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Mohammad Rozak Firmansyah; Diana Ambarwati; Brahma Wahyu K

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the extent to which motivation and work discipline affect employee productivity at CV. Langgeng Jaya. The study uses a quantitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through distributing questionnaires. The study population includes all 80 employees of CV. Langgeng Jaya, with a sampling technique using Saturated Sampling. Data analysis was carried out through Multiple Linear Regression Tests and Hypothesis Tests with the help of the SPSS 27 program. The results of the study indicate that motivation has a significant influence on employee productivity partially, while work discipline does not have a significant influence. However, simultaneously, motivation and work discipline have been proven to have a significant influence on employee productivity. Therefore, CV. Langgeng Jaya is expected to prioritize increasing employee motivation through targeted programs and conducting evaluations and coaching on work discipline aspects, so that both factors can support each other in increasing overall productivity. This aims so that both factors can support each other in increasing overall employee productivity, creating a more productive work environment, and improving company performance in the long term.

Lensy Permatasari; Rafikhein Novia Ayuanti; Agung Pambudi Mahaputra

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of affiliate marketing programs, price, and promotion on purchasing decisions for Mezuca perfume on TikTok Shop. As the digital era advances, social media platforms like TikTok serve not only as entertainment platforms but also as effective channels for marketing products through the TikTok Shop feature and affiliate programs. This strategy allows content creators to act as sales partners, directly influencing consumer decisions. This quantitative study utilizes primary data obtained through questionnaires distributed to 180 respondents who had purchased Mezuca perfume through Mamnun's TikTok Shop account. After a selection process using purposive sampling, 160 respondents met the criteria and were eligible for analysis. Data analysis was performed using SPSS software with various statistical tests, including descriptive statistics, validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression analysis, t-tests, F-tests, and coefficients of determination (R²). The results indicate that affiliate marketing programs, price, and promotion simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. Partially, these three variables also show a significant positive influence on consumer decisions. These findings indicate that implementing effective digital marketing strategies, particularly through affiliate marketing, competitive pricing, and engaging promotions, plays a significant role in increasing consumer purchasing interest on social media platforms. This research offers practical implications for businesses in designing optimal and targeted digital marketing strategies.

Fara Nia Williana; Zahra Zahra; Athiy Dina Rosihana

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of career development and work motivation on employee career improvement at PT Wasteforchange Alam Indonesia. The method used is a descriptive quantitative approach with a population as well as a sample of 45 permanent employees. Data collection was carried out through Likert scale questionnaires, semi-structured interviews, documentation, and literature studies. Data analysis techniques include descriptive percentages and cross-tabulation to identify the tendency of influence between variables. The results of the study show that career development is in the high category and makes a positive contribution to employee career improvement. Similarly, work motivation is in the high category and has a significant influence in supporting career acceleration. Cross-tabulation analysis revealed that the combination of career development and work motivation contributed more strongly to career advancement than the partial influence of each variable. These findings confirm the importance of a human resource management strategy that balances aspects of career development and work motivation in creating more optimal career opportunities. The practical implication of this research is the need for companies to design career development programs that are integrated with an adaptive work motivation system, in order to increase employee retention and productivity in a sustainable manner. This research also provides a foundation for HR policy making based on a holistic and participatory approach.

Mulyani, Nana; Ikbal Irawan; Jaenab Jaenab

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to determine the effect of career development and organizational culture on employee performance at the Bima City Social Service. The research method used is quantitative with an associative approach. The sample in this study was 35 people who were civil servants. Data collection techniques were carried out using questionnaires, and data analysis included validity tests, reliability tests, classical assumption tests, multiple linear regression, t-tests, and f-tests. The results of the study indicate that career development has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Organizational culture also has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Simultaneously, career development and organizational culture have a positive and significant effect on employee performance. These findings indicate the importance of training, fair career opportunities, and an open and collaborative work culture in improving employee performance. Therefore, the Bima City Social Service is advised to continue improving career development and strengthening an organizational culture that supports performance. In addition, this study also highlights the importance of management's role in creating an environment that supports career development and a positive organizational culture. Fair and transparent career development not only provides opportunities for employees to improve their skills and knowledge but also motivates them to contribute more to organizational goals. Likewise, an inclusive and collaborative organizational culture can increase mutual trust, effective communication, and cooperation among employees, thus creating a work environment conducive to improved performance. The research concludes that these two factors—career development and organizational culture—interact to optimize employee performance. Therefore, the Bima City Social Service needs to continue developing policies that support both aspects, such as regular training, fair promotion programs, and the development of a work culture that emphasizes collaboration and appreciation for employee performance.

Tri Shalbi Mardinata; Yulasmi Yulasmi; Chintya Ones Charli

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the influence of career development and job training on employee performance, with work motivation as an intervening variable, at the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center in Lima Puluh Kota Regency. The background of this study is based on the importance of improving the quality of human resources through career development strategies and targeted job training programs, as well as the role of work motivation as a driving factor for employee performance. The research method used is Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) with the Partial Least Square (PLS) approach. Data were collected through distributing questionnaires to 66 respondents who are employees of the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center. The results of the study show several important findings. First, career development has a positive and significant effect on work motivation. Second, job training has a positive but insignificant effect on work motivation. Third, career development has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance. Fourth, job training has a positive and significant effect on employee performance. Fifth, work motivation has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance. Sixth, career development has a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance through work motivation as an intervening variable. Seventh, job training also had a positive but insignificant effect on employee performance through work motivation as an intervening variable. This finding indicates that although career development and job training have a positive relationship with performance, the effect is not always significant when mediated by work motivation. Other factors beyond work motivation may also influence employee performance at the Pakan Rabaa Community Health Center. This study recommends that management strengthen career development and job training programs relevant to employee needs, while identifying other motivational factors that can further enhance performance.

Nabila Rahma Syafira

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The Depok City Social Service is a local government agency with important responsibilities in providing various social services for the community, including services for vulnerable groups, social empowerment, and handling welfare issues. Employee performance in this agency is a key factor in the successful implementation of planned programs. This study aims to analyze the effect of workload and internal communication on the work productivity of Depok City Social Service employees. The study used a quantitative approach with 34 respondents, where the entire population was sampled through a saturated sampling technique. Data were collected using a Likert-scale questionnaire instrument, designed to measure employee perceptions regarding the level of workload, the effectiveness of internal communication, and the level of work productivity. The results of the analysis show that the workload variable (X1) has a positive and significant effect on work productivity (Y), as evidenced by the calculated t value of 4.235, which is greater than the t table of 1.695, and a significance level of 0.000 <0.05. These findings indicate that proper workload management can encourage increased employee productivity. The internal communication variable (X2) was also proven to have a positive and significant influence on work productivity, with a calculated t of 2.332 > ttable 1.695 and a significance value of 0.026 < 0.05, which confirms the importance of effective information flow and coordination in the work environment. Simultaneously, workload and internal communication have a significant influence on employee work productivity, with an Fcount value of 41.065 greater than the Ftable of 3.29 at a significance level of 0.000 < 0.05. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.726 indicates that the two variables together are able to explain 72.6% of the variation in employee work productivity, while the remaining 27.4% is influenced by other factors not examined in this study.

Rasidah Novita Sari; Nabila Khonsaa Adefia; Siti Musfiroh; Fany Cahyaningsi

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This paper examines the influence of financial education on personal financial management practices of Generation Z. A quantitative method with a survey approach was used, involving 30 Generation Z respondents (aged 17-25 years) through questionnaires and simple linear regression analysis. The results of the study indicate a significant influence of financial education on wise financial management practices. Generation Z with adequate financial education tends to be more able to budget, save, invest, and avoid impulsive debt. Conversely, the lack of financial education makes them vulnerable to unwise financial decisions. This paper highlights the importance of integrating financial education into the curriculum and self-development programs to improve literacy and healthy financial practices among Generation Z. This study also discusses the challenges faced by Generation Z in managing finances in the digital era, such as a consumptive lifestyle influenced by social media and e-commerce.

Dwita Indriyani

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) have an important role in the Indonesian economy, especially in facing economic crises such as the 1998 monetary crisis and the COVID-19 pandemic. MSMEs are at the forefront in creating jobs and contributing to economic growth, even though they face various challenges, including capital problems. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study type. This research uses primary data collected from interviews with the owner of Pajeng Cokelat. Pajeng Cokelat is a micro business located in Blitar and makes various kinds of processed chocolate to be used as snacks. The owner of Pajeng Cokelat is active in participating in training activities aimed at improving skills both related to marketing and the products produced. The results of this research highlight the government's efforts to overcome capital problems through programs such as People's Business Credit (KUR) and business training. However, increasing financial literacy is needed, especially in the context of sharia finance, to support the sustainable growth of MSMEs. By overcoming these challenges, MSMEs can continue to play a role in driving the national economy.

Anggi Safitri Lubis; Fawwaz Akif Prayoga; Nurbaiti Nurbaiti

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the spending patterns of students at the Faculty of Islamic Economics and Business (FEBI), State Islamic University of North Sumatra (UINSU), and to examine the implementation of personal financial planning in their daily lives. This research employs a qualitative approach using a case study method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews with 40 students from various departments and semesters, selected purposively. The findings indicate that most students have high expenditures on consumption needs such as food and internet access, as well as lifestyle expenses like online shopping and entertainment. The majority do not regularly prepare a financial budget, rarely record their expenses, and exhibit impulsive spending behavior influenced by social pressure and digital media. Although students possess theoretical knowledge of Islamic economic values, their practical application in financial management remains limited. This study recommends the need for more practical, Islam-based financial literacy programs within the FEBI UINSU environment. Financial training and mentoring programs are considered essential to enhance students' financial awareness and independence.

Naysilla Chairani; Nisrina Zasmin; Rahman Raisuli; Akhmad Rasyid Rosidi; Ahmad Setiawan Nuraya

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the National Cash Social Assistance (BST) policy on the purchasing power of communities in Surabaya. BST is a social protection program launched by the Indonesian government in response to the economic impact of the COVID-19 pandemic. The policy targets low-income and vulnerable groups through direct cash transfers, with the goal of maintaining basic consumption levels and preventing a sharp decline in household welfare. This research examines the extent to which the BST program has achieved its objectives, particularly in enhancing or sustaining the purchasing power of its beneficiaries in urban settings. The study employs an evaluative approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative survey data with qualitative interviews involving aid recipients and local-level implementers. The findings indicate that the BST program had a positive short-term impact on household purchasing power, particularly in meeting essential needs such as food and utility expenses. However, several implementation challenges were also identified, including issues of inaccurate beneficiary targeting, delays in distribution, and the relatively small amount of assistance compared to actual household need. These results highlight that the effectiveness of social policy is not solely dependent on budget allocation but also on the precision of its implementation on the ground. Consequently, the study recommends improvements in beneficiary data updating, enhanced transparency in aid distribution, and the development of more adaptive program designs that reflect local socio-economic conditions. The findings are expected to serve as a valuable reference for policymakers in designing more efficient and sustainable social assistance programs in the future.  

Dita Nurmala Dewi; Tirton Nefianto

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Final year students often experience difficulties in adapting to career and life demands, as well as maintaining their well-being. This study aims to examine the influence of social support and self-efficacy on life satisfaction and career adaptability among final-year students. Quantitative data were collected from 155 students in their final year of study and analyzed using Structural Equation Modelling (SEM). The results showed that social support did not affect the career adaptability of final-year students. Conversely, self-efficacy had a positive effect on career adaptability. Social support was found to have a positive impact on students' life satisfaction. Students who received social support from family, friends, and educational institutions tended to have higher levels of life satisfaction. Self-efficacy also positively affected life satisfaction, indicating that high self-confidence enhances individual well-being. However, life satisfaction did not significantly influence career adaptability, suggesting that other factors such as work experience and environmental support play a more significant role. This study has several limitations, including a limited sample size and potential respondent bias. Future research should involve larger and more diverse samples and employ a variety of data collection methods. Educational institutions are encouraged to develop programs that enhance self-efficacy and social support to help students reach their full potential in their careers and personal lives.

Amelia Cahya Syah Fitri; Nurhadi Nurhadi

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research analyzes the satisfaction level of PERISAI agents regarding BPJS Ketenagakerjaan regulations at the Darmo Surabaya Branch Office. The PERISAI program, launched in 2018, represents a strategic innovation in the agency system to expand membership, particularly in the Non-Wage Recipient (BPU) sector. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving participatory observation over four months (September-December 2024), in-depth interviews, and documentation analysis. Results indicate that the PERISAI policy transformation since May 2022, particularly the increase in contribution incentives from 7.5% to 15%, has positively impacted agent motivation. The reward system combining financial and non-financial incentives through gathering programs and point systems proves effective in building loyalty. Success in achieving BPU participant acquisition targets is influenced by agents' ability to develop personal approaches and build local community networks. The integration of digital platforms in acquisition processes and performance monitoring enhances operational efficiency. Capacity development programs through cross-generational communication training and social security fund management provide a strong foundation for PERISAI agents' task execution.

Fajrul Bahtiar; Azhary Ismail; Baharuddin Baharuddin

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effect of competence and organizational culture on employee development at PT. Midi Utama Indonesia Tbk Branch Makassar. Competence refers to the skills, knowledge, and attitudes possessed by employees, while organizational culture refers to the values, norms, and practices within the company. Employee development is the company's efforts to improve the quality of human resources through training, education, and career opportunities. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method, where data was collected through questionnaires distributed to employees at the Makassar branch. Data analysis was conducted using multiple regression techniques to test the simultaneous effect of competence and organizational culture on employee development. The findings indicate that to enhance employee development, PT. Midi Utama Indonesia Tbk Branch Makassar needs to focus on improving competence through appropriate training and fostering an organizational culture that supports innovation and learning. This study provides recommendations for the company to better optimize development programs that focus on competence and a positive work culture to improve employee quality.

Selpiani Selpiani; Ahsan Putra Hafiz; Kurniati Kurniati

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Direct Cash Assistance (BLT) in preventing poverty in the village of Sungai Jering. The background of this research problem is the high poverty rate, which is a major challenge for local governments in improving community welfare. The BLT program is expected to provide direct economic support to poor and vulnerable families. The theoretical concepts underlying this research include transparency, community participation, supervision, justice, and social security. The research method used is qualitative, allowing researchers to understand phenomena holistically and deeply. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and document analysis involving BLT beneficiaries and other related parties. The results of the study show that the BLT program in Sungai Jering has succeeded in increasing the purchasing power of the community and providing economic stability for recipient families. This success is marked by active community participation in the monitoring and implementation of the program, as well as high transparency in the distribution of assistance. However, to improve the program's effectiveness, support in the form of long-term sustainable economic empowerment programs is needed. In conclusion, BLT can be an effective tool in poverty alleviation strategies if implemented well, with high accountability and strong community involvement. With the right policies, this program is expected to become a model for other villages in managing social assistance effectively.

Andy Hermawan; Nila Rusiardi Jayanti; Aji Saputra; Army Putera Parta; Muhammad Abizar Algiffary Thahir +1 more

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Customer segmentation plays a pivotal role in driving marketing strategies and improving customer retention across various industries. This study explores the application of the RFM (Recency, Frequency, Monetary) model for customer segmentation in a Software-as-a-Service (SaaS) business, using Python for efficient data processing and analysis. By analyzing one year of customer purchase data, we segmented customers into key groups such as "Champions," "Loyal Customers," and "At Risk." The results highlight that targeted discount strategies significantly affect profitability, especially for high-value customer segments. Furthermore, the research builds upon existing methodologies, demonstrating how Python-based implementations streamline RFM analysis and allow for scalable solutions in business contexts, as illustrated in prior works by Hermawan et al. (2024). This study offers actionable recommendations, including tailored discounting, loyalty programs, and personalized engagement strategies, to enhance customer retention and business profitability. The findings underscore the importance of data-driven marketing approaches for customer segmentation and engagement, reinforcing the relevance of the RFM model in modern business environments.

Lailatul Fitri Dwi Rahmawati; Indah Respati Kusuma Sari

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

In Indonesia, the use of inorganic fertilizers is one area that is produced continuously to be used to increase crop yields, especially vegetables. Organic fertilizer and compost also have long-term benefits because they can increase the fertility of plants such as coffee. Indonesia is a coffee producer with unique characteristics. There is one type of coffee that is not widely known by the Indonesian people, namely Excelsa coffee. Excelsa coffee has very distinctive characteristics and aroma. Most of Wonomerto's residents have agricultural land and livestock that can produce coffee and livestock. However, villages that have cattle farms are still unable to utilize animal waste properly, and also residents who have coffee production only process it into ground coffee. Therefore, educational events and new programs for the Bokashi compost coffee market are being held. Apart from that, agricultural products and animal products that cannot yet be processed can be used as organic fertilizer using EM4 technology. The benefits of bokashi fertilizer are that it can increase the nutrient content of plants, reduce organic waste, and encourage the growth of plant microorganisms.

Aulia Jannah; Sri Wahyuni; Erfiani Lubis; Ilham Martua Hasibuan; Tengku Darmansah

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research discusses office management in creating effective employee performance according to William H. Leffingwell. Office management is a series of activities to plan, manage, organize, direct, supervise the implementation of office work effectively and efficiently so as to achieve the expected goals. Office life will be well managed and run smoothly with all existing activities and programs, if the office applies management sciences to it. Management is needed, so that offices can be managed well, by making optimal use of existing infrastructure, organizing employees appropriately, arranging employee duties and responsibilities well, and evaluating the results of employee performance and the office's achievements. This research uses library research by collecting all data and information related to creating effective employee performance in office management through books and scientific articles that are relevant to the topic discussed.

Putria Prianti; Kifni Yudianto

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

With the increasing number of airlines, competition in passenger growth and retention has become increasingly tight. Citilink, one of the leading airlines, understands the importance of providing the best service to its passengers, especially during the check-in process before flights. This research aims to analyze the quality of service provided by check-in counter staff at Citilink, particularly at PT. Gapura Angkasa at Zainuddin Abdul Madjid International Airport, Lombok.Through qualitative research methods including observation, interviews, and documentation, this study aims to understand the level of satisfaction and identify areas for improvement in the check-in counter service. Findings indicate that Citilink has implemented various strategies to enhance passenger experience, including the use of automated information systems and routine training programs for staff. The services provided adhere to established SOPs, demonstrating the airline's commitment to providing consistent, professional, and standards-compliant service.

Nur Hidayah; Ahmad Fauzan; Mhd Irfan Ash; Muhammad Tabroni; Nurul Aini +4 more

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Indonesia faces challenges and opportunities in the digital era, where industry becomes a threat if human resources do not have sufficient skills to support this change. The digital industry offers great benefits if people have sufficient skills to engage in it. Many entrepreneurs have emerged in the digital era, generating income through online businesses or e-commerce. The use of this industry can provide optimal benefits, especially because the needs of modern humans are fast-paced and practical. Even though many people use gadgets with an internet connection, being just a spectator without actively participating in the digital era can cause losses. Sidingkat Village, which is rich in natural resource potential, especially ibus plants, has not utilized the internet optimally for development and marketing. Karang Taruna youth in this village have free time that has not been used productively. The aim of this Real Work Lecture (KKN) is to develop marketing of ibus plants and provide an understanding of online marketing media to Karang Taruna youth. The method used is the Participation Action Research (PAR) approach, which aims to increase public awareness of the potential and problems they have, as well as providing solutions through change programs. Through this approach, it is hoped that young people can be more productive and use their free time more effectively in the digital era

Muhamad Alamsyah Nasution; Ageng Saepudin Kanda

Maeswara : Jurnal Riset Ilmu Manajemen dan Kewirausahaan 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Dispora or Youth and Sports Service is a regional government located in the province or district/city. Dispora has an important role in developing youth potential and advancing the field of sports in a country or certain city district, and its objectives include developing leadership, creativity and youth skills. , as well as increasing achievement and participation in sports activities to support overall Community Health and Development. The general aim of this research is to find out what influences employee/worker loyalty in completing performance programs that will be implemented in the Youth and Sports Department. This research uses a research method with a qualitative approach, where the research carried out is descriptive. The focus of this research is the achievement of work results (performance) of government officials at the Youth and Sports Department in increasing loyalty to performance by analyzing problems, especially regarding employee readiness and response to performance and loyalty. The results of this research are that employee loyalty is one of the keys to the success of a program. performance, so as to reduce the risk of failure in the performance program, suggestions: To increase employee morale and work motivation, leaders should act more wisely, so that appropriate work programs are created.