This study aims to examine the motivation to learn Arabic among students who graduated from "non-pesantren" at the Al-Amien Islamic Institute (IDIA) Prenduan. The main focus of this study is to understand the factors that encourage and inhibit the motivation to learn Arabic for students who do not have a pesantren educational background. This study uses a qualitative method with a case study approach, where data is collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that students who graduated from non-pesantren have individual strategies in fostering motivation to learn Arabic, namely: starting with buying a vocabulary book, listening to Arabic conversations around them, bringing a dictionary, asking questions often, listening to Arabic songs, consistently memorizing vocabulary, reflecting on seniors and classmates who are proficient in Arabic, reducing sleep time, understanding their subjects. Motivation to learn Arabic among students who graduated from non-pesantren is influenced by intrinsic factors such as personal interests, academic goals, and support from the social and academic environment. These findings are expected to contribute to the development of more effective learning strategies to increase motivation to learn Arabic among students with diverse educational backgrounds.

This research aims to explore the role of the Christian Religious Education (PAK) curriculum in improving the spirituality of youth in Indonesia. Using a qualitative approach, this study involved in-depth interviews with teachers, students and practitioners of Christian Religious Education to obtain a holistic perspective regarding the influence of the curriculum on the formation of the spirituality of the younger generation. The research results show that the PAK curriculum has an important role in instilling moral values, strengthening faith, and forming the character of Christian youth. The implementation of a relevant and contextual curriculum allows young people to understand and appreciate religious teachings more deeply, so as to improve the quality of their relationships with God and each other. This research also found that there are challenges in implementing a curriculum that is able to adapt to current developments and technology without ignoring the substance of spirituality. Therefore, the success of the PAK curriculum in increasing youth spirituality is highly dependent on the active involvement of educators and educational institutions in creating an environment that supports learning that is holistic and relevant to the spiritual needs of today's youth.

This article discusses the important role of Christian religious education in facilitating intercultural cooperation in Indonesia, which is a country with a pluralistic society. Religious education not only serves to build individual morals and character, but also serves as a bridge to create understanding and tolerance between different groups. By prioritizing the values of peace and mutual respect, Christian religious education has the potential to reduce conflict and promote harmony in a diverse society. Therefore, education about pluralism and the rights of adherents of other religions in the religious education curriculum is very important, in order to strengthen social solidarity and intercultural cooperation.

The Indonesian nation is a nation which is often called a multicultural nation, in which there are various religions, ethnicities, races, even languages ??and cultural customs. This research was conducted so that readers realize that living amidst a diverse society is not easy, so it is necessary to have a sense of love and tolerance within oneself to produce harmony. This is in line with the basic Christian faith in love and harmony. Then what is the role of Christian Religious Education in maintaining tolerance in diverse communities, for example, from religion, ethnicity, culture and so on.

The background of this study, based on the results of observations that have been conducted, highlights the need for adjustments between leaders and subordinates. The leadership style currently exhibited appears monotonous and requires further adaptation to achieve better synergy. The purpose of this research is to examine the influence of situational leadership applied by the Village Head on the work motivation of staff at the Masing Village Office, Lilirilau District, Soppeng Regency. This study employs a census method, where the data source includes the entire population as the sample, using questionnaires as the primary data collection technique. The sample in this research consists of 17 respondents. Data collection techniques include observation, questionnaires, and documentation. Data analysis techniques employed are descriptive quantitative analysis, correlation analysis, and simple regression analysis. Based on the analysis and discussion conducted, the writer concludes that The situational leadership of the Village Head of Masing falls into the very good category. The work motivation of staff at the Masing Village Office is also categorized as very good. Situational leadership positively influences the improvement of staff work motivation at the Masing Village Office. The findings of this study indicate that there is a positive influence of the Village Head's situational leadership on the work motivation of staff at the Masing Village Office, Lilirilau District, Soppeng Regency.

The process of organic matter degradation is an integral part of the ecosystem cycle, which converts complex organic compounds into simpler forms through the activity of microorganisms. Microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and actinomycetes, play an important role in the decomposition of organic matter, whether from household waste, crop residues, or organic industrial waste. This process involves various biochemical mechanisms, such as hydrolysis, fermentation, and oxidation, which are triggered by exocellular enzymes produced by microbes. Environmental factors, such as pH, temperature, humidity, and oxygen content, affect the efficiency of degradation by microorganisms. Several microorganisms, especially those that have the ability to decompose lignin, cellulose, and hemicellulose, have been widely applied in organic waste management technologies such as composting, bioremediation, and biogas production. Research on the role of microorganisms in organic matter degradation is not only important for understanding ecosystem dynamics, but also has the potential to support efforts to manage organic waste that are more environmentally friendly and sustainable. This abstract provides a review of the role, mechanisms, and factors that influence organic matter degradation by microorganisms, as well as their applications in environmental technology.
 

This research conducts a comprehensive juridical analysis of interfaith marriage within the framework of Indonesian positive law, examining the legal complexities and regulatory challenges in the current legal system. The study critically analyzes the existing legal instruments, including Marriage Law No. 1 of 1974, compilation of Islamic Law, and relevant Supreme Court decisions that govern interfaith marriages in Indonesia. Through doctrinal legal research methodology, this study investigates the legal vacuum surrounding interfaith marriages and its implications on citizens' constitutional rights. The research examines how different legal interpretations by civil registry offices, religious courts, and other legal institutions affect the implementation of interfaith marriage regulations. Findings indicate substantial inconsistencies in legal interpretation and application, leading to legal uncertainty for couples seeking interfaith marriages. The study reveals that while Indonesian positive law does not explicitly prohibit interfaith marriages, the absence of clear regulatory frameworks often results in practical obstacles and varying administrative practices across different regions. The research also explores how judicial decisions have shaped the legal landscape of interfaith marriages, analyzing landmark cases that have influenced current legal practices. This study concludes that there is an urgent need for legal reform to provide clear guidelines for interfaith marriages that align with constitutional principles while respecting religious values and human rights in Indonesia's pluralistic society.

This research aims to examine and analyze the work system implemented by the archives management section at the Batu Bara Regency Library Service. Archives are an important source of information to support the smooth running of administration and public services, so their management requires an efficient and organized system. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collection through interviews, observation and documentation studies. The research results show that the archive management work system at the Batu Bara Regency Library Service still faces several obstacles, such as limited facilities and infrastructure, as well as a lack of human resources trained in the field of archive management. However, the archives management department attempts to overcome this problem by implementing a system that is in accordance with existing procedures. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide recommendations for improving the records management work system in related agencies, in order to increase efficiency and effectiveness in public services.

Birth certificate data management is an important aspect of population administration. In the digital era, the need for efficient systems is increasing to overcome various challenges, such as manual errors, slow administrative processes, and difficulties in searching for data. This research focuses on designing a data management system for Indonesian citizens' birth certificates at the Batu Bara Regency Population and Civil Registration Service (Dukcapil). This system was designed using a systematic approach, starting from needs analysis to the implementation stage. The method used involves collecting data through interviews, literature study, and direct observation in the field. The result of this design is a digital-based system that makes it easier to record, store and manage birth certificate data efficiently. By implementing this system, it is hoped that it can improve the quality of public services, minimize data errors, and support the government's digitalization program.

Crop productivity is one of the key components in supporting the sustainability of the agricultural sector and global food security. However, challenges such as soil degradation, dependence on chemical fertilizers, and climate change necessitate more innovative and environmentally friendly approaches. Soil microorganisms play a significant role in improving crop productivity through biological mechanisms such as nitrogen fixation, organic matter decomposition, mycorrhizal symbiosis, and the production of bioactive compounds that protect plants from pathogens and abiotic stress. Microbiology-based biotechnology approaches, such as the use of biofertilizers and biopesticides, offer environmentally friendly solutions to address modern agricultural problems. This research aims to review the role of microorganisms in improving crop productivity, focusing on the application of microbiology-based biotechnology. The research method used is a literature study or meta-analysis of relevant literature and research in the last 10 years. The results of the discussion show that microorganisms such as Rhizobium, Azospirillum, Trichoderma, and mycorrhiza have a major contribution in improving soil fertility, crop yields, and plant resistance to environmental stress.