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Language errors in public spaces are still frequently found in various media, such as signboards, banners, billboards, and posters. This phenomenon not only indicates a deviation from standard Indonesian language rules but also has the potential to influence how people understand and use language. This study aims to describe the forms of language errors in public spaces, analyze them from a critical linguistic perspective, and identify their implications for public literacy. The method used is descriptive qualitative research with a critical linguistic analysis approach. Data in the form of examples of language use in public spaces are analyzed based on aspects of spelling, diction, and sentence structure, then interpreted in relation to the social practices and ideologies that underlie them. The results of the study indicate that the dominant language errors include spelling errors, inappropriate word choice, and the use of ineffective sentence structures. From a critical linguistic perspective, these errors are not only caused by a lack of mastery of language rules but are also influenced by social habits, the reproduction of deviant language practices, and the tendency to use foreign languages ​​to construct a certain image. These findings indicate that repeated exposure to language that does not conform to rules can affect the quality of public literacy. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen critical literacy and increase language awareness so that society is able to use and evaluate language more appropriately and responsibly.

Expressive short story reading instruction requires both verbal and nonverbal skills so that students can convey the story’s content in a communicative and meaningful way. However, the instructional models currently in use tend to focus on only one aspect, resulting in suboptimal development of oral expression. This study aims to describe the innovative design of the Story Physical Expression (SPE) learning model for expressive short story reading instruction. The study employs a library research method with a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were obtained from various books, scientific articles, and relevant research findings, then analyzed using content analysis techniques. The results indicate that the SPE model was developed through the reconstruction of the storytelling and Total Physical Response (TPR) models by integrating verbal and nonverbal skills into a single learning sequence. This model consists of seven components: stimulation and motivation, story reading examples, exploration of physical expression, guided expression practice, story performance, feedback and reflection, and evaluation and reinforcement. The novelty of the SPE model lies in the integration of story immersion, intonation, pronunciation, facial expressions, gestures, and body movements in the expressive learning of short stories. The SPE model serves as an alternative instructional model that can be used to develop students’ oral expression skills in Indonesian language learning.

This article discusses the issue of self-confidence crisis among students of class XI-4 at SMAN 8 Medan in expressing their opinions during the learning process. This phenomenon leads to passive classroom interaction, where students tend to remain silent, hesitant to ask questions, and afraid to answer due to psychological barriers in the form of speech anxiety. The purpose of this article is to identify the factors causing low self-confidence, describe the behavioral manifestations of anxiety, and design an interactive, solution-oriented strategy. The methodology employed is a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collection techniques including open-ended questionnaires distributed to 35 students, in-depth interviews with the subject teacher, and field documentation. The results indicate that students' low self-confidence is predominantly driven by internal factors, such as the fear of negative evaluation and physical responses like nervousness or trembling. Furthermore, a rigid teaching approach in the classroom influences students' willingness to speak by up to 80%. As a solution, the implementation of an innovative strategy through the "Talk or Challenge" game using a paper ball relay proved effective in reducing speech anxiety, triggering instant critical thinking skills, and fostering a supportive, inclusive, and collaborative peer-support ecosystem.

The rapid development of digital technology has encouraged schools to adapt counseling services to the needs of students in the modern era. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of the transformation of guidance and counseling services toward the digital era through a digital counseling audit at SMP N 18 Medan. The study used a descriptive evaluative approach with mixed methods involving guidance counselors and students as research subjects. Data were collected through questionnaires, interviews, observations, and documentation related to digital counseling services. The findings showed that digital counseling services had begun to be implemented through online communication media such as WhatsApp and digital learning materials. Both counselors and students responded positively to the implementation of digital counseling because it was considered more flexible and accessible. However, the audit results indicated that the school was still in the transition category because several aspects such as digital databases, online assessment systems, and integrated counseling platforms had not been fully developed. The study implies that schools need to strengthen digital infrastructure, improve counselor digital competence, and develop more integrated counseling systems to support student needs in the digital era.

The rapid development of social media in the digital era brings both positive and negative impacts on society. One of the most concerning negative impacts is the widespread dissemination of hoaxes or false information that threatens social stability, religious harmony, and national security. Indonesia, as one of the largest social media user countries in the world, faces serious challenges in addressing this issue. This study aims to examine the role of digital literacy in countering the spread of hoaxes on social media from the perspective of Islamic values. The method used is a library research with a descriptive qualitative approach, drawing from the Qur’an, hadith, scientific journals, and relevant national and international literature. The findings indicate that good digital literacy, encompassing the ability to identify, verify, and critically filter information, is aligned with Islamic principles such as tabayyun (clarification), amar ma’ruf nahi munkar (enjoining good and forbidding evil), and the prohibition of spreading false information (slander). Islam firmly encourages its followers to be critical, selective, and responsible in receiving and disseminating information. The integration of Islamic values with digital literacy competencies can shape individuals who are not only technologically intelligent but also morally upright in the digital space. Therefore, the internalization of Islamic values in digital literacy practice is an effective and holistic strategy in minimizing the spread of hoaxes on social media.

This study examines the implementation of speech therapy for children with speech delay at PSAA Balita Tunas Bangsa, an orphanage setting where children experience limited parental stimulation and various psychosocial challenges. The objective of this research is to analyze how speech therapy is carried out, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and understand its impact on children's expressive language development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation involving the head of the institution, speech therapist, caregivers, and a child with speech delay. The findings show that speech therapy conducted through methods such as word repetition, picture-based learning, and interactive play is effective in enhancing children’s vocabulary, communicative confidence, and social interaction. Key supporting factors include caregiver involvement and adequate facilities, while limited therapy frequency and children's initial resistance become inhibiting factors. The results indicate that the integration of therapy with daily caregiver support significantly contributes to the child's language progress. These findings highlight the importance of consistent stimulation, collaborative care, and structured therapeutic programs in improving expressive language skills in institutionalized children with speech delay.

This research aims to examine the influence of podcasts and YouTube videos featuring Qur’anic interpretation on the digital literacy skills of Islamic boarding school students. The study uses a descriptive quantitative method, with information gathered through observations and questionnaires. The participants involved were students from an Islamic boarding school environment. The findings reveal that digital media platforms, particularly podcasts and YouTube, play an important role in enhancing students’ digital literacy, especially in accessing, assessing, and critically interpreting religious materials. Furthermore, combining religious learning with digital technology increases students’ enthusiasm, involvement, and participation during the learning process. These media platforms also motivate students to become more independent and proactive in deepening their understanding of Islamic studies. Overall, digital media can function as an effective medium for supporting religious education as well as strengthening digital literacy skills. Therefore, educators are encouraged to assist students in identifying trustworthy, authentic, and reliable information sources in order to prevent misinformation and create more meaningful learning experiences.

This study discusses reduplication as one of the important morphological processes in the Indonesian language. Reduplication plays a role in the formation of words and serves to express various grammatical meanings, such as plural, frequency, intensity, and continuity of an event. The purpose of this study is to describe the types of reduplication and the classes of words produced through this process. The research data is in the form of duplicated words, including materials, people, years, destruction, many times, and shouting. The method used is qualitative descriptive with analysis techniques in the form of classification based on the type of reduplication, namely intact reduplication, partial reduplication, reduplication with adjustment, and altered reduplication of sounds. The results of the study show that reduplication in Indonesian can form various classes of words, such as nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverbs, with different grammatical functions according to the context of their use. These findings confirm that reduplication not only serves as a repetition of forms, but also has a significant semantic and syntactic role in the structure of language. This research is expected to make a theoretical contribution to the study of Indonesian morphology and become a reference for future linguistic research, especially in understanding the dynamics of word formation and meanings produced through the process of reduplication.

This study aims to describe the compliance and violation of language politeness principles in student communication to lecturers via WhatsApp. The background of this research highlights the importance of communication ethics in the academic environment, especially amidst Indonesia's cultural diversity and the dynamics of the Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) program. The method used is a qualitative descriptive method with documentation techniques. The research data sources are utterances in WhatsApp messages from students of the Indonesian Language Education Study Program collected from January to June 2019. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of collection, reading, maxim identification, classification, and analysis. The results showed compliance with five of Leech's politeness maxims: tact maxim (11 data), generosity maxim (2 data), approbation maxim (2 data), agreement maxim (11 data), and sympathy maxim (2 data). Compliance is characterized by the use of greetings, apologies, self-introduction, and providing options to the interlocutor. Meanwhile, violations of politeness principles were found in the tact maxim (4 data) and the agreement maxim (1 data). Violations occurred because students gave the impression of dictating, forcing, or not providing freedom of choice to the lecturers. This study concludes that although most students have implemented politeness, a deeper understanding of speech strategies is still needed to maintain a harmonious relationship between students and lecturers.

This study aims to examine the application of the leadership values of the Prophet Muhammad, consisting of siddiq, amanah, fathanah, and tabligh, in the leadership of madrasah principals and their influence on the performance and discipline of teachers at Madrasah Tsanawiyah in the Sungai Aur District. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with purposive sampling technique. Data collection techniques included in-depth interviews, observation, documentation, and questionnaires as additional data. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing using source and technique triangulation methods. The findings indicate that the value of siddiq is applied through honesty and openness in leadership, amanah is reflected in responsibility and teacher development, fathanah is evident in intelligence in decision-making, and tabligh is expressed through open communication. The application of these values has a positive impact on improving teacher performance in planning, implementing, and evaluating the learning process, as well as improving teacher discipline in terms of attendance, punctuality, and compliance with madrasah regulations. This study shows that prophetic leadership is an appropriate and effective leadership model in Islamic education management.

Inclusive education is an educational service system that provides opportunities for all students, including children with special needs, to learn together in a shared educational environment. One such child with special needs who requires special attention in the learning process is a child with writing difficulties (dysgraphia). This study aims to describe the application of assessment instruments, as well as the writing abilities and challenges experienced by students with dysgraphia at SDN Nurbayan 1, Tangerang City. The research method used was descriptive qualitative research, with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. The study subjects consisted of a student with dysgraphia and the classroom teacher. The results showed that the student experienced challenges in fine motor skills, letter and word formation, writing consistency, and writing speed. The application of assessment instruments, such as observation sheets, anecdotal notes, and interviews, provided a comprehensive picture of the student's abilities and learning needs. Although technical writing skills were still relatively low, the student demonstrated a strong interest and motivation in writing activities. Therefore, the application of appropriate, flexible, and process-oriented assessment instruments is essential to support the development of the writing abilities of children with dysgraphia in an inclusive educational environment.

This study aims to describe the implementation of digital-based learning evaluation in elementary schools, including the types of media, methods of implementation, advantages, obstacles, and its relevance to evaluation theory. The research method used a descriptive qualitative approach with non-participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation at five elementary schools in Jakarta and Bandung, namely Narada School, Bakti Mulya 400, Cendekia Leadership School, Binekas, and Bandung Alliance Intercultural School. The results showed variations in the implementation of digital evaluation, ranging from project-based authentic assessment and teacher observation to integrated digital systems using LMS, Google Classroom, Quizizz, and Kahoot. Digital evaluation was found to improve efficiency, motivation, student engagement, transparency, and documentation of learning outcomes. The challenges faced included technological readiness, digital literacy, technical glitches, student distractions, and the risk of cheating. These findings are in line with the theories of authentic assessment, constructivism, and formative and summative evaluation. The research conclusion emphasizes the importance of developing teachers' digital competencies, strengthening school technology infrastructure, and adjusting evaluation methods to be able to optimally assess students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, thereby supporting the improvement of learning quality in elementary schools.

This study aims to analyze the simultaneous effect of implementing Canva, an interactive visual media, in Science (Ilmu Pengetahuan Alam/IPA) and the application of the Deep Learning approach (in-depth and contextual learning) in English on improving students' learning motivation at SMP Negeri 3 Galesong Selatan. Learning motivation is measured as a dependent variable crucial for academic success in the digital era. This research uses a Mixed Methods design with an embedded quasi-experimental model, supported by descriptive qualitative data through in-depth observations and interviews. The research sample consists of seventh-grade students who were the subjects of the Canva intervention in Science, and eighth-grade students who were the subjects of the Deep Learning intervention in English, each compared with a control group. The results of the paired t-test hypothesis test showed a significant and positive increase in students' learning motivation in both intervention groups. Qualitatively, Canva proved effective in visualizing complex Science concepts, facilitating understanding and creativity. Meanwhile, Deep Learning successfully contextualized English through authentic projects, enhancing material relevance and student independence. The main conclusion of this study is that the combination of visual technology innovation and the adoption of pedagogy focused on in-depth understanding is a transformative strategy for fostering strong intrinsic learning motivation at the junior high school level.

Rapid progress in information and communication technology has significantly influenced education, particularly in the assessment of student learning. This research aims to explore the use of digital assessment methods at SD Binekas Bandung and their role in improving educational standards. A qualitative descriptive methodology was utilized, which involved direct observation, interviews with the school’s administrators and teachers, and the collection of relevant documentation. The study was conducted on October 21, 2025. The findings indicate that SD Binekas has effectively integrated digital assessment instruments such as Google Forms, Quizizz, Wordwall, and smart boards. Teachers actively utilize these tools for both formative and summative assessments. Students showed a favorable response, reflecting heightened motivation and involvement. The identified advantages include more streamlined assessment processes, instant feedback, the ability to conduct statistical analyses, and enhanced digital skills among learners. However, several challenges remain, including dependence on internet connectivity, varying degrees of digital literacy among users, and obstacles in evaluating psychomotor skills. The implementation of digital assessments at SD Binekas has successfully improved the quality of teaching and learning through more efficient, engaging, and transparent assessment strategies.

Educational businesses face unique challenges because they are not solely oriented toward financial profit, but also toward social values, institutional sustainability, and the improvement of human resource quality. Educational institutions are required to balance educational idealism with professionalism and competitiveness. This study aims to explain growth strategies in the education business sector through a conceptual approach and literature analysis. The main focus of the study includes the concept of growth, the growth cycle of educational businesses, growth strategies, the growing the core approach, and educational marketing strategies. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with a literature review approach. Data were obtained from various literature sources, such as academic journals, educational books, and publications related to educational management. The findings indicate that sustainable growth in educational businesses largely depends on an institution’s ability to strengthen its core values, innovate learning services, improve management quality, expand markets ethically, and build public trust through educational, transparent, and quality-oriented marketing strategies.

Learning motivation is a crucial factor influencing student success in the learning process at school. However, in reality, many students still suffer from low learning motivation, characterized by a lack of interest in lessons, passive behavior, and a tendency to engage in negative behavior in the school environment. This study aims to explore in-depth the strategies used by teachers to improve student learning motivation in junior high schools (SMP). This study used a qualitative approach with descriptive methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation with 3 teachers experienced in teaching students with diverse backgrounds and characteristics. The results show that teachers employ various strategies to improve learning motivation, including building positive emotional relationships between teachers and students, creating a pleasant classroom atmosphere, implementing active learning methods, and providing positive reinforcement such as praise and rewards. These strategies have proven effective in increasing student engagement, self-confidence, and responsibility for the learning process. This study confirms that the role of teachers is not only as instructors but also as motivators and mentors, significantly influencing the development of students' enthusiasm for learning. The implications of this research demonstrate the importance of training and professional development for teachers to design learning strategies that adapt to the needs and characteristics of students in the modern education era.

This research is motivated by the low level of student interest in Arts, Culture, and Crafts at school. This low level of interest is evident in the lack of active student participation, low enthusiasm during learning activities, and minimal initiative in completing arts and crafts practical assignments. This condition requires teachers to select and implement an appropriate learning model, one that not only delivers material clearly but also stimulates motivation and is suited to the characteristics of the students. One of the chosen models is Direct Instruction. This model emphasizes the teacher's delivery of material in a structured, clear, and systematic manner, followed by examples, guidance, and directed practice. The purpose of this study was to determine the extent to which the application of the Direct Instruction model can increase student interest in Arts, Culture, and Crafts. This study used qualitative methods with observation, interview, and documentation techniques to collect data. Analysis was conducted using descriptive qualitative methods by reviewing all field findings. The results showed that the application of the Direct Instruction model significantly increased student interest in learning. Students became more active in asking questions, enthusiastically followed instructions, and demonstrated improved skills in arts and crafts practicals. In addition, student involvement in class discussions also increased, and they were more confident in presenting their work. In conclusion, the use of the Direct Instruction model can be an effective alternative learning strategy to increase student interest in learning, particularly in Arts, Culture, and Crafts. Teachers are advised to combine this model with other creative methods to optimize learning outcomes.

This research is motivated by the fact that the history learning process in schools is often considered boring and less relevant to students' lives. Initial observations at SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar showed that the dominant lecture method makes students less focused, tend to be passive, and learning outcomes are less than optimal. This condition demands learning innovations that can involve students actively and meaningfully. One alternative used is the Student Teams Achievement Division (STAD) cooperative learning model. The focus of this research is to describe the application of the STAD model to improve the learning outcomes of eighth-grade students on the history of the arrival of Western nations to Indonesia. The research objectives include: (1) outlining the steps for implementing the STAD model, (2) identifying supporting and inhibiting factors, and (3) determining the impact of STAD implementation on improving student learning outcomes. The type of research used is descriptive qualitative with a naturalistic approach. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research subjects were eighth-grade students of SMPN 3 Srengat Blitar in the 2023/2024 academic year. The researcher was directly involved in the data collection and analysis process using triangulation techniques to ensure the validity of the findings. The research results show that the implementation of STAD can improve student learning outcomes. Students become more active, motivated, and have a better understanding of the material. The main supporting factors are solid teamwork and the teacher's active role in facilitating learning. Challenges faced include time constraints and students' initial adaptation to the new method. Overall, STAD has proven effective in creating a fun, interactive, and meaningful learning environment for students.

This study aims to describe the empowerment strategy of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) implemented by the Kebab Kenzatha MSME operating in Bukittinggi City. The background of this study is based on the important role of MSMEs in driving the local economy, particularly in creating jobs, increasing community income, and strengthening the domestic economic structure. MSME empowerment is a vital strategy in ensuring the sustainability and competitiveness of small and medium enterprises amidst increasingly competitive market competition. There are various dimensions in MSME empowerment, such as strengthening the capacity of individual business actors, increasing access to markets, access to capital, utilization of technology, and adequate policy or institutional support. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. This method was chosen because it is considered most appropriate to comprehensively and objectively describe the various empowerment strategies that have been or are being implemented by MSME actors, particularly Kebab Kenzatha. Through observation and in-depth interviews with MSME owners, researchers obtained information about business activities and marketing strategies implemented. Based on the results of observations, it is known that the Kebab Kenzatha MSME is still managed independently by its owner without the involvement of employees or additional labor. This indicates that its organizational structure is still very simple. Meanwhile, in terms of marketing strategy, this MSME utilizes its closest social networks, such as friends of the business owner and students at Campus V of Padang State University (UNP), as its primary target market. This approach reflects a marketing strategy based on social relationships and word-of-mouth promotion, commonly employed by MSMEs with limited resources. Therefore, the empowerment of the Kebab Kenzatha MSME is still in its early stages and requires further support for optimal long-term development.

A biography book is a written work that is compiled based on factual events about a person's life, but writers are often faced with the choice of how to represent the reality surrounding the characters they are telling. In the process of writing, a writer not only gathers facts, but also interprets and highlights certain aspects of the character's life. This can be seen through the way language is used, including standard markers, which reflect the author's attitude and position towards the facts raised. This research aims to analyze the author's attitude towards this reality, as reflected through the use of stationary markers in the biography of President Abdurrahman Wahid (Gus Dur) by Greg Barton. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a content (text) analysis method. The source of research data is in the form of Gus Dur's biographical text which is analyzed by referring to five categories of standard markers, namely hedges, boosters, attitude markers, self-mentions, and engagement markers. Each category provides an overview of how the author conveys an argument, expresses an attitude, and builds a closeness with the reader. The results of the study show that the use of boosters dominates, which illustrates the author's firm attitude in emphasizing facts and assessments of Gus Dur. In addition, the word "like" is found 253 times and serves as a means of building common knowledge and creating an inclusive delivery style. This analysis also shows that Greg Barton tried to maintain a balance between scientific objectivity and personal closeness to the characters he wrote. This research has relevance in Indonesian language learning in high school, especially class X, because biographical texts are part of the teaching material. These findings can be used as evaluation and learning materials about the author's language style, as well as helping students hone critical reading skills and writing narrative discourse by understanding the meaning behind the language choices used.