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The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of employment agreements as one of the means of providing legal protection for workers’ rights. The research method employed in this study is normative juridical, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials obtained through the analysis of statutory regulations, legal scholars’ opinions, as well as books and journals relevant to the subject under study. The results of the study indicate that employment agreements, as a form of preventive legal protection for workers’ rights, are a consequence of the application of the welfare state concept, thereby requiring the state to intervene in employment relationships arising from such agreements. This form of intervention can be observed in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The provisions contained in this law, particularly Article 54 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, constitute a form of preventive legal protection, especially in points (e) and (f), as they regulate economic rights as well as the rights and obligations of workers. These provisions provide protection and serve as a form of legal certainty that safeguards workers from the beginning of their employment. The obstacles encountered in the implementation of employment agreements as a preventive means of protecting workers’ rights are divided into three factors: regulatory factors, legal culture factors, and legal structure factors.

The development of financial technology has led to the emergence of cryptocurrency as a decentralized digital instrument that enables fast and cross-border financial transactions. While this technology offers efficiency and flexibility in digital financial activities, it also creates opportunities for misuse in various forms of crime, including terrorist financing. This study aims to analyze the use of cryptocurrency as a means of financing terrorist activities in Indonesia, examine the existing legal framework governing terrorist financing, and identify the challenges faced in law enforcement. This research employs a normative legal method using statutory, conceptual, and case study approaches. The findings indicate that the use of cryptocurrency as a medium for terrorist financing still fulfills the elements of a criminal offense as regulated under Law Number 9 of 2013 concerning the Prevention and Eradication of Terrorism Financing. However, the characteristics of cryptocurrency, such as anonymity, decentralization, and cross-border transactions, create significant challenges in the processes of evidence gathering, transaction tracing, and identification of perpetrators. In addition, there is a regulatory gap between the recognition of crypto assets as economic commodities and the supervision of their potential misuse for terrorist financing. Therefore, stronger regulations are needed to explicitly integrate crypto assets into the terrorist financing prevention regime, along with improving the capacity of law enforcement agencies in blockchain transaction analysis and strengthening international cooperation to enhance the effectiveness of law enforcement in the digital economy era.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

The rapid development of e-commerce has significantly increased the participation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the digital economy, particularly through the use of pre-order transaction schemes. Although Indonesia has established a relatively comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection and electronic transactions, pre-order transactions involving MSME products remain highly vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulation and implementation of consumer protection in pre-order transactions conducted through e-commerce platforms, to identify legal, institutional, and social factors contributing to consumer vulnerability, and to examine the role of the state and e-commerce platform providers in strengthening consumer protection as a public policy. This research employs a normative legal research method with a prescriptive-analytical character, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that existing consumer protection mechanisms remain partial and predominantly reactive, as they do not specifically accommodate the inherent risks of pre-order transactions nor are they supported by preventive supervision and enforcement mechanisms. Consumer vulnerability arises from the interaction between regulatory gaps, institutional limitations, and social conditions such as information asymmetry and low legal and digital literacy. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the necessity of a synergistic role between the state and e-commerce platforms in developing and implementing consumer protection policies oriented toward substantive justice and fraud prevention in the digital economy.

Although JKN aims to provide equitable and quality health services, fraudulent practices, such as phantom billing and diagnosis manipulation, continue to grow, harming BPJS Kesehatan and participants. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of legal sanctions against JKN claim fraud in FKRTL and identify gaps in their implementation. Although regulations are in place, law enforcement remains weak, with administrative sanctions failing to provide sufficient deterrence. The gap in this research lies in the lack of application of criminal sanctions in fraud cases, especially in existing regulations. The novelty of this research is its comparative approach between current administrative sanctions and the potential application of criminal sanctions in the context of healthcare fraud. The research method uses a normative-descriptive approach, analyzing regulations and fraud audit results, and identifying gaps in the implementation of legal sanctions. The results of the study indicate that strengthening criminal sanctions and integrating technology in claim monitoring can increase the effectiveness of fraud prevention. These findings are expected to strengthen regulations and improve the integrity of the JKN system, as well as provide policy recommendations for more effective law enforcement.

For the general public, Indonesia’s five-year electoral cycle is often perceived merely as a procedural voting event, overlooking the substance and quality of how voters select presidential or regional leaders. Following the 2024 General Election, the challenges of democracy have shifted from technical management to the prevention of polarization, money politics, digital disinformation, identity politics, and echo chambers. This article analyzes the urgency of implementing sustainable voter education during the inter-election period, using the General Election Commission (KPU) of Balikpapan City as a case study. The study focuses on KPU Balikpapan’s strategies to transform pragmatic voters, who are susceptible to manipulation, into informed participants, while also addressing the vulnerabilities of first-time voters ahead of the 2029 Election to increase participation rates. The analysis indicates that political education during the non-election period is a critical moment to build the cognitive foundation of voters without compromising their independent choice, making the role of KPU Balikpapan essential in maintaining democratic integrity in the city.

This study aims to analyze the considerations of the judge in the decision of the Kupang District Court No. 81/Pid.Sus-TPK/2022/PN Kpg and the legal implications of the application of Article 3 of the Corruption Eradication Law. This research uses a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The results show that the application of Article 3 of the Corruption Eradication Law in this case is incorrect, as the defendant is not a public official and does not have authority over the management of state finances or assets. It was also found that there was a misapplication of the law (error in juris), an error in determining the subject of the law (error in persona), and an inaccuracy in the object of the case (error in objecto). This study concludes that the case is more appropriately classified as an administrative error by state apparatus rather than a corruption crime. Academically, this research reinforces the distinction between administrative law and criminal law regarding corruption. Socially, this research emphasizes the importance of legal certainty protection and the prevention of criminalization of civil society. This study provides an important contribution to the development of legal theory, as well as the protection of individual rights in the context of criminal law.

Flood disasters are recurring hydrometeorological hazards that significantly impact social, economic, and environmental conditions in Tulungagung Regency. This study aims to analyze the flood disaster mitigation communication strategies implemented by the Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) of Tulungagung Regency and to identify the roles, challenges, and implications of both internal and external communication in flood disaster management. The research employed a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with the Secretary of BPBD Tulungagung Regency, the Head of the Emergency and Logistics Division, the Head of the Prevention and Preparedness Division, and members of flood-affected communities. The findings reveal that BPBD Tulungagung Regency has attempted to optimize disaster communication during the pre-disaster, emergency response, and post-disaster phases. The effectiveness of these communication efforts remains limited due to several challenges, including inadequate communication infrastructure, varying levels of disaster literacy among community members, diverse geographical conditions, and insufficient coordination in internal and external communication. Pre-disaster communication plays an essential role in improving community preparedness, communication during emergency response supports timely and accurate decision-making, and post-disaster communication contributes to recovery processes and the strengthening of community resilience. This study concludes that optimizing disaster communication requires integrated information systems, improved human resource capacity within BPBD, and active community participation through community-based communication approaches to sustainably enhance resilience to flood risks.

This journal examines the criminal act of corruption related to village treasury land (tanah kas desa) in Yogyakarta, with a specific focus on the District Court Decision No. 8/Pid.Sus-TPK/2023/PN Yyk. The objectives are to identify the underlying reasons behind corruption practices, analyze the application of substantive criminal law, and assess the state losses as well as possible preventive measures for future land management. The study employs a qualitative research method through interviews, documentation, and literature review, involving key informants from the judiciary, prosecution office, police sector, and village administration. The findings reveal that corruption in village treasury land is driven by internal factors such as personal motives, economic background, moral integrity, legal awareness, and authority, as well as external factors including non-transparent bureaucracy, ingrained corruption culture, weak supervision, ineffective legal systems, and socio-economic pressures. The application of substantive criminal law is reflected in the assessment of elements of corruption, judicial considerations, and the interplay between legal norms, social impacts, and local wisdom. Furthermore, the study highlights significant economic and social losses, and recommends strategies for prevention, governance improvement, and strengthening accountability to minimize corruption risks in village land management.

Drug abuse among adolescents in Jayapura City is a pressing issue with significant repercussions for health, society, and the future of younger generations. Due to Jayapura's strategic position as a border city with Papua New Guinea, it faces a heightened risk of cross-border drug trafficking, making it particularly vulnerable. This study explores the various factors contributing to the rise in drug abuse among adolescents, including individual, family, and peer group dynamics, socio-economic conditions, weak legal enforcement, and the influence of globalization. The findings suggest that a multifaceted approach is essential in addressing the problem. Repressive measures alone are insufficient, and should be complemented by preventive, rehabilitative, and educational strategies. Such approaches must emphasize child protection principles and ensure justice that is both substantive and forward-thinking. Progressive and responsive legal frameworks, aligned with the goals of criminal punishment, are necessary to effectively combat drug abuse in Jayapura. Moreover, these frameworks should prioritize adolescent recovery, recognizing that these individuals are the future of the nation.

This study aims to determine the implementation of the Smart Society 5.0-based digital literacy program in Ciamis Regency, implemented by the Communication and Informatics Office (Diskominfo). This program is part of the local government's digital transformation to create a smart, inclusive, and adaptive society to the development of information technology. This study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive methods, and data is obtained through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation. The analysis is conducted using Charles O. Jones's theory of public policy implementation, which includes three main components: organization, interpretation, and implementation. The results show that organizationally, Diskominfo has a supportive structure and relatively competent human resources, although there are still limitations in the mastery of digital technology among employees. From an interpretation perspective, the digital literacy strategy is implemented through public education, hoax prevention, digital content provision, and social media utilization. Meanwhile, in terms of implementation, supervision is carried out through monitoring, regular reporting, the use of digital applications, and evaluation forums. Some obstacles faced include budget limitations, the digital divide between regions, uneven technological infrastructure, and the lack of specific evaluation indicators. Nevertheless, improvement efforts continue through human resource training, optimization of digital facilities and infrastructure, and cross-sector synergy. This study concludes that the implementation of the Smart Society 5.0-based digital literacy program in Ciamis Regency has been quite successful, but still requires strengthening human resources, evaluation policies, and equitable digital access in rural areas.

The rise in corruption cases in Indonesia significantly hampers investment, impacts national economic growth, and undermines the integrity of public institutions. This study highlights the strategic role of public mobilization as guardians of transparency in preventing potential corruption at the Danantara Investment Management Agency (BPI). Using a normative legal research approach enriched by qualitative analysis of the regulatory framework and best practices, this study examines the legal basis supporting public participation and formulates an effective corruption prevention strategy in the digital era. The results show that optimizing the role of the public through information transparency and the use of information and communication technology (ICT) plays a crucial role in building accountability and detecting irregularities. Access to audit data, financial evaluations, and public information is an important instrument in strengthening oversight. The use of ICT allows the public to analyze anomalous patterns, assess institutional performance, and provide constructive feedback on investment management policies. However, this mobilization faces significant challenges. First, the complexity of financial and regulatory data often makes it difficult for the general public to interpret. Second, limited digital literacy hinders the public's ability to utilize oversight technology. Third, the urgent need for certainty of legal protection for whistleblowers or oversight participants is a determining factor in the success of the mobilization. Therefore, strengthening regulations that guarantee legal protection, increasing digital literacy capacity, and developing user-friendly public oversight platforms are necessary. Synergy between the government, investment management institutions, and the public is key to creating a transparent, responsive, and adaptive oversight system to technological developments. This way, the active role of the public can be optimized to strengthen the integrity of BPI Danantara and promote a healthy investment climate in Indonesia.

Terrorism is considered a crime against humanity and poses a serious threat to the sovereignty of states as it has an international scope and impact. This crime threatens global security and peace and undermines the welfare of society, thus requiring decisive and sustained eradication efforts to protect and respect human rights at large. radicalism reflects an attitude or view that is extreme and seeks social or political change in ways that are controversial or outside the norm. Perpetrators of terrorism often have radical views and choose violent acts as a way to achieve their goals. Prevention of terrorism through deradicalization is a proactive step and requires caution with consideration of the plurality of Indonesian society and the vulnerability of plurality to social conflict.

Electronic money laundering has become a critical issue as a form of cybercrime. Advances in technology demonstrate that digital forensic applications, particularly those utilizing smartphones, can be employed to uncover digital traces of money laundering transactions. This study aims to analyze the relevance of existing legal frameworks, the effectiveness of smartphone forensic techniques, and the challenges faced in their implementation in Indonesia. Based on a review of the literature and regulatory analysis, it was found that legal frameworks such as UU No. 8 of 2010 on the Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering (TPPU) and UU No. 19 of 2016 on Information and Electronic Transactions (ITE) provide an adequate legal foundation. However, gaps in implementation, such as limited human and technological resources, remain significant obstacles. Forensic techniques, including metadata analysis and device extraction, have shown great potential in identifying the flow of illicit funds. Nonetheless, their application is hindered by data confidentiality and the lack of uniform technical standards. Given the increasing complexity of digital crimes, an integrated approach is required, combining regulatory strengthening with technological capacity building, to enhance the effectiveness of smartphone forensics in addressing electronic money laundering.

This study aims to analyze the role of local values in the sustainable management of peatlands in Dayun Village, Siak Regency, Riau Province. The research applies a descriptive qualitative method using a normative-empirical approach. Findings indicate that although formal customary law structures are no longer present, local communities continue to apply traditional values in land management. Activities include sustainable watermelon farming, batik training using watermelon leaves, and processing agricultural products into local goods such as juices and watermelon-based snacks. Furthermore, educational tourism initiatives emphasize Malay cultural preservation, environmental awareness, and social revitalization. Community activities such as group exercises, outbound games, forest fire prevention education, and crafts training are led by the local tourism awareness group (Pokdarwis). These reflect a transformation of local values into tangible actions supporting ecological sustainability and community economic growth. The study also highlights the importance of local leadership and external collaboration in implementing these grassroots initiatives successfully.

Magelang Regency, located in Central Java Province, is facing serious problems related to drug abuse. Drugs are an abbreviation of narcotics, psychotropics, and other dangerous addictive substances. In the law enforcement strategy, the Drug Investigation Unit has implemented a law enforcement strategy including investigations and inquiries, this is conducting in-depth investigations of drug networks and perpetrators of abuse. This study uses a normative and empirical approach. The data sources consist of primary and secondary data. There has been an unlawful act which is contained in Article 112 paragraph (1) of Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics, which occurred on the side of the road into the Salaman District area, Magelang Regency on Monday, January 6, 2025 at around 22.30 WIB. The results of the study concluded that the Drug Investigation Unit of the Magelang Police played a crucial role in handling recidivists in drug cases through prevention and law enforcement efforts. The government and law enforcement need to work together to increase the effectiveness of rehabilitation programs for drug abusers to prevent them from becoming recidivists on a large scale.

The development of corruption nowadays is accompanied by other crimes related to hide assets from corruption and one way of it is by money laundering mechanism. The mechanism of it is contained in the Criminal Code, Criminal Procedure Code, Law No. 20/2001 jo. Law No. 31/1999 concerning the Eradication of Corruption and Law No. 8/2010 concerning Prevention and Eradication of the Crime of Money Laundering. There are also international legal instruments adopted to strengthen efforts to seize assets from criminal acts of corruption, such as UNCAC which was ratified by the Government of Indonesia into Law Number 7/2006 concerning Ratification of the UNCAC on April 18, 2006. Indonesia needs a regulation that has stronger legal force and has a special mechanism regarding the mechanism for the confiscation of assets and assets that are suspected of being obtained as a result of corruption. It can be suggested to the Government and the legislature to encourage the discussion and passing of the asset confiscation bill’s immediately.

White collar crime is increasingly prevalent in various corporate sectors and causes significant financial losses and damage to public trust. This type of crime includes embezzlement of funds, manipulation of financial statements, bribery, insider trading in the capital market, and theft of customer personal data. Although it occurs a lot, the prevention of white collar crime is still not optimal and the perpetrators are rarely prosecuted properly. This paper aims to analyze the various determinants that influence the occurrence of white collar crime in order to formulate policy recommendations and prevention strategies in the future. A systematic approach is used by applying the fraud triangle theory which focuses on the three main elements that cause fraud, namely pressure, opportunity and rationalization. The results of the study show that pressure to meet high performance targets and large bonuses often encourage individuals to commit fraud. Meanwhile, weak supervision and lack of transparency create opportunities for fraud. Perpetrators also often justify their actions, for example by assuming that they will not be caught or the value of the loss is small. The complexity of modern corporate operations also increases opportunities for white-collar crime. Effective prevention efforts must be comprehensive by involving various parties and strengthening a number of aspects as controls. The role of internal and external supervisors (auditors) of companies needs to be continuously improved, supported by modem fraud detection technology tools. Whistleblowing mechanisms need to be strengthened in every company and kept confidential to encourage early reporting of fraud indications.

Berdasarkan Peraturan Bupati Situbondo Nomor 45 Tahun 2020 tentang Penerapan Disiplin dan Penegakan Hukum Protokol Kesehatan sebagai Upaya Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Corona Virus Disease 2019 di Kabupaten Situbondo yang dilatar belakangi oleh merebaknya pandemi Covid-19 yang menyebar luas ke penjuru daerah di dunia terutama di Kabupaten Situbondo. Untuk pengendalian percepatan penyebaran covid-19 Bupati Situbondo menerbitkan Peraturan Bupati Situbondo Nomor 45 Tahun 2020. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Peraturan Bupati Situbondo Nomor 45 Tahun 2020 dapat menjatuhkan sanksi administratif berupa denda dan mengetahui Penegakan Hukum Peraturan Bupati Situbondo Nomor 45 Tahun 2020. Metode Penelitian pada penelitian ini ialah menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif yaitu menggunakan studi kasus normatif berupa produk hukum, misalnya mengkaji undang – undang, peraturan daerah serta rancangan undang-undang, dengan metode pendekatan diantaranya peraturan perundang-undangan (stute approach) dan pendekatan konseptual.   Berdasarkan hasil penelitian dapat disimpulkan dalam menangani Covid-19 berdasarkan UUD 1945 dimana pemerintah pusat maupun daerah harus berperan aktif didalamnya, khususnya di Kabupaten Situbondo telah mengeluarkan perbup yang mengatur masyarakatnya taat protokol kesehatan. Namun jika tidak ditaati aturan tersebut maka dapat dikenakan sanksi administratif berupa denda yang diatur dalam Pasal 7 Ayat (2).