The implementation of Environmental, Social, and Governance (ESG) regulations in Indonesia is still in its developmental stage and faces several challenges in enforcement and compliance. Compared to developed countries, Indonesia's ESG framework lacks strong incentives and adequate regulatory oversight, leading to inconsistencies in corporate adherence. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of ESG regulations in Indonesia from a legal perspective and evaluate their impact on corporate compliance. A normative juridical approach was used, supplemented by case studies of companies that have implemented ESG principles. Data were collected through document analysis of regulatory frameworks, sustainability reports, and interviews with key stakeholders. The findings indicate that while the number of companies adopting ESG practices has increased significantly from 45 in 2018 to 675 in 2023, only 38% fully comply with ESG standards. Moreover, statistical analysis reveals a strong correlation (r = 0.78, p < 0.05) between regulatory strictness and corporate adherence. Weak enforcement mechanisms and the voluntary nature of ESG reporting remain major obstacles to effective implementation. The study also highlights that firms integrating ESG principles tend to attract more investment and demonstrate better financial stability. The findings contribute to the ongoing discourse on ESG regulation by emphasizing the need for policy reforms, including stricter enforcement, standardized reporting mechanisms, and economic incentives to enhance compliance. This research provides a foundation for future comparative studies on ESG regulation and suggests integrating technology-based monitoring tools such as blockchain and artificial intelligence to improve corporate accountability and sustainability practices.

The criminalization of activists in Indonesia remains a critical human rights issue, with legal regulations often used to suppress freedom of expression and civil liberties. Despite Indonesia’s commitment to human rights protection, repressive law enforcement practices indicate an imbalance between state interests and civil rights safeguards. This study analyzes how existing legal frameworks contribute to activist criminalization and assesses the effectiveness of legal protection mechanisms. Using a qualitative empirical approach, this study examines legal regulations, court rulings, and case studies of activist criminalization. Data were collected through interviews with activists, human rights lawyers, and legal scholars, supported by legal document analysis. Findings reveal that activist criminalization cases increased by 75% from 2018 to 2023, with 70% of targeted activists experiencing legal intimidation leading to job loss, psychological pressure, and social insecurity. Additionally, 90% of criminalized activists faced prolonged legal battles, with only 10% acquitted. Ambiguous legal provisions, particularly in the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE) and the Criminal Code (KUHP), are frequently misused to silence activism. This study highlights the urgent need for inclusive legal reform and stricter oversight mechanisms to prevent the misuse of laws against civil society. The findings provide a foundation for future research and policy recommendations to strengthen human rights protections and ensure that legal instruments are not exploited to suppress activism.

Decentralization has been implemented in Indonesia as a strategy to enhance regional governance and foster local development. However, despite its potential benefits, decentralization faces significant challenges, including fiscal disparities, administrative inefficiencies, and corruption at the regional level. Unequal revenue distribution among regions has resulted in dependency on central government transfers, while limited administrative capacity has hindered effective policy implementation. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of decentralization policies in Indonesia using a mixed-method approach that combines quantitative analysis of financial reports and regional governance indicators with qualitative insights from interviews with policymakers and public administration experts. The findings reveal that regional budget realization improved from 68% in 2018 to 72% in 2023, while the Regional Governance Performance Index (IPKD) increased from 60% to 70% during the same period. However, fiscal dependency remains a major issue, with 80% of regional revenues still relying on central government transfers. Additionally, corruption cases involving local officials increased from 110 in 2018 to 160 in 2023, highlighting governance weaknesses and the lack of transparency. These findings indicate that decentralization in Indonesia has yet to fully achieve its objectives due to structural and institutional challenges. This study contributes to the ongoing discourse on decentralization by identifying key constraints and proposing policy recommendations, including strengthening fiscal autonomy, enhancing transparency through digital governance, and improving administrative capacity. A more structured, transparent, and accountable decentralization framework is essential to ensure sustainable and equitable regional development in Indonesia.

Gender-Based Violence (GBV) remains a critical issue in Indonesia, with a significant increase in reported cases over the past five years. Despite the implementation of the Sexual Violence Crime Law (UU TPKS) as a progressive step toward victim protection, challenges persist in the law enforcement process, particularly in integrating gender perspectives into the criminal justice system. This study aims to analyze the role of gender perspectives in sentencing policies for GBV perpetrators in Indonesia and compare them with more progressive legal frameworks in other countries. Using a qualitative approach with phenomenological methods, the study examines national regulations, judicial decisions, and stakeholder interviews, including victims, law enforcement officers, and legal experts. The findings indicate that while the number of GBV cases reported has increased from 15,200 in 2018 to 35,200 in 2023, only 10% of reported cases resulted in convictions. This reflects systemic weaknesses, such as insufficient legal enforcement, limited gender-sensitive training among judicial actors, and societal stigma against victims. Additionally, comparative analysis with countries like Sweden and Canada suggests that more inclusive and restorative justice approaches can enhance victim protection and reduce recidivism rates. This study contributes to the discourse on criminal law reform by highlighting the need for stronger regulatory frameworks, improved law enforcement mechanisms, and technological innovations in reporting and case management. The findings provide policy recommendations for strengthening Indonesia’s GBV sentencing policies through a gender-sensitive and victim-oriented approach.

Transnational crime has become an increasingly complex challenge due to globalization and technological advancements, requiring effective legal frameworks to address cross-border offenses. Indonesia's criminal law system faces significant weaknesses compared to the European Union (EU), particularly in extradition mechanisms, international cooperation, and regulatory harmonization. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of Indonesia's criminal law in combating transnational crime by comparing it with the legal framework of the EU. A comparative legal study approach was used, incorporating qualitative analysis of legal regulations, case studies, and interviews with legal practitioners and law enforcement officers. The study examined key aspects such as extradition policies, law enforcement capacity, and cross-border collaboration. The findings indicate that Indonesia’s extradition success rate remains at 45%, significantly lower than the EU's 85%, which benefits from the European Arrest Warrant (EAW). Furthermore, the average case resolution time in Indonesia is approximately 24 months, whereas in the EU, it is around 6 months due to more streamlined procedures. The research also highlights the need for Indonesia to strengthen its law enforcement agencies, as the limited use of digital forensic tools and artificial intelligence-based crime detection hinders investigative efficiency. This study contributes to the discourse on transnational crime by emphasizing the necessity for Indonesia to implement legal reforms that align with global standards, enhance technological adoption in law enforcement, and establish more robust international partnerships. Strengthening these areas will improve Indonesia’s ability to effectively address transnational crime and enhance its integration into the global legal framework.

The rapid development of social media has transformed digital crime patterns, enabling financial fraud, exploitation, and radicalization to spread more efficiently. In Indonesia, cybercrime cases have increased by 60% over the past five years, yet law enforcement remains ineffective due to the complexity of digital crime and limited regulatory enforcement. This study aims to analyze how social media facilitates cybercrime, the evolving modus operandi of criminals, and the effectiveness of existing legal frameworks. This research employs a netnographic approach, combining qualitative content analysis of online interactions with secondary data from law enforcement reports. Findings indicate that digital fraud cases have risen by 85% in the past three years, with cryptocurrency-related scams causing losses of IDR 5.2 trillion. Cyberbullying and defamation cases have surged by 60% since 2018, while only 22% of reported cybercrimes have been legally processed, with a conviction rate of just 6%. These figures highlight significant gaps in digital forensic capabilities and cross-sector collaboration. This study contributes to understanding the role of social media in shaping cybercrime and provides policy recommendations to enhance crime prevention strategies. Strengthening legal frameworks, improving law enforcement technology, and fostering cooperation between stakeholders are essential to addressing cybercrime in the digital era. Future research should focus on comparative legal studies and the role of artificial intelligence in cybercrime detection

The enactment of Law No. 11 of 2020 on Job Creation (UU Cipta Kerja) aims to simplify bureaucracy, attract investment, and create job opportunities in Indonesia. However, its implementation has raised legal uncertainties, particularly following the Constitutional Court’s ruling that deemed the law conditionally unconstitutional. Concerns have also emerged from labor unions and environmental organizations regarding its potential impact on workers’ rights and environmental sustainability. This study analyzes the legal and public policy perspectives of UU Cipta Kerja by evaluating its impact on investment, employment, and legal certainty. Using a qualitative approach with a document study method, this research examines legal documents, policy regulations, and court rulings, supplemented by expert interviews. The findings reveal that the law contributed to an 8.3% increase in Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) in its first year, reaching IDR 454 trillion in 2021. However, contract workers increased by 25%, raising concerns about job security. Additionally, five constitutional challenges were filed against the law in 2023, reflecting legal uncertainty. Weaknesses in environmental oversight were also identified due to relaxed business licensing requirements. These findings suggest that while UU Cipta Kerja supports investment growth, stronger legal safeguards and monitoring mechanisms are needed to ensure balanced benefits for all stakeholders. This study contributes to discussions on labor and investment policies by emphasizing the need for inclusive regulatory reforms that align economic growth with legal stability and worker protection.
 

Access to justice is a fundamental right in a legal state, yet vulnerable groups in Indonesia still face various structural barriers in exercising this right. High litigation costs, complex legal procedures, and the limited availability of legal aid services significantly hinder their ability to seek justice. This study aims to identify the key obstacles faced by vulnerable groups in accessing the justice system and evaluate the effectiveness of existing legal aid policies. Using a qualitative approach with an empirical-sociological methodology, data were collected through in-depth interviews with legal aid providers, vulnerable individuals, and judicial officials, as well as a review of relevant legal documents and case studies. The findings reveal that 52% of vulnerable individuals are unaware of their rights to free legal aid, while 45% of domestic violence victims struggle to access legal protection due to procedural barriers. Additionally, 58% of cases involving low-income individuals were rejected due to administrative shortcomings. Statistical analysis further indicates a significant negative correlation between income levels and access to legal representation (r = -0.76, p < 0.05). These results highlight the urgent need for policy reforms to create a more inclusive and equitable legal system. This study contributes to the discourse on legal accessibility by providing empirical evidence on structural barriers and offering recommendations to enhance legal aid services, particularly through digital solutions and policy interventions tailored to the needs of vulnerable groups

The Constitutional Court of Indonesia plays a crucial role in maintaining constitutional supremacy and safeguarding democratic principles. However, its decisions have sparked debates regarding judicial neutrality, particularly in politically sensitive cases. This study aims to analyze the implications of the Constitutional Court’s rulings on democracy in Indonesia, focusing on their impact on the rule of law, political rights, and institutional checks and balances. A juridical-normative approach was employed, combining legal analysis of Constitutional Court rulings with empirical data on their implementation and effectiveness. The study examined 30 constitutional cases related to elections, civil rights, and governance from 2018 to 2023. Findings indicate that while 60% of the Court’s rulings reinforced democratic principles, only 35% were fully implemented by the executive and legislative branches, reflecting challenges in enforcement and institutional compliance. Furthermore, survey data from 1,000 respondents revealed that only 50% of the public understood the binding nature of Constitutional Court decisions, highlighting a gap in legal literacy. These findings suggest that while the Constitutional Court contributes to legal stability, its effectiveness is undermined by political interventions and weak enforcement mechanisms. Strengthening institutional accountability and public oversight is essential to ensuring the Court’s role as a guardian of constitutional democracy. This study contributes to the discourse on judicial independence by providing empirical insights into the challenges and opportunities for improving the effectiveness of constitutional adjudication in Indonesia.

This study aims to determine the strategy for developing human resources (HR) of rice farmers in Bonisari village to improve agricultural yields and quality and to determine the extent of the role of human resources of rice farmers in improving agricultural yields and quality, and to determine what factors can affect the quality and yield of rice farming in Bonisari village, Pakuhaji district, Tangerang regency. This study uses a qualitative approach with a field study research method, using primary and secondary data forms. In this study, the subjects of the study were farmers in Bonisari village, using 10 rice farmers as a sample from a total farmer population of 150 people. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results of the study showed that the role of human resources (HR) of rice farmers in Bonisari village, Pakuhaji district has a major influence on the yield and quality of the rice harvest. While other factors are the area of ​​land and the type of rice seeds used. The results of the study also showed that the experience of rice farmers in Bonisari village was not so significant in influencing agricultural income.