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This research aims to analyze the legal protection of workers' rights during Termination of Employment (PHK) due to company bankruptcy, as well as assessing the conformity between applicable legal provisions and practice in the field. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory and factual approach. The research examines various legal regulations related to employment and bankruptcy, as well as the implementation of these regulations in resolving employment disputes. The research results show that the regulation of layoffs according to Law Number 6 of 2023 concerning Job Creation emphasizes that layoffs are the termination of the employment relationship due to certain things which result in the end of the rights and obligations between workers and employers which is a last resort. In practice, however, workers often experience difficulties in obtaining their normative rights, especially when companies face financial instability or insolvency. Then the responsibilities that can be carried out by companies to realize fair legal protection for workers are divided into 2 (two) efforts, namely preventive and repressive. Preventive efforts include compliance with labor regulations and transparent communication, while repressive efforts are carried out through dispute settlement and fulfillment of workers’ compensation rights. This research confirms the existence of a gap between legal norms and practice in the field. Therefore, it is necessary to increase legal awareness and strengthen regulatory enforcement to ensure the fulfillment of the rights of workers affected by layoffs.

The development of digital platforms such as TikTok has encouraged the emergence of affiliate-based marketing practices in e-commerce activities. Affiliate marketing is a digital marketing system that promotes another person's product or service through a special affiliate link and earns a commission if a purchase or transaction is made through that affiliate link. Product promotion content has become one of the most effective marketing methods in the digital world. However, in practice, there are cases where affiliates reuse video content belonging to creators for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions without permission. This study aims to analyze the provisions of digital video copyright protection under Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and to examine forms of copyright infringement in the use of TikTok videos by affiliates. The method used is a normative study, employing a legal approach, a conceptual approach, and factual analysis. Primary and secondary legal materials were used in this study, which was analyzed descriptively and qualitatively. The results of the study show that TikTok videos fall under the category of cinematographic works that are protected as stipulated in Article 40 paragraph (1) letter m of the Copyright Law. Copyright protection arises automatically based on the declarative principle since the creation is realized in a tangible form, covering moral and economic rights. The use of TikTok videos by affiliates for promotional purposes and to earn sales commissions constitutes commercial use which, if done without the creator's permission, violates the creator's economic rights as stipulated in Article 9 paragraph (3) and potentially violates moral rights under Article 5 of the Copyright Law.

In this study, advocates are guaranteed legal protection to implement the right to defence in criminal cases.   to learn how criminal advocates are protected if they enforce the law.   The privilege of immunity shields advocates from civil or criminal litigation for good faith work inside and outside the court.   This study uses normative juridical research, which examines current laws and regulations.   Analysis of relevant legislation is needed for this research.   According to the study, Article 16 of Law Number 18 of 2003 concerning Advocates does not adequately describe advocates' immunity rights.   Lack of clear explanations of protection types, rights constraints, and good faith between advocates and other parties may lead to power abuses.   More extensive norms that are in keeping with other articles of the law are needed to apply advocates' immunity rights proportionately, guaranteeing freedom in performing their profession while maintaining society's and justice's legal interests.

Abstract. The right to health is an integral part of human rights guaranteed by the Constitution and further reinforced by Law Number 17 of 2023 on Health, which places the state as the party responsible for ensuring the provision of safe, high-quality, and non-discriminatory health services for all citizens. However, in practice, the fulfillment of the right to health continues to face various challenges, particularly in the delivery of health services for participants of BPJS Kesehatan. This study aims to analyze the legal protection of the right to health in Indonesia and to examine the refusal of medical services to BPJS patients that resulted in death in Papua from a human rights perspective. The research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings indicate that although the national legal framework has clearly regulated the obligations of the state and health care facilities in providing emergency services, its implementation remains weak due to administrative barriers, unequal access to health services, and inconsistent law enforcement. The refusal of medical services to BPJS patients in Papua reflects a tension between hospitals’ administrative compliance and the professional obligation of medical personnel to save human lives. The implications of this study emphasize the need to strengthen supervision, ensure consistent law enforcement, and improve health service governance so that the right to health is truly protected as part of human dignity within the Indonesian rule of law. 

Criminal acts of assault against children constitute a serious violation of human rights that requires optimal legal protection by the state. As legal subjects, children are entitled to security, protection from violence, and guarantees for proper growth and development, as mandated by Pancasila, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and relevant child protection legislation. This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the legal considerations applied by judges in Decision Number 83/Pid.Sus/2020/PN.Kot concerning the criminal offense of assault committed against a child, as well as to assess their conformity with criminal law principles, child protection law, and the objectives of sentencing. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The findings reveal that although the legal basis applied refers to Law Number 35 of 2014 on Child Protection, the judicial considerations have not been comprehensively formulated, as they insufficiently incorporate sociological, criminological, and child-centered protection perspectives. Consequently, the sentence imposed is relatively lenient and fails to fully reflect the objectives of punishment, particularly deterrence and sustainable protection for child victims. Therefore, strengthening the quality of judicial reasoning and ensuring the optimal application of relevant legal provisions are essential to achieve legal certainty, justice, and effective protection for children as victims of violent crimes.

The rapid development of digital technology has significantly transformed financial transaction systems, including the use of securities. Conventional securities, which traditionally function as instruments of payment, evidence, and transfer of rights, face various challenges such as document forgery, loss, and administrative inefficiency. These conditions have encouraged the digitalization of securities, requiring adjustments within the Indonesian legal framework. This study aims to analyze the transformation of securities from conventional forms to digital formats within the perspective of Indonesian law and to assess the adequacy of existing regulations in addressing such developments. The research employs a normative juridical approach by examining primary legal materials in the form of statutory regulations and secondary legal materials consisting of legal literature and previous studies. The findings indicate that although electronic documents have been legally recognized as valid evidence, there is no specific and comprehensive regulation governing digital securities. Consequently, legal uncertainty remains regarding the transfer of rights, evidentiary strength, and legal protection for holders of digital securities. This study is expected to contribute conceptually to the development of adaptive legal regulations that ensure legal certainty and protection in the context of modern digital transactions.

BPJS Ketenagakerjaan aims to protect workers and ensure their welfare. However, in reality, many companies do not register some or all of their workers, which affects the welfare of workers and has the potential to impact the social security system as a whole. The research questions are: How does the non-payment of BPJS Ketenagakerjaan contributions affect workers' rights in relation to the theory of legal protection in Decision Number 40/Pdt.G.S/2023/PN Pbr and How the mechanism for fulfilling workers' rights when a company that has previously defaulted on its contributions has paid off its obligations. This research is normative-empirical, using three approaches, namely legislation, case studies, and legal sociology. The results show that the arrears in this case not only caused workers to lose access to JKK, JKM, JHT, and JP program benefits, but also placed them in economic and social vulnerability because they did not receive compensation when employment risks occurred. After the company has fulfilled its obligations, the membership and service team will verify the payment and reactivate the participant's status so that workers can reapply for claims, thereby ensuring that workers' rights are promptly fulfilled both administratively and substantively.

Disputes over unpaid insurance claims are a problem that frequently arises in insurance practice and can harm consumers both financially and psychologically, while also reducing public trust in the insurance industry. Such disputes are generally triggered by differing interpretations of policy provisions, alleged breaches of the good-faith principle, and administrative obstacles, which ultimately lead to civil conflicts between the insured and the insurer. To provide access to dispute resolution that is faster, fairer, and more affordable than litigation, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) established the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan/LAPS SJK) through OJK Regulation No. 61/POJK.07/2020. This study aims to analyze the mechanism for resolving disputes over unpaid insurance claims through LAPS SJK and to assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to contracts, insurance, consumer protection, and alternative dispute resolution. The findings show that LAPS SJK has the authority to handle civil disputes in the financial services sector, including insurance disputes, provided that the parties have a written agreement and have first pursued internal dispute resolution (Internal Dispute Resolution/IDR). Dispute resolution at LAPS SJK is conducted through mediation and arbitration. Mediation is facilitated by a mediator to encourage the parties to reach a settlement agreement, which may be reinforced into a Deed of Settlement (Akta Perdamaian) that is final, binding, and enforceable. If mediation fails, arbitration offers a more determinative resolution through a final and binding award that can be enforced after being registered with the District Court. Overall, LAPS SJK is considered effective because its procedures are structured, time-bound, and provide a fee waiver for mediation in retail and small-claim cases up to IDR 750,000,000. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as it depends on the existence of a written agreement between the parties, the obligation to undergo IDR, and good faith in the mediation process.

The purpose of this study is to examine the implementation of employment agreements as one of the means of providing legal protection for workers’ rights. The research method employed in this study is normative juridical, utilizing primary and secondary legal materials obtained through the analysis of statutory regulations, legal scholars’ opinions, as well as books and journals relevant to the subject under study. The results of the study indicate that employment agreements, as a form of preventive legal protection for workers’ rights, are a consequence of the application of the welfare state concept, thereby requiring the state to intervene in employment relationships arising from such agreements. This form of intervention can be observed in Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower. The provisions contained in this law, particularly Article 54 paragraph (1) of Law Number 13 of 2003 concerning Manpower, constitute a form of preventive legal protection, especially in points (e) and (f), as they regulate economic rights as well as the rights and obligations of workers. These provisions provide protection and serve as a form of legal certainty that safeguards workers from the beginning of their employment. The obstacles encountered in the implementation of employment agreements as a preventive means of protecting workers’ rights are divided into three factors: regulatory factors, legal culture factors, and legal structure factors.

In social practice, land sale and purchase transactions are still frequently conducted through private agreements, mainly driven by mutual trust between the parties, cost considerations, and the perception that such procedures are simpler and faster. From the perspective of civil law, such sale and purchase agreements remain valid and legally binding as long as they fulfill the legal requirements of a valid contract as stipulated in Article 1320 of the Indonesian Civil Code. However, within the national land law system, land sale and purchase agreements executed under private deeds cannot serve as a legal basis for the transfer of land rights because they are not made before a Land Deed Official (Pejabat Pembuat Akta Tanah/PPAT) as required by statutory regulations. This divergence in legal regulation gives rise to legal uncertainty, particularly for buyers acting in good faith. On the one hand, the agreement creates rights and obligations under civil law; on the other hand, it fails to provide legal certainty over land rights due to its inability to be registered. This condition reflects a tension between the civil law regime and the land law regime, while also indicating the weak legal protection afforded to good-faith buyers. These issues constitute the basis and urgency of this research.

The right to privacy and the right to health are fundamental human rights that are closely interconnected. The protection of privacy for patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a critical issue, given that HIV status is classified as highly sensitive health data and is particularly vulnerable to stigma and discrimination. In Indonesia, the legal framework governing the protection of HIV patients’ health data has been normatively strengthened through the Personal Data Protection Law and the Health Law; however, its implementation continues to face various challenges. This article aims to analyze the right to privacy of HIV patients and the obligations of the state in protecting sensitive health data, as well as to examine the limitations and exceptions to the disclosure of HIV-related data within the framework of law and human rights. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and human rights-based approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through juridical interpretation and prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that HIV status is legally categorized as sensitive personal data that is entitled to a high level of legal protection. The state bears tripartite obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the privacy rights of HIV patients. Nevertheless, a gap persists between legal norms and their implementation, particularly in the management of electronic medical records. The protection of HIV patients’ privacy rights requires strengthened legal implementation, regulatory harmonization, and the adoption of a human rights-based approach to ensure that data protection does not conflict with public health interests.

Industrial development in Indonesia has significantly contributed to national economic growth; however, it also poses potential risks of environmental pollution when corporate waste management is not conducted properly. Environmental pollution resulting from corporate waste activities may cause harm to surrounding communities, including health problems, ecosystem degradation, as well as material and immaterial losses. In this context, the class action mechanism serves as a relevant legal instrument to collectively advocate for the rights of affected communities. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the class action mechanism in environmental pollution cases based on Decision Number 29/Pdt.G/2023/PN.Skh and to evaluate its effectiveness in providing legal protection and restoring the rights of affected communities. This research employs normative legal research using statute approach, case approach, and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that the class action mechanism in the aforementioned decision fulfilled the requirements of numerosity, commonality, typicality, and adequacy of representation as regulated under Supreme Court Regulation (PERMA) Number 1 of 2002. Procedurally, the class action proved effective in enhancing access to justice, ensuring judicial efficiency, and strengthening the protection of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment. However, its substantive effectiveness remains dependent on the fulfillment of formal requirements, the quality of evidence presented, and the consistent application of environmental law principles by judges. Therefore, the class action mechanism constitutes an important instrument in environmental law enforcement, yet it requires consistent regulatory support and judicial practice to achieve optimal ecological justice.

This study examines the juridical aspects of guardianship applications by parents to obtain permission to sell a minor’s inherited land and analyzes the judicial considerations in Decision Number 199/Pdt.P/2025/PN Blt. The research employs an empirical juridical method with a sociological legal approach. Primary data were collected through interviews and case documents at the Blitar District Court, while secondary data consist of statutes, doctrine, and related literature. Qualitative-descriptive analysis was applied to interpret the findings. The study reveals that the guardianship application process involves both administrative and judicial stages. Judges scrutinize material evidence and the probity of sale objectives, weighing important principles such as utility, legal certainty, fairness, and justice. Guardians are granted limited authority to sell a minor’s property only if it can be proven to be in the child's best interest and legal protections are assured. Recommendations include strengthening post-decision monitoring, enhancing legal outreach, improving procedural transparency, and ensuring comprehensive implementation.

This study aims to analyze the investigation process involving children as perpetrators of trafficking in persons at the Women and Children Protection Unit (PPA) of Bukittinggi Police Resort and to assess the forms of legal protection provided at each stage of the examination. This research applies an empirical juridical approach by combining literature review and field research through interviews with investigators and related parties. The findings indicate that the investigation process has been conducted in accordance with Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, while upholding the principle of the best interests of the child. Legal protection is implemented through legal assistance, closed hearings, limited detention periods, and coordination with relevant institutions to support the child’s recovery and rehabilitation. However, several obstacles remain, including the limited number of investigators, restricted investigation timeframes, and difficulties in presenting witnesses. This study concludes that legal protection for children involved as perpetrators of trafficking in persons has been carried out in line with normative regulations, yet it requires strengthened institutional capacity and inter-agency coordination to ensure more effective implementation.

Copyright infringement in the music sector continues to be a significant issue in Indonesia, particularly when musical works are commercially used by business operators. Copyright law provides legal protection for creative works, including songs or music, by granting exclusive rights to control use and derive benefits from such creations. This research examines the legal analysis of copyright holders in compensation for royalty payments. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature studies, including relevant regulations and previous research on song or music copyright. The research findings indicate that royalty payment is a legal obligation for every user of songs in commercial activities, and creators are entitled to such compensation. However, in the Mie Gacoan case in Bali, it is evident that the implementation of these provisions remains constrained due to weak legal understanding, supervision, and compliance, necessitating strengthened law enforcement and optimization of the role of collective management institutions.

The Cash on Delivery (COD) system is one of the payment methods frequently used in online buying and selling transactions, where consumers pay for ordered products upon receipt of the goods. Although it provides convenience, this system often causes problems, especially related to transaction cancellations by consumers after the delivery process has been carried out by business actors. This research examines how the regulation and allocation of risk for goods return in the COD system according to the Civil Code and the forms of legal protection provided to business actors against the risk of goods return in the COD system according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature study results such as legislation. The results show that the Civil Code recognizes the concept of risk as a legal consequence related to the possibility of losses on the object of the agreement, and legal protection for business actors is divided into preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection.

This study is motivated by the increasing complexity of financing coordination between the National Health Insurance (BPJS Kesehatan) and supplementary health insurance providers under the Coordination of Benefits (KAPJ) scheme, which creates potential claim disputes and administrative risks for hospitals. Although Minister of Health Decree No. HK.01.07/MENKES/1117/2025 regulates payment allocation and membership verification mechanisms, it does not explicitly recognize pre-admission confirmation as a preventive legal protection instrument. This research aims to analyze the normative position of pre-admission confirmation within the KAPJ framework, conceptualize it as a preventive legal protection mechanism, and formulate a proportional implementation model. The study employs a normative juridical method using statutory and conceptual approaches through literature review of relevant regulations and scholarly works. The findings indicate that pre-admission confirmation possesses implicit normative legitimacy through membership verification obligations and system integration requirements, and functions as a risk allocation mechanism that clarifies payment responsibilities prior to service delivery. Its implementation enhances legal certainty, reduces fraud potential, and minimizes claim disputes, provided that access to emergency medical services remains guaranteed.

The development of automotive technology continuously seeks solutions to improve human mobility and address environmental concerns. This study focuses on the Hydrogen Reactor (HHO) technology as an alternative solution for fuel efficiency and emission reduction, specifically examining the legal protection of consumers utilizing this technology at Bengkel Karya Gemilang. The research aims to analyze the legal framework of consumer protection in the context of new energy-saving technologies and to identify the legal responsibilities of business actors (workshops) and the rights of consumers. Employing a normative legal research method with a case study approach, the study analyzes the implementation of Law No. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection (UUPK) in the utilization of HHO reactors. The findings indicate that while the HHO reactor technology offers a potential 5-15% increase in fuel efficiency and CO emission reduction, its implementation introduces new legal challenges, particularly regarding product safety, standardization, and the obligation for periodic servicing. Consumer protection is primarily ensured through the workshop’s obligation to provide clear product explanations, guarantee product safety, and fulfill the periodic service commitment. The study concludes that the existing UUPK provides a sufficient legal basis, but its implementation requires clear and transparent agreements, especially concerning the technical specifications and long-term maintenance of the HHO reactor, to ensure consumer rights are fully protected against potential risks associated with new, non-standardized automotive technologies.

This study examines the increasing incidence of land disputes in Indonesia, particularly those arising from unlawful acts in the form of unauthorized land occupation, which generate legal uncertainty and result in both material and immaterial losses for rightful landowners. The growing number of such cases highlights the urgent need for fair and firm legal protection, especially when land occupation has occurred over a long period and complicates the recovery of ownership rights. This research specifically analyzes Decision Number 267/Pdt.G/2020/PN Kpg, a case involving the occupation of part of the plaintiff’s certified land by the defendant. The general objective of the study is to gain a comprehensive understanding of the legal mechanisms for restoring land rights affected by unlawful land occupation, while the specific objectives are to identify the form of the unlawful act committed and to analyze the legal process used to recover the disputed land rights. The research employs a normative legal method based on the analysis of secondary data, including legislation, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The approaches applied consist of statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, using juridical-descriptive analysis techniques. The findings are expected to identify unauthorized land occupation through boundary expansion as a form of unlawful act and to explain the recovery mechanism through civil litigation and the validation of land boundary re-measurement reports. This study is expected to contribute theoretically to agrarian and civil law development and practically to improving land dispute resolution procedures and public legal awareness.

In article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 that in the process of termination of employment, employers and permanent workers must carry out their respective obligations, employers can carry out suspension actions and still pay wages and other rights, but in reality employers rarely apply article 157A. The purpose of the research is to analyze the Implementation, Obstacles and Efforts on Workers' Rights in Wage Payment During the Termination of Employment Process at Palm Oil Company in Siak Regency. This type of research is Sociological legal research. In this research, three approaches are used, namely the legislative approach and the data source case approach using primary data and secondary data. The data collection technique used is primary data through interviews and questionnaires. The conclusion of this study is the legal protection of workers' rights during the termination of employment by the company through the settlement of industrial relations disputes in which there are various interpretations regarding the wage process. Article 157A of Law Number 6 of 2023 states that the responsibility of employers and workers remains valid until the industrial relations dispute settlement agency makes a decision. The implementation in the process of termination of employment is that workers are no longer allowed to work by the company but do not carry out suspension actions, but there are many companies that do not carry out things regulated by law. With the existence of multi-interpretation regulations on wages, the process provides uncertainty for workers, as well as in the interim decision submitted by the worker/plaintiff which is rejected by the judge which is clear that the worker can prove that the employer does not carry out his obligations as it should.