This aims to analyze and examine laboratory quality management in enhancing student competencies. The research method used is qualitative, specifically a case study approach. The subjects of the study include school principals, laboratory heads, lab technicians, teachers, and students. Data collection was conducted through observations, interviews, literature studies, and documentation analysis. The instruments utilized in this research are observation sheets, interview guidelines, and field notes. The results from both schools indicated that the planning for laboratory quality management was prepared at the beginning of the new academic year, which included annual and semester programs, equipment procurement, and inventory management. The implementation of laboratory quality management involved conducting practical work as scheduled, with facilities used optimally. Monitoring and evaluation of laboratory quality management included regular assessments through observations and interviews with teachers and students to identify any shortcomings. Follow-up actions for laboratory quality management included corrective actions taken based on evaluation results, such as facility improvements and the addition of equipment. Barriers to laboratory quality management included equipment maintenance. Solutions to overcome these barriers involved facility improvements, equipment additions, additional training for staff, increased involvement of lab technicians, and optimizing funding. It was concluded that the series of laboratory quality management within the PDCA framework functioned effectively, commencing with planning, implementation, monitoring and evaluation, and follow-up. The management of the Biology laboratory can optimize the competencies of students at SMA Negeri 1 Ciamis and SMA Negeri 1 Pangandaran.

The Notary Protocol is a collection of documents constituting state archives that must be preserved and maintained by notaries in accordance with statutory provisions. Currently, the storage of notary protocols as state archives is predominantly conducted through conventional means, relying on paper-based media and manual handling. This traditional approach is fraught with several challenges, including vulnerability to loss and damage over time, the need for extensive physical storage space due to the increasing volume of archives, inefficiencies in document retrieval, and ineffective distribution of documents across organizational units and personnel. These limitations underscore the weaknesses of conventional archive management. Law Number 43 of 2009 on Archives permits the creation and storage of archives in various forms, including electronic media, thereby providing a legal basis for digital archiving. However, the existing regulatory framework governing notarial practices, particularly the Law on Notary Positions, does not explicitly address the electronic storage of notary protocols. This regulatory gap necessitates an analysis of the legal certainty surrounding the electronic archiving of notary protocols. Transitioning to electronic storage aligns with the demands of the Fourth Industrial Revolution (Industry 4.0) and Society 5.0, which emphasize digitalization and technological integration. This study explores the feasibility and legal implications of adopting electronic storage for notary protocols, aiming to enhance efficiency, security, and accessibility in the management of state archives.

This study explores into exploring the execution of Equilibrium Theory-Based Gender Equality (ETBGE) in Boja Village to enhance family welfare, employing a non-doctrinal (empiric) approach through observation and surveys. Gender equality is crucial for holistic development, especially in rural areas, as it promotes socioeconomic progress. Drawing on Equilibrium Theory, which advocates for equal This study delves into how gender equality principles can be effectively applied at the community level to enhance access to resources and opportunities. Through systematic observation and comprehensive surveys in Boja Village, the study evaluates gender dynamics, resource allocation, decision-making processes, and overall family welfare. Analysis of empirical data, including demographic profiles, economic indicators, and social structures, aims to uncover existing disparities and challenges in achieving gender equality objectives. The findings offer insights into the effectiveness of ETBGE principles in Boja Village, identifying successful areas and those needing further intervention. The study concludes by proposing practical recommendations and strategies to empower Boja Village residents, particularly women, enabling them to participate in decision-making, access resources equitably, and enhance the welfare of their families and the community.

Nazir as the party who received the mandate to receive and manage waqf land faced several problems related to waqf land. These problems are that the waqf land has not been certified, the waqf land is in dispute, the waqf land has been lost/controlled by another party. This problem occurs because the practice of waqf land is carried out verbally on the basis of mutual trust, the waqf pledge has not been made before PPAIW, the waqf pledge deed has not been processed, the waqf land has not been registered, and the waqf land has not been utilized according to the waqf pledge. Through community service activities, Nazir's capacity was increased through literacy in land waqf law. Legal literacy includes the land waqf process and waqf land registration. The legal act of donating land must be carried out according to the Waqf Law, carried out before an authorized official and the waqf land is registered at the Land Office. The waqf pledge must be made in front of the Waqf Pledge Deed Registrar to be recorded in the Waqf Pledge Deed. The Waqf Pledge Deed is written evidence in land registration at the Land Office, as the basis for issuing a Waqf Land Certificate. Waqf Land Certificates are issued to create legal certainty and legal protection for land waqf. The regulation of land waqf in the Waqf Law and its implementing regulations further confirms waqf as an important and useful institution for efforts to realize community welfare, in line with the goals of state life.

Efficiency in communicating and searching for information makes things easier for us in the current era of modern digitalization. This is directly proportional to the emergence of various forms of digital crime, such as online gender-based violence. The existence of a bias in terms of the meaning of technology by women which is influenced by the history and culture of construction makes it necessary to understand technology as part of a culture that expresses and consolidates relations between men and women. Technology with its sophistication seems to have a masculine nature. The feminine nature inherent in women is considered not in harmony with the way technology works. The focus of the discussion in this writing is to find how the concept of cyberfeminism should be relevant to policy based on digital gender equity in Indonesia. The research method used is doctrinal with a statutory approach, a conceptual approach, and a historical approach. The results of the research show that in terms of normative legal policy in Indonesia, legal regulations have been created to make preventive efforts and overcome the problem of gender-based violence, especially against women. However, the phenomenon of gender-based violence continues to occur, especially in vulnerable groups, namely women and children. Of course, all existing policies must be responsive to digital-based gender equity, especially the Sexual Violence Crime Law and the Information and Electronic Transactions Law.

This study aimed to examine the conceptual understanding of chemical equilibrium among 11th-grade students using the 5E inquiry learning framework, in which the students were requested to conduct the small-scale experiments on chemical equilibrium and factors influencing the equilibrium and the smartphone-based colorimetric determination of Kc. Data collection was conducted through a two-tier diagnostic conceptual test and semi-structured interviews. Thirty-one students participated in three 2-hour 5E learning sessions, totaling 6 hours. A paired-samples t-test revealed that the post-conceptual test scores (mean 31.46, S.D. 6.82, 69.91%) were significantly higher than the pre-test scores (mean 11.85, S.D. 10.80, 26.33%) at a significance level of 0.05, with a normalized gain of 0.59, indicating a medium improvement. Most students progressed from the less accurate category, Partial Understanding with Specific Misunderstanding (PMU, 42.39%), to a more accurate category, Partial Understanding (45.38%). Semi-structured interviews suggested that the 5E inquiry approach, using small-scale and smartphone-based colorimetric experiments, was both engaging and effective in improving students’ conceptual understanding. This intervention successfully helped students shift their understanding of chemical reactions towards more accurate categories.

The problem of land acquisition for customary communities is no longer a contemporary problem, but since massive development there has been a shift in the rights of indigenous communities in managing land. In principle, this has an impact on the property rights and economy of indigenous communities in using land as the most important natural resource in their communities. Therefore, land bank policies and schemes are the most comprehensive policies to protect the land rights of indigenous peoples. The objectives of this research are the concept of protecting land rights as economic property rights of indigenous peoples and policy determination. Land Banking Policy Implications and institutional schemes for implementing Land Banking for indigenous communities in Indonesia. This research is categorized as normative legal research with a philosophical and analytical approach, and analyzed using descriptive analytical methods. The research results show that land rights for indigenous peoples have not been explicitly recognized internationally and nationally, however, the contemporary development of economic ownership rights for customary land is starting to be recognized in several jurisprudence and interpretations. The implications of the land bank policy are carried out and begin with the classification of land objects and strengthening the policies and schemes of land bank institutions.

The rapid growth of digital technology has profoundly impacted both human lives and the environment. According to the 2024 Digital Economy Report: Shaping an Environmentally Sustainable and Inclusive Digital Future, India’s global share of screens, computers, and small IT and telecommunication (SCSIT) waste has increased from 3.1% in 2010 to 6.4% in 2022. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) also reported a 163% increase in India’s generation of electronic waste from SCSIT. E-waste, due to the presence of hazardous materials like heavy metals, lead, and mercury, poses significant environmental and health risks, necessitating proper disposal methods. A key challenge is the growing reliance on digital technologies for essential services, such as e-commerce and e-banking. The expansion of human rights to include digital rights has created a conflict between the freedom of expression and the duty to protect the environment, especially regarding climate change. This article explores the extent of dependency on electronic devices, purchasing patterns, and attitudes toward responsible e-waste disposal and recycling. It examines the effectiveness of India’s current legal and policy framework for e-waste management, focusing on the informal sector’s recycling practices, which pose additional risks. Using empirical data collected from working professionals, students, and homemakers, the study finds that while electronic device ownership is widespread, with most respondents owning more than five devices, e-waste disposal practices are largely irresponsible. Discarded devices are often stored rather than recycled or sold to authorized collectors. This indicates a lack of awareness, resources, and proper infrastructure. The findings underscore the need for a comprehensive policy framework that mandates responsible usage and disposal, empowers municipalities with necessary resources, and penalizes illegal recycling practices.

This research trains the students’ ethnomedicine literacy by using project-based learning and augmented reality assistance and evaluating the learning effectiveness. The research method used was a non-randomized control group pretest-posttest design, and a problem-based learning model was used as a control class. This research evaluates students' ethnomedicine literacy using descriptive statistical data analysis, n-gain scores, and ANCOVA tests. The research results showed differences in ethnomedicine literacy with an ANCOVA significance value of 0.08 between the experimental and control classes. Both classes showed increased ethnomedicine literacy, but the n-gain score for the experimental class was greater than that of the control class. Students' ethnomedicine literacy is higher in the experimental class because there are learning activities that empower ethnomedicine literacy, such as students are trained to be broad-minded, have positive attitudes and behavior related to ethnomedicine studies, working on simple manufacturing projects based on student research to get closer to the environment and society, and using AR as a simulation for testing the antibacterial power of medicinal plants. This research concludes that AR-assisted project-based ethnobotany learning is proven to be able to increase students' ethnomedicine literacy. This research can be helpful as a learning design reference to empower ethnomedicine or other literacy in biology.

Witness protection is the cornerstone of an effective criminal justice system. Therefore, it is important to ensure the quality of witness protection law. This study uses normative method to compare witness protection law in Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia. The result shows several similarities and differences in 5 areas namely a) the subject of protection; b) selection process; c) rights and obligations of parties; d) institutional arrangement; and e) criminal sanctions. Each country has its own approach to regulate the witness protection. Indonesia is progressive in terms of giving special rights for 6 different categories of subject of protections. For instance, special right for compensation and restitution for victims of particular crimes. Indonesia also encourage justice collaborator to give evidence by promising leniency, parole or remission. Conversely, Australia explicitly clarify that the witness protection must not be interpreted as rewarding criminals. Unlike Indonesia, Malaysia and Australia grants equal rights for all witness. Despite such differences, these 3 countries have similarity in terms of the imposition of selection process to ensure the protection is prioritized for those who need it the most. The witness protection must be maintained to balance the interest of witness, accuse and the society. The goal is not to give excessive protection for witnesses, but to adjust the protection according to the limitation of resources and financial. Moreover, Indonesia should adopt the disclosure requirement as implemented in Malaysia and Australia to prevent the witness from using the program to circumvent his legal or financial obligations.