The pillars of marriage as a requirement for the validity of a marriage, include fundamental elements that must be present in the marriage contract process. The four major schools of thought in Islam, namely Hanafi, Maliki, Syafi'i, and Hambali, have different views even though the basic principles of the pillars of marriage are generally different. This difference arises due to differences in the ijtihad method and the social context faced by each school of thought, although all are based on the Qur'an, Hadith, and ijma' (consensus of scholars) which have been widely accepted in Muslim society. This study focuses on a comparison of the pillars of marriage according to the four main schools of thought in Islam. The research method used is library research. Based on this study, the results obtained are that the pillars of marriageaccording to 4 schools of thought are: first, the Hanafiyah school consists of ijab and qabul. Second, the Malikiyyah school consists of the woman's guardian, dowry, the husband is not in ihram, the wife is not in ihram and is not in the 'iddah period, and shigat. Third, the Syafi'iyyah Madzhab consists of a husband, wife, guardian, two witnesses, and sighat. Fourth, the Hanabilah Madzhab consists of husband and wife, consent and qabul.

The low level of nationalism knowledge has led to the prominence of autonomous region implementation concerning the status of local people, low social concern, increased religious symbolism, rising acts of violence, and social disharmony, which have become serious issues in society. The aim of this research is to produce the Peace Generation Games Learning Media to enhance global nationalism awareness among students at IISIP Yapis Biak Papua. The research uses the development model from Borg and Gall, which includes planning, product design, product validation, product trials, and final product. The validation showed no need for revision. The trial was conducted on students by measuring their accuracy in answering questions during the game within a 5-second duration to assess their knowledge of global nationalism. The average result of the Peace Generation Games without revisions shows that 20 students completed the game successfully. Based on the results, it can be concluded that this learning media is valid, practical, and effective, thus improving the learning process in enhancing global nationalism awareness among students.

This study aims to analyze the financial relationship between the central and regional governments within the framework of fiscal decentralization and its impact on regional economic growth. The main focus is to evaluate the contribution of the General Allocation Fund (DAU) and the Special Allocation Fund (DAK) to Regional Original Revenue (PAD) and the equitable development between regions. Using a quantitative approach, the data was analyzed to assess how fiscal transfer policies support regional financial independence and sustainable development. The findings indicate that DAU and DAK significantly influence PAD growth; however, regional dependency on central government funds remains high. Furthermore, disparities in development between advanced and underdeveloped regions remain a significant challenge. This study recommends optimizing PAD management and implementing more equitable fiscal policies to support balanced development and inclusive economic growth in Indonesia.

This study aims to explore and analyze how the Daily Activities program can contribute to building morality of elementary school students. The method used in this study is library research, which collects and analyzes various literature, articles, and academic sources related to the development of children's morality through daily activities at school. The results of the study show that a structured and planned Daily Activities program can be an effective means of instilling moral values, such as honesty, responsibility, and cooperation among students. In addition, activities that involve social interaction and experiential learning can increase students' moral awareness and form positive characters. This research is expected to contribute to the development of a more holistic and oriented educational curriculum that is oriented to the formation of student character, as well as a reference for educators in designing programs that support the development of morality in the school environment.

Entering the digital era, technology plays an important role in human life. The Covid-19 pandemic in 2020 accelerated the digital transformation, including the activities of school children aged 6-12 years. The use of gadgets can have both positive and negative impacts on children, so it is necessary for parents to play a role in managing screen time to maximise the positive impact and minimise the negative impact of gadget use on children.  This activity is a counselling for parents, children, and teachers conducted at TPQ Nurul Ilmi Makassar City. The methods used were lectures and discussions. The results of the activity were 25 parents and children, as well as 5 teachers who participated in counselling activities. Based on the results of the discussion, the use of gadgets can help children in finding learning resources and as an educational medium for children, some parents supervise and limit screen time for children but there are also some parents who cannot supervise optimally because they are busy working. Children are given gadgets with the hope that parents can contact their children easily. The advice given to parents is to limit screen time for children to a maximum of 2-3 hours per day and select applications and what children watch during screen time. Meanwhile, teachers need to develop learning methods so that children are more comfortable learning and playing than using gadgets.

This article examines the important role of law in promoting economic development and ensuring the well-being of people in Indonesia. It analyzes the legal framework that governs economic activities, focusing on principles and regulations that facilitate economic growth, protect rights, and promote social justice. This article explores the evolution of Indonesia's legal system in response to economic challenges and opportunities, highlighting key laws and policies that have shaped the nation's economic landscape. This includes an analysis of the constitutional foundations of Indonesia's economic system, with a special emphasis on Article 33 of the 1945 Constitution, which mandates a "people's economy" based on the principles of kinship, cooperative ownership, and state control over vital resources. Furthermore, this article discusses the challenges and prospects of using the law as a tool to achieve sustainable and inclusive economic development. It emphasizes the importance of legal certainty, regulatory efficiency, and the protection of public interests in fostering a conducive investment climate and promoting equitable economic growth. The article also discusses the role of law in addressing important issues such as environmental protection, labor rights, and consumer protection, highlighting the linkages between economic development and social welfare. By examining Indonesia's experience, this article contributes to a deeper understanding of the complex relationship between law and economic development in the context of developing countries.

This research aims to analyze the influence of the problem based learning model with a differentiation approach to the topic of harmony in the ecosystem of grade 5 elementary school students. The population in this study was class V students at Wadungasri Elementary School, Waru District, Sidoarjo Regency, totaling 77 students and a sample of 29 students was taken. Data collection techniques using questionnaires. Data processing techniques with validity testing using expert judgment techniques. Reliability test uses Alpha Cronbach. The swimmer analysis test is the normality test and linearity test. The data analysis technique used is a simple regression test. Research results: the guided inquiry learning model had an effect on students' critical thinking skills by 3.7%. The research results show that the problem based learning model with a differentiation approach to the topic Harmony in ecosystems is significantly effective in increasing students' understanding of ecosystems.

This study discusses the Incang-incang Tradition of the Pedamaran Village Community, Ogan Komering Ilir 2001-2023. The incang-incang tradition is a local product of the South Sumatra region that has not been widely introduced to the Indonesian people. Incang-incang is a poem in the form of pantun, expressed in a regular tone and using the Panesak language as the everyday language of the Pedamaran community. This study aims to describe the Incang-incang Tradition of the Pedamaran Village Community, Ogan Komering Ilir 2001-2023. The type of research used is historical research. The method of collecting research data is obtained through observation, interviews and document searches or literature studies. In the Incang-incang tradition, it is used as a form of entertainment for the Pedamaran community which can be done with or without reciprocation, and can also be accompanied by musical instruments such as guitars. The results of the study show that the Incang-incang Tradition has been present in the community since 1980 because the community began to do incang-incang so that many people liked it, until in 2001 it began to be implemented in certain activities in the community. Over time, Incang-incang became increasingly well-known as evidenced by the large number of speakers at that time who could speak Incang-incang. However, Incang-incang did not get the proper form of recognition for the young people of Pedamaran society. So, nowadays there are only a few speakers of incang-incang and they are dominated by the elderly. From the results of this study, it is hoped that incang-incang can be pursued harder so that it can be enjoyed by the younger generation through several performances organized by the local government. Therefore, it is hoped that Incang-incang can become the pride of the Pedamaran community as an entertainment activity for the community itself.

Trains are a means of mass transportation that may be familiar to the wider community. This mode is a means of transportation that is often chosen by many people to travel somewhere. The construction of rails which are part of the foundation on which train wheels stand in Indonesia has been carried out since the colonial era, pioneered by the Naamloze Venootschap Nederlandsch Indische Spoorweg Maatschappij (NV.NISM). The railway network was built based on the abundance of agricultural products since the implementation of the forced cultivation system, requiring transportation equipment that is strong and fast to carry heavy loads. The city of Magelang, as part of the Kedu Residency area, is the intersection of several cities which were planting areas for various colonial trade commodities.  This research focuses on how the station in Magelang functions, which is connected to various cities, and how the lives of the people around the Magelang station will be after the network operates in the area. The aim of this research is to determine the sustainability of the station in Magelang and the impact it has on the lives of the surrounding community. The method used is the historical research method, including source collection (heuristics), source criticism (verification), interpretation (tafsir), and also historiography. The research results show that train stations, especially market stations in Magelang played an important role in the development of the local economy during the colonial period. Pasar Station is a symbol of long-standing socio-economic development. The emergence of economic activity around these stations is driven by several key factors, including increased mobility, goods transportation, and social interaction.

The results of this research show that, in 1973 – 1983, the restoration of Borobudur Temple was carried out which involved the process of cleaning rocks, dismantling and reassembling rocks. This restoration project is important for preserving Indonesia's cultural heritage and increasing tourism. The second restoration of Borobudur Temple in 1983 had a major impact on the socio-economic life of the surrounding community. Physical and non-physical changes occur, including land conversion, changes in the social order, and improvements in infrastructure and new job opportunities. The research method used for this research is historical research methods, namely heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography. The results of this research show that the restoration of Borobudur Temple II has had a positive impact on changes in the social and economic order of the surrounding community. The construction of the Borobudur Temple Tourist Park has increased tourist visits and provided economic benefits for the local community. Although there is some controversy regarding the relocation of residents and the relocation of markets, this increase in tourism provides additional employment opportunities and improves the family economy. The establishment of the Borobudur Temple Tourist Park provides economic, educational, environmental and welfare benefits for the surrounding community, but it is necessary to improve environmental management, economic development and education to optimize the benefits of Borobudur Temple for the community.