This study explores the impact of organizational commitment, rewards, and punishment on employee performance at Perum DAMRI Bandar Lampung, a branch of the state-owned enterprise specializing in land transportation services for passengers and cargo. The research arises from the necessity to improve employee performance by leveraging both internal and external motivational factors, including employee loyalty, reward systems, and disciplinary actions. Using a quantitative research design, data were collected through a structured survey distributed to 168 active employees of the organization. The collected data were then analyzed using multiple linear regression through SPSS version 24. The study found that organizational commitment and rewards have a significant and positive influence on employee performance. These findings support the proposed hypotheses and highlight the importance of fostering employee loyalty and implementing an effective reward system to boost performance outcomes. In contrast, the analysis revealed that punishment does not have a significant positive effect on employee performance. This suggests that punitive measures alone may not be effective in encouraging desired work behaviors or improving overall performance. Based on these findings, it is recommended that Perum DAMRI Bandar Lampung prioritize initiatives that strengthen organizational commitment and develop a fair, transparent, and performance-based reward system. Such efforts are likely to enhance employee motivation and productivity. Additionally, the current approach to punishment should be critically evaluated to determine its role and effectiveness in supporting performance goals. A more constructive disciplinary framework may be needed to align with modern human resource management practices. This study contributes to the broader understanding of performance management in state-owned enterprises, especially in the transportation sector.

This study aims to examine the influence of financial performance ratios—namely, the liquidity ratio (Current Ratio/CR), solvency ratio (Debt to Asset Ratio/DAR), and activity ratio (Total Asset Turnover/TATO)—on the return on assets (ROA) of companies in the automotive sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX) during the period 2020–2023. Employing a quantitative research approach with purposive sampling, the study focuses on automotive sector companies that met specific criteria over the observed time span. Data analysis was conducted using EViews version 13 software, and the methodology included descriptive statistics, panel data estimation, classical assumption tests, panel data regression analysis, t-tests (for partial effects), F-tests (for simultaneous effects), and coefficient of determination (R²) tests. The partial test results reveal that the liquidity ratio (CR) has a negative but statistically insignificant effect on ROA, indicating that higher liquidity does not necessarily enhance profitability. Similarly, the solvency ratio (DAR) demonstrates a negative and insignificant effect on ROA, suggesting that increased debt levels are not significantly associated with lower returns. In contrast, the activity ratio (TATO) has a positive and significant effect on ROA, implying that better asset utilization contributes positively to profitability. When tested simultaneously, the combination of CR, DAR, and TATO shows a positive and significant influence on ROA, indicating that these financial ratios collectively impact the profitability of automotive companies. These findings contribute to a deeper understanding of how internal financial indicators relate to profitability in the automotive sector and can inform management decisions and investor evaluations.

Lip balm is a cosmetic product designed to protect and maintain the moisture of the lips, especially from environmental factors that can cause dry, cracked, or irritated lips, such as low temperatures and wind. Dry lips can interfere with comfort and appearance, making protection with lip balm essential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a lip balm preparation made from a combination of natural and chemical ingredients, such as cera flava, oleum cacao, nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and the addition of powder dye. These ingredients were chosen because of their ability to maintain lip moisture, provide protection against external factors, and ensure long-term safety for use. The lip balm manufacturing process begins with heating the primary ingredients, cera flava and oleum cacao, which are melted first. After the primary ingredients have melted, additional ingredients such as nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and powder dye are added gradually. The mixture is stirred carefully to ensure that all ingredients are evenly blended. Once all the ingredients are well-mixed, the liquid mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cool and harden. This process is crucial for achieving the desired lip balm texture, which should not be too hard or too soft and should facilitate easy application to the lips. Based on the analysis results, the formulated lip balm demonstrates good physical stability, without significant changes in color, odor, or texture during testing. The lip balm also provides ease of use, with a smooth texture that is easy to apply to the lips. The results of this study show that the combination of ingredients used can produce an effective lip balm product that maintains lip moisture and provides optimal protection against harsh environmental conditions, such as low temperatures.

The background of this research is the importance of pursuing knowledge based on good morals. The formation of Islamic character based on good morals is an important aspect that needs to be emphasized in students' lives, both in the school environment and in society. This is because good character is a reflection of the success of education, especially education based on Islamic values. However, at SMP Ma'arif NU 2 Kemranjen, several student behavioral problems were still found that indicate the suboptimal formation of Islamic character. Some students appeared unprepared when submitting memorization targets (deposits), were still outside the classroom when learning began, and arrived late to participate in the 0-hour habituation program. These problems indicate the importance of evaluating the effectiveness of the 0-hour habituation program that has been implemented by the school as an effort to form Islamic character. Therefore, this study aims to determine whether there is an effect of the 0-hour habituation program on the formation of students' Islamic character. This study used a quantitative approach with a descriptive survey method. The population in this study were all 107 eighth-grade students of SMP Ma'arif NU 2 Kemranjen from three classes. Data collection techniques were conducted through documentation of the 0-hour habituation program scores given by teachers and the Islamic character formation questionnaire completed by students. The data analysis technique used was descriptive statistics, with the calculation of averages, percentages, and data categorization. The results of the study indicate that the 0-hour habituation program did not have a significant impact on the formation of students' Islamic character. Nevertheless, this program is still being implemented because it is believed to have various benefits that can support the long-term character education process. This research contributes to schools in evaluating and developing more effective strategies for forming students' Islamic character.

This study aims to analyze the influence of learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills on student learning outcomes in the Simple Financial Processing subject for class XI MPLB at SMK PGRI 2 Sidoarjo. Learning outcomes are understood as skills or abilities acquired by students after participating in the learning process, the success of which is measured through scores in the form of numbers, symbols, or letters. Three factors selected in this study as independent variables are learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills. This type of research is quantitative research with an explanatory approach, which aims to explain the cause-and-effect relationship between these variables. The population in this study were all 102 class XI MPLB students. The sampling technique used non-probability sampling with a total sampling type, so that the entire population was sampled. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to students. The data obtained were then analyzed using SPSS version 27 software. Before conducting multiple linear regression analysis, validity and reliability tests were first conducted to ensure that the instruments used were appropriate and consistent in measuring the variables studied. The analysis results show that the three independent variables—learning interest, learning discipline, and critical thinking skills—have a significant influence on student learning outcomes. Therefore, it can be concluded that improvements in these three aspects will positively impact student learning outcomes in the subjects studied.

This article explores the strategic efforts of the General Elections Commission (KPU) in preparing for the 2024 Regional Elections (Pilkada), with a focus on improving procedures and preventing issues experienced in previous elections. Using a literature review method with a narrative synthesis approach, the study analyses data from credible databases such as Google Scholar, Scopus, and Science Direct. Findings highlight that political education initiatives, such as the “KPU Goes to School” and “KPU Goes to Campus” programs, play a critical role in fostering early political awareness and boosting participation among first-time voters. The KPU's supervision strategy encompasses internal monitoring and close coordination with the Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) to address violations and maintain electoral integrity. In East Java, particular emphasis is placed on validating voter data due to the region's size and complexity. Furthermore, participatory programs and technology-based innovations are employed to enhance transparency and uphold the credibility of the electoral process. The study concludes that the KPU's comprehensive oversight, strategic collaboration with Bawaslu, and active public engagement are fundamental in ensuring a fair, transparent, and dignified 2024 Pilkada. These efforts collectively strengthen the democratic process and contribute to more accountable local governance in Indonesia.Artikel ini mengeksplorasi upaya strategis Komisi Pemilihan Umum (KPU) dalam mempersiapkan Pemilihan Umum Kepala Daerah (Pilkada) 2024, dengan fokus pada perbaikan prosedur dan pencegahan masalah yang dialami pada pilkada sebelumnya. Menggunakan metode tinjauan literatur dengan pendekatan sintesis naratif, studi ini menganalisis data dari basis data kredibel seperti Google Scholar, Scopus, dan Science Direct. Temuan menyoroti bahwa inisiatif pendidikan politik-seperti program “KPU Masuk Sekolah” dan “KPU Masuk Kampus”-memainkan peran penting dalam menumbuhkan kesadaran politik sejak dini dan meningkatkan partisipasi di kalangan pemilih pemula. Strategi pengawasan KPU mencakup pengawasan internal dan koordinasi erat dengan Badan Pengawas Pemilu (Bawaslu) untuk mengatasi pelanggaran dan menjaga integritas pemilu. Di Jawa Timur, penekanan khusus diberikan pada validasi data pemilih karena ukuran dan kompleksitas wilayahnya. Selain itu, program partisipatif dan inovasi berbasis teknologi digunakan untuk meningkatkan transparansi dan menegakkan kredibilitas proses pemilu. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa pengawasan komprehensif KPU, kolaborasi strategis dengan Bawaslu, dan pelibatan publik secara aktif sangat penting untuk memastikan Pilkada 2024 yang adil, transparan, dan bermartabat. Upaya-upaya ini secara kolektif memperkuat proses demokrasi dan berkontribusi pada tata kelola pemerintahan daerah yang lebih akuntabel di Indonesia.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran kepala desa dalam pengembangan desa wisata sebagai upaya peningkatan ekonomi di tingkat desa. Pendekatan yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah kualitatif deskriptif, dengan instrumen penelitian yang meliputi observasi, wawancara terstruktur, serta peneliti sebagai instrumen utama. Teknik analisis data yang diterapkan mengacu pada model analisis Miles dan Huberman, yang mencakup reduksi data, penyajian data, dan penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa peran kepala desa dalam pengembangan desa wisata masih belum optimal. Hal ini disebabkan oleh rendahnya kesadaran masyarakat dan pola pikir yang terbatas mengenai potensi ekonomi desa wisata. Kepala desa berperan sebagai motivator, fasilitator, mobilisator, dan mediator, yang mempengaruhi proses pembangunan desa wisata. Beberapa faktor yang mempengaruhi efektivitas peran kepala desa antara lain rendahnya kualitas sumber daya manusia (SDM) masyarakat, keterbatasan peraturan terkait alokasi dana desa, serta persoalan kepemilikan lahan wisata yang bersifat pribadi. Temuan ini memberikan gambaran penting tentang tantangan yang dihadapi dalam pengembangan desa wisata dan perlunya kolaborasi yang lebih kuat antara pemerintah desa dan masyarakat.This study aims to examine the role of the village head in developing tourist villages as a means of economic development at the village level. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with research instruments including observation, structured interviews, and the researcher as the primary instrument. Data analysis techniques follow the Miles and Huberman model, which involves data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The findings indicate that the role of the village head in tourism village development has not yet been optimal. This is due to the low awareness and limited mindset of the community regarding the economic potential of tourism villages. The village head plays the role of a motivator, facilitator, mobilizer, and mediator, influencing the tourism village development process. Several factors affecting the effectiveness of the village head's role include the low quality of human resources (HR) in the community, the limitations of regulations on the allocation of village funds, and the issue of privately owned tourism land. These findings highlight the challenges faced in tourism village development and the need for stronger collaboration between the village government and the community.

This study aims to elucidate the underlying factors driving Japan’s cooperation with Myanmar during the humanitarian crisis following the military coup. This study aims to uncover Japan’s unexpressed interests in maintaining its relationship with Myanmar, particularly as Japan becomes increasingly criticized. By applying rational choice theory, which is based on calculating the cost and benefit of each policy option, in addition to the logic of Neoclassical Realism to incorporate the interpretation of domestic institutions such as corporate interest and public opinion, it contains the rational choice dimensions of why Japan decided to adopt hedging strategy in Myanmar. The study employs a qualitative case study methodology incorporating process tracing to chart the evolution of Japan’s Southeast Asia policy through analysis of primary Ministry of Foreign Affairs documents, Official Development Assistance (ODA) data, and policymakers’ public speeches. The results provide evidence that Japan values long-term benefits in terms of resource access and strategic leverage to counterbalance China’s influence in Southeast Asia, while minimizing its reputational costs through limitations on direct assistance to the Tatmadaw. Moreover, the survey’s findings also suggest that, following the coup, boundedly rational decision-making under conditions of limited information led Japan not to impose humanitarian sanctions but to opt for a mixture of economic engagement and soft balancing. This research fills a gap in literature by demonstrating how state actors engage in rationalist calculations and thereby manage the tension between human values and national interests.Studi ini bertujuan untuk mengungkap minat Jepang yang tidak diungkapkan untuk menjaga hubungannya dengan Myanmar, khususnya, karena Jepang menjadi lebih dikritik. Dengan menerapkan teori pilihan rasional, yang didasarkan pada perhitungan biaya dan manfaat dalam setiap opsi kebijakan, selain logika Realisme Neoklasik untuk memasukkan interpretasi tentang institusi domestik seperti kepentingan perusahaan dan opini publik, ini mengandung dimensi pilihan rasional mengapa Jepang memutuskan untuk mengadopsi strategi lindung nilai di Myanmar. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah studi kasus kualitatif dengan penelusuran proses yang digunakan untuk melacak perkembangan kebijakan Jepang yang ditujukan untuk Asia Timur dan Tenggara, dengan menganalisis dokumen kebijakan primer dari Kementerian Luar Negeri Jepang, data Bantuan Pembangunan Resmi (ODA), dan pidato publik yang dibuat oleh pembuat kebijakan. Hasilnya memberikan bukti bahwa Jepang menghargai manfaat jangka panjang dalam hal akses sumber daya dan pengaruh strategis untuk mengimbangi pengaruh Tiongkok di Asia Tenggara sambil meminimalkan biaya reputasinya melalui pembatasan bantuan langsung kepada Tatmadaw. Selain itu, temuan survei juga menunjukkan bahwa setelah kudeta, pengambilan keputusan yang sangat rasional dalam kondisi informasi terbatas membuat Jepang tidak menjatuhkan sanksi kemanusiaan, tetapi memilih campuran keterlibatan ekonomi dan penyeimbangan halus. Penelitian ini mengisi celah dalam literatur dengan menunjukkan bagaimana aktor negara terlibat dalam perhitungan rasionalis dan dengan demikian menangani ketegangan antara nilai-nilai kemanusiaan dan kepentingan nasional.

This article examines the acceleration of Battery Electric Vehicle (BEV) adoption in Indonesia through a dual-theoretical lens: Sandra M. Bates’ six-step social innovation framework and Jänicke and Jacob’s diffusion theory of environmental innovation. While Presidential Regulation No. 55 of 2019 formalizes Indonesia’s commitment to electric mobility, its underlying motivations, coherence, and systemic impact remain contested. Employing a qualitative case study methodology, the research draws on semi-structured interviews with stakeholders from civil society, policy networks, and EV user groups, as well as policy document analysis. The findings reveal that although the policy sequence aligns with Bates’ innovation stages—problem identification, prioritization, solution exploration, implementation, business model development, and diffusion—it does so within a fragmented governance context marked by coal-powered electricity, elite-focused infrastructure, and weak coordination across sectors. From the perspective of Jänicke and Jacob’s diffusion model, Indonesia’s trajectory reflects a technological initiative pathway, where global technological developments precede and shape reactive domestic policy. Rather than an internally driven transformation, BEV policy in Indonesia appears influenced by external climate obligations and domestic electricity surplus management, highlighting the role of structural dependency in shaping sustainability transitions. This study contributes to debates in International Relations and climate governance by showing how countries in the Global South navigate externally generated innovations within domestic constraints. It also proposes the need to adapt prevailing innovation frameworks to better capture asymmetric power relations and the contested nature of environmental transitions in developing contexts.Artikel ini mengkaji percepatan adopsi Kendaraan Listrik Berbasis Baterai di Indonesia melalui dua pendekatan teoretis: kerangka enam langkah inovasi sosial Sandra M. Bates dan teori difusi inovasi lingkungan Jänicke Jacob. Meskipun Peraturan Presiden Nomor 55 Tahun 2019 memformalkan komitmen Indonesia terhadap mobilitas listrik, motivasi mendasar, koherensi, dan dampak sistemiknya masih diperdebatkan. Dengan menggunakan metodologi studi kasus kualitatif, penelitian ini bersandar pada wawancara semi-terstruktur dengan pemangku kepentingan dari masyarakat sipil, jaringan kebijakan, dan kelompok pengguna EV, serta analisis dokumen kebijakan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa, meski urutan kebijakan selaras dengan tahapan inovasi Bates- (1) identifikasi masalah, (2) prioritisasi, (3) eksplorasi solusi, (4) implementasi, (5) pengembangan model bisnis, dan (6) difusi—proses tersebut berjalan dalam konteks tata kelola terfragmentasi, yang ditandai oleh penggunaan listrik berbasis batubara, infrastruktur yang terpusat pada elit, dan koordinasi antarsektor yang lemah. Dari perspektif model difusi Jänicke Jacob, trajektori Indonesia mencerminkan jalur inisiatif teknologi, di mana perkembangan teknologi global mendahului dan membentuk kebijakan domestik yang bersifat reaktif. Alih‑alih merupakan transformasi yang digerakkan dari dalam, kebijakan BEV di Indonesia tampak dipengaruhi oleh kewajiban iklim eksternal dan upaya pengelolaan surplus listrik domestik, menggarisbawahi peran ketergantungan struktural dalam menuntun transisi keberlanjutan. Studi ini berkontribusi pada wacana Hubungan Internasional dan tata kelola iklim dengan menunjukkan bagaimana negara‑negara Global South menavigasi inovasi eksternal dalam kerangka domestik yang terbatas. Selain itu, penelitian ini mengusulkan perlunya adaptasi kerangka inovasi yang ada agar lebih mampu menangkap relasi kekuasaan asimetris dan sifat kontestasi transisi lingkungan di negara berkembang.

Kapulaga merupakan rempah yang bernilai jual tinggi, umum dimanfaatkan sebagai bumbu masakan dan obat tradisional. Meskipun panen kapulaga melimpah di Desa Bantarkulon, sebagian besar petani dan ibu-ibu PKK belum memiliki pengalaman dalam mengolahnya, sehingga buah kapulaga selama ini hanya dijual mentah. Tujuan dari kegiatan ini adalah untuk memberikan pengetahuan tentang khasiat kapulaga untuk kesehatan, sekaligus melatih keterampilan membuat produk olahan bernilai ekonomi berupa wedang herbal kapulaga dalam bentuk teh celup. Kegiatan ini dilakukan melalui metode penyuluhan dan pelatihan yang meliputi ceramah, demonstrasi, dan praktik langsung. Peserta berpartisipasi aktif dalam seluruh proses, mulai dari pengolahan buah kapulaga, pengemasan, hingga strategi pemasaran produk. Hasil yang dicapai dari program ini adalah peningkatan pengetahuan peserta tentang manfaat kapulaga sebagai bahan alami berkhasiat, seperti sifat antibakteri dan kemampuannya meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. Selain itu, peserta juga memperoleh keterampilan praktis dalam mengolah kapulaga menjadi produk wedang herbal teh celup yang memiliki nilai guna dan nilai jual yang lebih tinggi.