduction, information presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings indicate that character instillation is carried out through a well-planned program and regular, scheduled practice. The character values ​​that were successfully instilled include discipline, responsibility, hard work, independence, collaboration, as well as religious attitudes and tolerance. The results of this activity are increased self-confidence and social skills of students, as well as the achievement of non-academic achievements that are a source of pride for the school.

This study aims to identify domestic visitor segments in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), Indonesia, based on travel characteristics and consumption patterns to support the development of quality tourism in protected areas. Using snowball sampling, 283 domestic visitors was analysed by Two-Step Cluster Analysis in SPSS by integrating length of stay, activity preferences, and expenditure patterns. The results reveal a two-cluster solution as the most optimal segmentation, supported by the highest ratio of distance measures, with cluster quality rated as fair (silhouette = 0.20). Cluster 1 (39.2%) represents short-stay, lower-spending visitors who primarily seek iconic experiences (“Sunrise Seekers”), while Cluster 2 (60.8%) reflects longer-stay, higher-spending visitors who prefer village tourism activities (“Village Experience Seekers”). The strongest differentiating variables across segments are length of stay, activity preference, expenditure style, and age, whereas gender, education level, origin, and travel companions have limited role in segment separation. This study contributes empirical evidence of data-driven visitor segmentation in a conservation-based ecotourism destination within a volcanic national park, extending prior expenditure-focused profiling by integrating length of stay and activity preferences to capture visitor heterogeneity more comprehensively.

This study analyzes the concept of al-Kasb in the view of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani and assesses the relationship between this concept and contemporary work ethics. With the changes in the modern economic system, which emphasize efficiency, objective rationality, and the achievement of optimal results, various ethical conflicts in the professional and business world have become more apparent. The methodology applied in this study is a literature review with a descriptive-analytic approach, through the analysis of classical and contemporary texts to explore the theological, ethical, and social aspects contained in the concept of al-Kasb, and then conceptually compare it with the characteristics of modern work ethics. The findings of this study show that al-Kasb is not only understood as an economic activity aimed at accumulating wealth, but also as a normative guide that integrates the goals of worship, ethical responsibility, and social obligations in the production process. Work activities are viewed as an individual responsibility that supports the practice of worship and as a collective responsibility to maintain social-economic welfare and harmony. Therefore, al-Kasb provides an integrative ethical foundation that has the potential to enrich and strengthen current work ethics by emphasizing values of integrity, justice, and social responsibility in the economic aspects of life.

The policy of increasing fuel prices is a strategic public policy that has broad implications for the lives of people in Indonesia. Fuel plays an important role in supporting economic activity, distribution of goods, and social mobility. This article aims to analyze the impact of the fuel price increase policy on public interests by emphasizing the current context in Indonesia and the empirical realities that arise in society. This study uses a qualitative approach through literature review and policy analysis. The results of the study show that the increase in fuel prices has a direct impact on the increase in the cost of living, a decline in people's purchasing power, and the emergence of social pressure, especially among low-income groups. Although the government views this policy as a rational step to maintain fiscal stability and the sustainability of energy subsidies, compensation and social protection policies remain key factors in ensuring that the public interest and the goal of community welfare are maintained.

This study aims to analyze the financial performance of PT Aviasi Pariwisata Indonesia (Persero), commercially known as Injourney the state-owned enterprise (BUMN) holding company for the aviation and tourism sectors during the 2021-2024 period. Performance is measured using liquidity ratios (Current Ratio, Cash Ratio), solvency ratios (Debt to Asset Ratio, Debt to Equity Ratio), activity ratios (Total Asset Turnover), and profitability ratios (Net Profit Margin, Return on Equity) compared against industry standards. This research employs a descriptive quantitative approach. The data utilized is secondary data sourced from the published financial statements of PT Aviasi Pariwisata Indonesia (Persero). The results indicate varied liquidity performance, with an average Current Ratio of 97.82% (below the 200% benchmark, categorized as poor) and a Cash Ratio of 63.03% (above 50%, categorized as good). Solvency performance is underperformed, with an average DAR of  and DER of, reflecting a high reliance on debt. Activity performance is identified as inefficient with an average TATO of 0.199 times (<2 times), while profitability remains negative on average with an NPM of and ROE of. Despite a significant upward trend in performance improvement, the company's overall financial health is considered suboptimal compared to industry standards. This condition is primarily driven by high debt burdens and low asset efficiency within the company.

The Megengan tradition is a Javanese ritual performed before the month of Ramadan as a form of spiritual preparation, strengthening social solidarity, and maintaining relationships with ancestors. However, the development of modernization, urbanization, educational advancement, and changes in mindset have caused this tradition to experience a significant shift in meaning. This study aims to describe the changes in function, meaning, and position of Megengan in modern society using Max Weber's modernization theory as an analytical framework. The research method used is a literature study from various journals, cultural documents, and previous research related to the Megengan tradition in various regions of Java. The results show that Megengan has undergone a transformation from a sacred ritual full of cosmological symbols to a more functional and efficient socio-cultural activity. The process of rationalization in modern society has caused the spiritual and symbolic meaning of ritual foods such as apem, ketan, and ingkung to be reduced, while the form of ritual implementation has become more formal and centered on religious institutions. The change in ritual authority from elders to modern religious figures is one indication of the shift from traditional authority to rational-formal authority as explained by Weber.  Despite the simplification of its meaning, Megengan remains a living tradition that serves to strengthen cultural identity, social harmony, and intergenerational relationships. This research confirms that the shift in Megengan does not indicate a weakening of Javanese tradition, but rather a form of cultural adaptation in response to the dynamics of modernity.

The selection process for students eligible for the National Selection Based on Achievement (SNBP) requires objective and structured assessment because it involves various academic and non-academic criteria. This study aims to develop a Decision Support System (DSS) to determine the ranking of SNBP eligible students at SMAN 8 Surabaya using the Additive Ratio Assessment (ARAS) method. The ARAS method is used to evaluate student alternatives based on their report card scores for semesters 1-5, academic ability tests (TKA), academic achievements, non-academic achievements, discipline, organizational activity, and attendance through a normalization process to obtain relative Ki values. The results of the study show that the system is capable of producing objective student rankings with relative utility values (Ki) ranging from 95.15 to 89.38, where the highest value indicates the best alternative from all alternatives. The application of ARAS-based DSS can improve the efficiency, transparency, and consistency of the SNBP student selection process.

Financial literacy is an important skill that needs to be introduced from an early age so that children can understand the value of money and manage it wisely. This activity aims to improve basic financial literacy among children at LKSA Santa Anna Bojonegoro through a participatory educational approach. The implementation method included pre tests, interactive material delivery, discussions, and simple case studies on priority scales and budgeting. Of the 37 participants, 20 children aged 8–18 were sampled. The pre-test results showed an average understanding of basic financial literacy concepts of 73.6%. After the activity, there was an increase in understanding, indicated by the participants' ability to differentiate needs from wants, develop spending plans, and foster savings awareness. The facilitator also found that the main issue among participants was self-control over consumptive behavior, which was addressed through reflective exercises and the implementation of strategies for delaying purchasing decisions. This activity was well-received and proven effective in fostering a rational mindset regarding pocket money management. Overall, this socialization of basic financial literacy can be the first step in developing responsible financial habits from an early age.

Data from the 2020 LFSP (Long Form Population Census) recorded a maternal mortality ratio of 189 per 100,000 live births, while the infant mortality rate was recorded at 16.85 per 1,000 live births. The causes of maternal mortality were hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, infection, prolonged labor, and miscarriage. Meanwhile, the majority of infant deaths were due to low birth weight, asphyxia, and infection at birth. Stunting remains a particular concern in Tegal City. Various measures have been taken, and the stunting rate has decreased to around 13.8% according to data from early 2025. This PKM is expected to increase public knowledge on caring for pregnant women, women in labor, postpartum women, and newborns, as well as preventing stunting in children, thereby reducing maternal and infant mortality rates. The methods used in this activity include health education and outreach with a promotive and preventive approach, targeting pregnant women and mothers with infants and toddlers. Community service was held on Wednesday, December 17, 2025, from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. at the Boegenvil Health Center in Cabawan Village, Tegal City, with 53 participants. The results of this activity showed an increase in the level of knowledge of the participants, from 11 people with a good level of knowledge to 41 people after receiving counseling, with 3 participants still having a low level of knowledge.

Data from the 2020 LFSP (Long Form Population Census) recorded a maternal mortality ratio of 189 per 100,000 live births, while the infant mortality rate was recorded at 16.85 per 1,000 live births. The causes of maternal mortality were hemorrhage, preeclampsia/eclampsia, infection, prolonged labor, and miscarriage. Meanwhile, the majority of infant deaths were due to low birth weight, asphyxia, and infection at birth. Stunting remains a particular concern in Tegal City. Various measures have been taken, and the stunting rate has decreased to around 13.8% according to data from early 2025. This PKM is expected to increase public knowledge on caring for pregnant women, women in labor, postpartum women, and newborns, as well as preventing stunting in children, thereby reducing maternal and infant mortality rates. The methods used in this activity include health education and outreach with a promotive and preventive approach, targeting pregnant women and mothers with infants and toddlers. Community service was held on Wednesday, December 17, 2025, from 8:30 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. at the Boegenvil Health Center in Cabawan Village, Tegal City, with 53 participants. The results of this activity showed an increase in the level of knowledge of the participants, from 11 people with a good level of knowledge to 41 people after receiving counseling, with 3 participants still having a low level of knowledge.

Regional government financial performance is a strategic indicator for assessing the success of regional autonomy implementation, particularly in managing public finances in an effective, efficient, transparent, and accountable manner. This study aims to analyze the financial performance of the Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province (NTB) during the 2018–2022 period using a regional financial ratio analysis approach. The research employs a descriptive quantitative method utilizing secondary data obtained from the Budget Realization Reports (LRA) and the Regional Government Financial Statements (LKPD) that have been audited by the Audit Board of the Republic of Indonesia (BPK). The analysis is conducted by calculating regional financial ratios, including the financial independence ratio, the effectiveness ratio of Regional Original Revenue (PAD), the efficiency ratio of regional finances, the activity ratio (expenditure harmony), and the revenue growth ratio. The results indicate that the financial performance of the Government of West Nusa Tenggara Province has generally improved. The regional financial independence ratio falls within the participatory category with an average value of 57.81%, reflecting a gradual reduction in dependence on central government transfer revenues, particularly in 2022. The effectiveness ratio of PAD is categorized as moderately effective, with an average of 92.84%, although it fluctuates due to increases in revenue targets that were not fully matched by actual revenue realization. The regional financial efficiency ratio consistently remains in the efficient category, indicating the local government’s ability to control expenditures relative to revenues. Furthermore, the activity ratio analysis shows a shift in expenditure composition from operating expenditure toward capital expenditure, indicating an increased orientation toward development and long-term investment. The growth ratio reveals a significant increase in PAD in 2022, accompanied by a decline in transfer revenue growth.