Indonesia is one of the countries with a significant number of laundry services, which has led to the emergence of numerous companies engaged in the production of high-quality softener products. This extensive softener production has resulted in a considerable surplus of the product, which can potentially harm the environment. This study aimed to process the excess products produced by the softener industry into vehicle shampoo and LAS (Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonate), the main component of vehicle shampoo. We will achieve this through trial-and-error mixing methods and optimal variations. We aim to create products with sales value that the public can use to wash vehicles at a more economical price while maintaining quality comparable to commercial products. The optimal variation results obtained from this research were 40 ml of fragrance, 50 ml of Sodium Laureth Sulfate (SLES) Texapon, and 40 g of LAS, with test results of pH 7.92 and density 1.025 g.cm-3. The viscosity was found to be 2.41 Pa.s, the foaming power was 91.67%, and the corrosivity was 0.09291 mm/year. These results showed that the vehicle shampoo meets corrosion resistance standards. 

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of concurrent government affairs in regional governments based on Law Number 23 of 2014 concerning Regional Government. Regional autonomy gives regions the right to manage and regulate their own government affairs, including the division of authority between the central, provincial, and district/city governments. However, the implementation of this division of authority is often faced with challenges, such as conflicts of authority between the central and regional governments, as well as the impact of changes in authority from district/city to province which result in increased budget burdens. This study uses a legislative and conceptual approach, with data collected through literature studies. The results of the study show that although Law Number 23 of 2014 provides a clear legal basis, implementation practices in the field are often not aligned, causing dissatisfaction and slowing down development. Conflicts of authority, unclear division of tasks, and differences in interpretation of regional authority worsen this condition. Therefore, this study suggests the importance of close cooperation between the central and regional governments, as well as the need for clearer and more uniform guidelines in policy implementation, in order to realize an effective and efficient government system.

This study compares the labor laws of Indonesia and Singapore with a focus on wages and worker protection. This study uses comparative research methods to analyze the differences and similarities between the Employment Law No. 13 of 2003 in Indonesia and the Employment Act (Cap 91) in Singapore. The results of the study show that Singapore has higher wage standards and more comprehensive worker protection than Indonesia. This study recommends improving labor laws in Indonesia to improve workers' welfare and strengthen their protection.

Background: One of the most popular contraceptives in Indonesia is injectable contraception. However, each contraceptive method certainly has its own side effects, hormonal methods such as injections generally have side effects in the form of menstrual disorders, weight changes, dizziness or headaches and an increase in blood pressure. The purpose of this study is to determine the long-term relationship between the use of injectable birth control and menstrual cycle disorders in birth control acceptors at PMB Neneng Mahfuzah Banjarmasin in 2024.   This study uses a quantitative descriptive method with a cross sectional approach with a sample of 85 people with details of 48 respondents for 1-month injectable birth control and 37 respondents for 3-month injectable birth control.  The results obtained from the bivariate analysis of the chisquare statistical test showed that the value of p = 0.010 > α = 0.05. The conclusion is that there is a relationship between the length of use of birth control and menstrual cycle disruption in injectable birth control acceptors at PMB Neneng Mahfuzah Banjarmasin in 2024.  Advice is expected that health workers can provide KIE about the side effects of using Injectable Family Planning, one of which is menstrual cycle disruption. So that the acceptor can choose wisely the contraceptive method he wants to use.

Refractive anomalies in children are still an important vision problem to be treated. Refractive anomalies that are not handled properly at an age of children are prone to developing advanced vision problems such as lazy eye (amblyopia). Prevention needs to be carried out so that the occurrence of refractive anomalies in children can be minimized, one of which is by knowing the risk factors that trigger this refractive anomaly. This study aims to find a relationship between body mass index and family history of refractive anomalies and the incidence of refractive anomalies in children. The research was conducted on 5th and 6th grade students at SD Muhammadiyah Kleco, Yogyakarta. A total of 42 students with refractive errors were obtained, which was then analyzed regarding the relationship between body mass index and family history and the occurrence of refractive anomalies they experienced. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between family history and the incidence of refractive anomalies (p=0.009). There was no statistically significant relationship between body mass index and the incidence of refractive anomalies (p=0.321).

Water is an important factor in fulfilling the vital needs of living creatures, including drinking water or other household needs. The water used must be free from germs and not contain toxic materials. The results of research by researchers found that 95 people in the Sitio-tio village had cases of 14 people experiencing serious health complaints. Objectives; to determine the relationship between river water quality and health complaints in Sitio-tio village, Siantar Sitalasari sub-district, Pematang Siantar city. This research is an analytical survey with a design using a cross sectional approach, proportional random sampling method. The population of this study was all heads of families in Sitio-tio village, Siantar Sitalasari subdistrict, a population of 95 heads of families with 6 river water samples. Data analysis used bivariate analysis with the chi-square statistical test. The results of the bivariate analysis show that the p value for the variable river water quality and health complaints (p = 0.016) is <0.05, there is a relationship between river water quality and health complaints. The conclusion of this research is that there is a relationship between river water quality and health complaints in Sitio-Tio village, Siantar Sitalasari sub-district, Pematang Siantar city. Recommended to the Sitio-tio village community to maintain the cleanliness of the Sitio-tio river water, reduce careless use of river water and not throw rubbish in the Sitio-tio river flow which pollutes the river so that there is less risk of the Sitio-tio community getting diseases caused by dirty river water.

Sharia cooperatives are Sharia-based economic institutions that play a strategic role in empowering the economy of the Muslim community. By adhering to principles such as the prohibition of riba (usury), gharar (uncertainty), and maysir (gambling), as well as implementing profit-sharing systems (mudharabah or musharakah), Sharia cooperatives provide a fair, transparent, and inclusive alternative to support economic activities in society. These cooperatives aim not only to achieve financial gains but also to fulfill social missions, such as poverty alleviation, equitable welfare distribution, and holistic improvement of the community’s quality of life. Various products and services offered—such as Sharia savings, halal financing, and Sharia-compliant investments—provide financial solutions that align with Islamic values and meet societal needs. Nevertheless, the implementation of Sharia cooperatives faces several challenges, including limited public understanding, competition with conventional financial institutions, and constraints in human resources and capital. Through public education, capacity building for cooperative managers, and comprehensive government policy support, Sharia cooperatives hold great potential to become a key instrument in fostering a more just, equitable, and sustainable economy. This study emphasizes the importance of integrating Sharia values into cooperative management to ensure its contribution to the sustained welfare of the community.

Scientific literacy is the ability of students to understand, translate, use information, and evaluate scientific problems in everyday life through critical thinking. This study aims to measure the level of scientific literacy of fifth grade students of MIN 1 Balikpapan, including identifying possible misconceptions. Misconceptions themselves refer to errors in understanding or erroneous concepts held by students. For elementary school teachers, understanding misconceptions is very important because it can be a reflection to improve the quality of science learning in the classroom, which ultimately has an impact on students' scientific literacy abilities. The results showed that the level of scientific literacy of fifth grade students of MIN 1 Balikpapan was relatively high, with 63.3% of students understanding the concept of simple machines well, 13.3% of students not understanding the concept, and 23.3% of students experiencing misconceptions. According to Piaget's theory, improving students' cognitive abilities can be achieved through student-centered learning and encouraging active discovery. However, based on the results of the analysis of scientific literacy questions, three indicators were found that still had low scores (below 60%), namely indicators related to scientific design and science experiments.
 

This research aims to improve student learning outcomes by using a true or false strategy. This type of research is classroom action research. Data collection techniques use observation, documentation, interviews and tests. The data analysis technique uses quantitative data analysis with simple statistics and classroom action research procedures using 2 cycles of the Kurtlewin model. This research was able to obtain learning results in cycle I of 58.33%. After reflection, learning activities in cycle II became 83.33%, resulting in an increase of 25%. Then, the percentage of students who completed cycle I was 59.02% and students who completed cycle II was 77.08%, resulting in an increase of 18.06%.

Planning effective English reading lessons is a complex task for teachers because of challenges such as variations in student ability levels, limited resources, and time constraints. This research aims to identify the main challenges teachers face in planning reading lessons, including improving students' reading comprehension, adjusting the level of support to students' abilities, and implementing reading strategies.  The research method used is qualitative, with data collection through semi-structured interviews with teachers from various levels of education. Data were analyzed using thematic analysis to identify main patterns and themes.  The research results show that teachers face challenges in managing the diversity of students' reading abilities, selecting reading materials that are interesting and culturally relevant, and integrating technology into learning. Additionally, appropriate assessments for English Language Learners (ELL) students and the need to provide emotional support to students are also challenges. Limited professional training and resources contribute to this situation.  This research also concludes that successful learning to read English requires a multifaceted approach that includes learning adjustments, teacher training, collaboration, and access to a variety of reading materials. By providing adequate support for teachers, these obstacles can be overcome, so that reading learning becomes more effective and inclusive.