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This study examines the implementation and effectiveness of the domestic product affirmation (pdn) and local product policies in bangkalan regency. Despite the strong legal framework established by national regulations such as presidential regulation no. 12/2021 and presidential instruction no. 2/2022, the realization of these policies faces significant challenges at the local level. The research identifies critical barriers, including the mismatch between supply and demand, limited product certification, and inadequate capacity of local micro, small, and medium enterprises (msmes) to meet quality and compliance standards. Furthermore, the study reveals that the low awareness and commitment among procurement officials, combined with administrative delays and insufficient supervision, hamper the achievement of target procurement goals, such as allocating at least 40% of government expenditure to local and msme products. Data collected through interviews, participant observations, and document analysis highlight that strengthening local msmes’ capacity, improving product quality standards, facilitating certification processes, and fostering stakeholder collaboration are essential strategies for optimizing the policy’s impact. The findings suggest that a comprehensive, multidimensional approach involving capacity building, standardization, policy enforcement, and continuous monitoring is critical to realizing the full potential of pdn and local product affirmation policies. Ensuring an effective synergy among government agencies, industry players, and oversight institutions can significantly enhance local economic growth, promote regional self-reliance, and improve the welfare of the local community. This study underscores the importance of targeted interventions and supportive mechanisms to turn policy aspirations into tangible development outcomes in bangkalan and similar regions.

This study aims to describe and analyze the implementation of inclusive education management at SMP Negeri 4 Babelan. Inclusive education is an educational approach that provides learning opportunities for all students without discrimination, including those with special educational needs (ABK). This concept emphasizes the importance of a friendly, adaptive, and responsive learning environment to student diversity. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and documentation studies. Informants in this study consisted of the principal, regular teachers, special assistant teachers, students with special needs, and their parents. The results of the study indicate that inclusive education management at SMP Negeri 4 Babelan has been implemented through four main management functions, namely: (1) strategic planning integrated into the annual school work program, including budget allocation for inclusion needs; (2) organizing an inclusion team involving teachers, education staff, and the school committee; (3) implementing adaptive learning based on a differentiation and individualization approach, adjusted to students' abilities and learning styles; and (4) evaluations conducted periodically to assess students' academic and social-emotional development, as well as the effectiveness of the inclusion program as a whole. However, this study also identified several obstacles, including a limited number of special assistant teachers, a lack of professional training for regular teachers, and a lack of supporting facilities such as therapy rooms or learning aids. Furthermore, factors supporting the program's success include the school leadership's commitment to mainstreaming inclusion, a collaborative spirit among teachers, and the support and active involvement of parents. Based on these findings, this study recommends several strategic steps, such as strengthening teacher training in inclusive classroom management and adding special assistant teachers as needed.

This study aims to describe the effect of the cooperative learning model of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type on the learning outcomes of fifth-grade elementary school students. The research method used was experimental with a quasi-experimental approach. The research design employed was a non-equivalent control group design. The study involved two classes: the experimental class (VA), which was taught using the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model, and the control class (VB), which was taught without using the TGT model. The sample consisted of 50 students from classes VA and VB at SD YPI Darussalam. The data collection technique used was a learning outcomes test, designed to measure students’ mastery of the learning material. Data analysis was conducted using the Independent Sample T-test to determine differences in learning outcomes between the two groups. The analysis results showed a Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.000 ≤ 0.05, which is less than the significance threshold of 0.05. Therefore, H₀ was rejected and Hₐ was accepted, indicating that the cooperative learning model of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) type has a significant effect on students’ learning outcomes. The findings of this study highlight that the TGT model can create an engaging and competitive learning atmosphere, enhancing student participation and motivation in the learning process. Furthermore, the structured stages in the TGT model—comprising presentation, group formation, game sessions, and tournaments—allow students to interact more actively, share knowledge, and strengthen their understanding of the material collaboratively. Thus, the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) cooperative learning model is recommended as an effective alternative strategy for improving learning outcomes in elementary schools, especially for fifth-grade students.

This research is motivated by the fact that the history learning process in schools is often considered boring and less relevant to students' lives. Initial observations at SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar showed that the dominant lecture method makes students less focused, tend to be passive, and learning outcomes are less than optimal. This condition demands learning innovations that can involve students actively and meaningfully. One alternative used is the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model. The focus of this research is to describe the application of the STAD model to improve the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students on the history of the arrival of Western nations to Indonesia. The research objectives include: (1) outlining the steps for implementing the STAD model, (2) identifying supporting and inhibiting factors, and (3) determining the impact of STAD implementation on improving student learning outcomes. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with a naturalistic approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects were eighth-grade students of SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar in the 2023/2024 academic year. The researcher was directly involved in the data collection and analysis process using triangulation techniques to ensure the validity of the findings. The research results show that the implementation of STAD can improve student learning outcomes. Students become more active, motivated, and have a better understanding of the material. The main supporting factors are solid teamwork and the teacher's active role in facilitating learning. Challenges faced include time constraints and students' initial adaptation to the new method. Overall, STAD has proven effective in creating a fun, interactive, and meaningful learning environment for students.

This journal studies Project Based Learning (PjBL) as one of the innovative learning strategies that use projects or activities as a means of learning to improve students' learning motivation, learning outcomes, knowledge, and skills. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with literature studies, namely by collecting and analyzing data from various scientific journals, articles, and relevant literature that discuss PjBL, active learning strategies, student learning motivation, and achievement of learning outcomes at various levels of education, especially at the elementary school level. The results of the study show that the implementation of PjBL has proven to be effective in increasing students' learning motivation because this approach emphasizes active involvement, collaboration, a sense of responsibility, and the development of students' creativity during the learning process. More than that, this strategy allows students to learn through hands-on experience and real-world problem-solving, thus making the learning process more contextual, fun, and meaningful. In addition to increasing motivation, PjBL also contributes significantly to improving learning outcomes, because students understand the material more easily when it is associated with daily life. These findings affirm the importance of implementing project-based learning strategies as an alternative learning model relevant to the needs of the 21st century, emphasizing critical thinking, communication, collaboration, and creativity (4C) skills. Therefore, this study recommends that teachers and educators integrate the PjBL approach systematically and structurally in learning planning and in the curriculum to improve the quality of education, student involvement, and learning outcomes in a comprehensive, effective, and sustainable manner.

Criminal money substitution is a very important instrument and has a crucial role in efforts to recover state losses caused by corruption crimes. Through this mechanism, the state seeks to recover losses incurred due to corruption. Although there are provisions that regulate the crime of substitute money, the implementation of the substitute money policy in Indonesia is considered ineffective in restoring state losses due to corruption. The main problem in this study is how the substitute money policy in corruption in Indonesia today and how the construction of the substitute money criminal policy in the perspective of criminal law reform. The methods used in this study are normative juridical and empirical juridical which are research methods that combine normative legal elements with the addition of empirical data. The data sources used in this study are primary data and secondary data. Data was collected through literature studies and field studies. Based on the results of this study, it can be seen that the policy is considered not to clearly explain how the mechanism for recovering state losses through the penalty of substitute money is related. In practice, currently the return of state losses through the imposition of penalty money in lieu has not been effective. This is because there are still many obstacles. Some of the obstacles in the implementation of this substitute money crime are the limitations of law enforcement officials, lack of coordination between institutions, and the inability to trace and confiscate the assets of perpetrators of corruption crimes. In addition, another obstacle faced at the time of execution is the inability of the perpetrator to return state losses caused by corruption crimes. This is what causes the maximum implementation of the substitute money criminal policy. The construction of the substitute money criminal policy in the perspective of criminal law reform, namely the substitute money policy must be able to enforce the law in Total Enforcement or at least in Full Enforcement, namely demanding the return of all state losses caused by corruption crimes as a whole without any legal loopholes that allow convicts to evade.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Think Pair Share (TPS) learning model in improving problem solving skills in fractional materials for grade V students at SD Negeri 3 Mantingan. The background of this research is the low ability of students to solve fractional problems, mainly due to procedural misconceptions and lack of opportunities to discuss and construct understanding collaboratively. The method used is the Kemmis and McTaggart model Class Action Research (PTK), which consists of four stages: planning, action, observation, and reflection. The research was conducted in one cycle, involving 28 students as subjects. Data collection was carried out through evaluation tests (pre-cycle and cycle I) as well as observation of student learning activities. The results of the study showed a significant increase in problem solving ability. The average score of students increased from 36.43 in the pre-cycle to 93.21 in the first cycle, with a t-test of 25.18 and a p< value of 0.001, indicating a high significance. Learning completeness increased from 0% to 100%. The TPS model has been proven to be able to overcome misconceptions, especially through the peer scaffolding process in the "pair" stage, which helps students in identifying variables and choosing the right calculation operations. In addition, there was an increase in students' collaborative skills in terms of expressing opinions and asking questions, with an achievement range between 68% to 75%. The main obstacles faced in the implementation of polling stations are the management of discussion time and class noise. However, this was successfully overcome through the use of timers and Student Worksheets (LKPD) equipped with scaffolding questions. It can be concluded that the TPS model is an innovative and effective approach in improving mathematical problem solving skills contextually, in line with the principles of the Independent Curriculum.

The digital era has significantly transformed the external environment of educational institutions, demanding swift, strategic, and innovative adaptation to remain relevant to societal needs. Key external factors such as rapid technological advancement, evolving government policies, globalization of education, and disparities in digital access pose substantial challenges to maintaining educational quality. Institutions that fail to adapt risk falling behind in both learning quality and graduate competitiveness. This study aims to explore effective adaptation strategies for educational institutions amid these digital dynamics. Employing a literature review with a descriptive qualitative approach, the research analyzes various sources discussing educational responses to technological and policy developments. The findings highlight essential strategies such as integrating a technology-based curriculum, adopting digital learning platforms, enhancing educators’ digital literacy, and improving technological infrastructure to support distance learning. Strengthening institutional capacity to manage digital transformation also becomes a vital component. Furthermore, collaboration with stakeholders—government, private sector, and society—is vital for building an inclusive educational ecosystem. Community involvement and industry partnerships can support resource development and ensure curriculum relevance. However, implementation barriers remain, including insufficient teacher training in digital pedagogy, unequal internet access in remote areas, and limited funding. These issues necessitate digital-oriented education policy evaluations and stronger regulatory frameworks to bridge the digital divide. The study concludes that successful adaptation goes beyond merely adopting technology. Sustainable transformation also depends on continuous evaluation and support systems. By implementing the right strategies and addressing key obstacles, educational institutions can effectively navigate digital challenges and foster sustainable, future-oriented learning environments aligned with contemporary demands.

This study aims to describe the effectiveness and efficiency of the management of School Operational Assistance (BOS) funds at SMAN 2 Sidrap. BOS funds are a government program aimed at supporting the financing of school operational needs at the elementary and secondary education levels. This program is expected to improve access and quality of education, but its implementation is still faced with various obstacles such as delays in disbursement of funds, lack of transparency, and a suboptimal reporting system. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies. Informants in this study consisted of the principal, treasurer, teachers, and BOS fund management staff. The results of the study indicate that in general the management of BOS funds at SMAN 2 Sidrap has been running quite effectively and efficiently. Effectiveness is reflected in the use of funds that contribute to improving the quality of educational services, such as the procurement of learning facilities and the implementation of extracurricular programs. Efficiency is seen in the use of funds that refer to the priority scale of school needs. However, obstacles are still found such as delays in disbursement of funds from the central government that impact the smooth implementation of school activities, and financial reporting that has not been fully documented systematically and periodically. This research provides an important overview of the real conditions of BOS fund management in schools and is expected to provide input for related parties in order to improve the education financial governance system to make it more transparent, accountable, and sustainable.

This study analyzes the implementation of the Holistic Integrative Early Childhood Education (PAUD) policy in Surabaya as a strategic step to improve the quality and equity of PAUD services through intersectoral collaboration. Recognizing the significance of integrating education, health, nutrition, and child protection services, this study aims to analyze implementation strategies, challenges, and local innovations in providing holistic services in PAUD institutions in urban areas. This study applies a qualitative descriptive approach, collecting data through policy document analysis, semi-structured interviews with PAUD administrators, teachers, local officials, and parent representatives, and direct observation at several PAUD institutions. The research findings indicate that policy implementation is carried out through structured socialization, the formation of intersectoral coordination teams, and the provision of additional services such as routine health checks and parenting classes. However, challenges remain, such as uneven facilities and infrastructure among PAUD institutions, differences in teachers' understanding of the holistic integrative concept, and a lack of practical collaboration between PAUD institutions and health or child protection agencies. The study also identified local innovations, such as the use of social media to communicate with parents, enriching teaching materials with local cultural insights, and collaborating with universities to support activities. These findings emphasize that successful policy implementation depends not only on national regulations but also on local leadership skills, stakeholder collaboration, and responsiveness to community needs. Therefore, the study recommends improving ongoing training for educators, providing an adaptive policy framework to support local innovation, and developing digital infrastructure to facilitate more efficient communication and coordination.

This study aims to explore: (1) the planning process in implementing the Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students (P5) project through the theme Bhinneka Tunggal Ika among Class VII students at SMP Negeri 6 Singkawang; (2) the implementation of the P5 project with that theme in Class VII; and (3) the challenges encountered and solutions applied during the project's execution. The  research adopts a qualitative approach with a case study method. The subjects include the principal, the vice principal for curriculum affairs, the head of the facilitator team, and students. Informants were selected using purposive sampling, ensuring data was obtained from participants chosen based on specific criteria to ensure relevance and accuracy. Data collection methods involved in-depth interviews, direct observations, and documentation. The data were analyzed using the Miles and Huberman model, consisting of three stages: data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that: (1) prior to the implementation of the P5 project, careful planning is required by the school; (2) the project is carried out in several phases, namely orientation, contextualization, real action, reflection, and follow-up; and (3) challenges in implementing the P5 project include a lack of student participation and engagement, transportation issues due to mechanical failure, and a mismatch between the chosen theme and the project dimensions. The proposed solutions involve using student-led discussion methods, providing better-maintained transportation, and selecting more specific and consistent themes, dimensions, and topics to ensure successful project implementation.

This study discusses the implementation and impact of the Sipenduk Online system in Dasun Village as part of the digital transformation of population administration services. The purpose of this system is to accelerate and improve the accessibility of public services at the village level. In the era of e-government, this system is a response to various challenges of conventional services such as long queues, slow processes, and geographical barriers. The research method used is qualitative, with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews and direct observation. The results of the study show that Sipenduk Online has a positive impact, such as the efficiency of the administrative process, increased transparency, and ease of access to services without the need for physical presence. The real-time application tracking feature also increases public trust in the system. In addition, the flexibility of time in submitting documents is very helpful for residents with limited mobility. However, several challenges are still encountered, including limited internet infrastructure, low digital literacy among the elderly, and technical glitches in the notification feature. Therefore, it requires upgrading of technological infrastructure, community training, and sustainable system development. Support from the village government and active participation of the community are the keys to the success of this system. The study concludes that the digitalization of public administration in villages can encourage the creation of more responsive and inclusive governance, while contributing to improved service quality, data accuracy, and better development planning.

The effectiveness of School-Based Management (SBM)-based extracurricular programs in developing students' soft skill characteristics still faces challenges, particularly in evaluating their impact. In response to this issue, this study aims to describe the influence of SBM-based extracurricular programs on the development of elementary students’ soft skills, including leadership, discipline, responsibility, honesty, and self-confidence. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach conducted at SD Negeri 7 Tahunan, Jepara. Data were collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. Data analysis followed the Miles and Huberman model, involving data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that the implementation of extracurricular programs managed participatively and supported by external coaches significantly contributes to shaping students' soft skills. Students showed improvement in discipline through regular attendance and rule compliance, responsibility through task completion in groups, honesty in activity reporting, as well as leadership and confidence through participation in scouting and sports. The implementation of SBM, which involves various stakeholders such as teachers, parents, and coaches, fosters an inclusive, reflective, and sustainable learning ecosystem that effectively supports character development through non-academic activities.

The writing of this thesis is motivated by the low creativity found in students, educators have not used a variety of learning models in learning Natural and Social Sciences. The purpose of this research is to increase the creativity of students in Natural and Social Sciences subjects using the project-based learning model for classV. This research is a class action research of two cycles, each cycle consists of two meetings. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects of this research were Class V students of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. This research was conducted in the second semester of the 2024/2025 school year. At State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. The results of the research data analysis show that using the project-based learning model can increase student learning motivation in Natural and Social Sciences subjects in class V of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru. Details of the results of observations of students using the project-based learning model have increased from cycle I to cycle II with an average value of 66.66% in the less creative category and increased to 93.33% in the Creative category. It is concluded that using the Project-based Learning Model can increase student creativity in Natural and Social Sciences subjects in class V of State Elementary School 192/1 Kampung Baru.

This research aims to analyze the application of the Think Pair Share type cooperative learning model to improve science learning outcomes for Class IV Students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Tebo Regency. This research is classroom action research carried out in two cycles. The subjects of this research were Class IV students of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Tebo Regency. This research was carried out in the second semester of the 2024/2025 academic year in Class IV of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah Negeri 2 Tebo Regency. The results of this research are (1) the application of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative Learning Model to improve the learning process of Class IV MIN 2 Tebo Regency students, carried out through the planning, implementation and evaluation stages of learning, (2) the application of the Think Pair Share Type Cooperative Learning Model (TPS) can improve the science learning outcomes of Class IV students as seen from the increase in teacher observation data from the average value of Cycle I, namely 78.12 in the "Quite Good" category to 90.62 "Very Good" in Cycle II. Furthermore, the increase in student observation scores with the average score in cycle I, namely 77.35 "Quite Good" increased in Cycle II to 88.25 "Good". The increase in the value of learning outcomes for the Pre-Cycle stage, namely 68.6 in the "Not Good" category, increased in Cycle I to 79.1 in the "Good" category. In Cycle II there was also an increase to 85.5 in the "Good" category. Therefore, it can be concluded that the application of the Think Pair Share type cooperative learning model can improve science learning outcomes for Class IV MIN 2 Students in Tebo Regency.

This research was motivated by the low storytelling ability of Class III students at SDN 75/VII Kasang Malintang. The purpose of this research is to determine the improvement in students' storytelling abilities in Indonesian Language Subjects through Finger Puppet Media in Class III of SDN 75/VII Kasang Melintang. This research is a classroom action research consisting of two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation, observation and reflection. The subjects of this research were Class III students at SDN 75/VII Kasang Melintang. This research was carried out in the second semester of the 2024/2025 academic year in Class III of SDN 75/VII Kasang Melintang. The results of this research are as follows (1) Efforts to improve students' storytelling abilities in Indonesian language subjects through finger puppet media in class III SDN 75/VII Kasang Melintang are carried out through the learning planning stage which includes preparing teaching modules, finger puppet media, observation instruments, and storytelling ability tests. The implementation stage includes the implementation of storytelling learning using finger puppets. In the first meeting of each cycle, students tell stories in groups, and in the second meeting of each cycle, students tell stories individually. The final stage is an evaluation carried out by testing students' storytelling abilities and assessed based on assessment guidelines. (2) an increase in students' storytelling abilities resulted in an increase in teacher activity from cycle I and cycle II with an average score of 76.65 to 90 in the "Very Good" category.

The. E.ducation Curriculum Update. continue.s to be. carrie.d out for the. sake. of achie.ving e.ducational goals, the. late.st of which is the. Inde.pe.nde.nt Curriculum. Howe.ve.r, in its imple.me.ntation, proble.ms are. still found so that it is not optimal. This study aims to de.te.rmine. how the. planning, imple.me.ntation, and obstacle.s and e.fforts in imple.me.nting the. inde.pe.nde.nt curriculum. This study use.s a de.scriptive. qualitative. approach with a case. study me.thod. The. subje.cts of the. study we.re. the. Principal, De.puty Curriculum, Indone.sian Language. Te.ache.rs, and Stude.nts. Data colle.ction te.chnique.s use.d obse.rvation, inte.rvie.ws, and docume.nt studie.s. The. re.sults of the. study at MI Al-Munawwarah, Jambi City showe.d that the. imple.me.ntation of the. inde.pe.nde.nt curriculum be.gan with se.ve.ral plans, name.ly by unde.rstanding the. principle.s of the. inde.pe.nde.nt curriculum, compiling te.aching module.s, and making a lite.racy sche.dule.. The. imple.me.ntation of the. inde.pe.nde.nt curriculum has be.e.n going we.ll, e.mphasizing the. importance. of skills and characte.r value.s. Some. of the. obstacle.s found we.re. the. large. numbe.r of te.ache.r administrations, lack of re.ading mate.rials in the. library, and stude.nts having difficulty unde.rstanding the. syllable.s in the. re.ading books. E.fforts to ove.rcome. the.se. obstacle.s are. to provide. fre.e.dom and time. for te.ache.rs to cre.ate. le.arning administration, always work toge.the.r with the. principal, te.ache.rs, and supe.rvisors to me.e.t school ne.e.ds, and utilize. le.arning te.chnology.  

This study aims to develop gross motor skills of children aged 5–6 years through dance performance activities at Istiqomah Kindergarten. Dance activities were chosen because they involve structured and rhythmic body movements, which contribute positively to children's motor development. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, interviews, and documentation as data collection techniques. The results showed that through routine dance practice and the implementation of art performances, children showed an increase in their ability to coordinate movement, balance, and body flexibility. This activity also increased children's self-confidence and ability to work together. Thus, dance performance activities are effective in supporting the development of gross motor skills in early childhood.

The moral crisis affecting today’s young generation in Indonesia has become a serious concern in the midst of globalization and digitalization. Traditional values are increasingly marginalized by the rise of instant gratification, hedonism, and individualism. This article explores the role of psychology in supporting the implementation of character education as a strategic solution to address this issue. Using a qualitative approach through literature review, the findings reveal that psychology plays a crucial role in shaping students’ character through understanding cognitive development, self-regulation, emotional intelligence, and experiential learning. However, challenges such as limited educator competence, weak collaboration between schools and families, and the negative influence of social media hinder the implementation process. Therefore, integrating psychological approaches with an adaptive education system is essential to foster a resilient and morally grounded generation.

The purpose of this study was to analyze how effective communication strategies can influence community participation in rural development projects and to identify factors that influence communication success in the local context. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis related to development projects. Respondents in this study included community members, local stakeholders, and parties involved in project implementation. The results showed that transparent, participatory, and sustainable communication had a significant impact on the level of community participation. Factors such as the active involvement of community leaders, the use of local media, and the existence of discussion forums also influenced the effectiveness of communication. In addition, this study found that two-way communication and involving the community in the planning and decision-making process increased the sense of ownership and support for development projects. The conclusion of this study is that a good communication strategy can significantly increase community participation in rural development projects. Recommendations for the implementation of communication strategies include increasing community involvement from the planning stage, utilizing local communication media, and developing effective feedback mechanisms. This study contributes to the understanding of the role of communication in rural development and can be a reference for planning similar projects in the future.