Indonesian language learning includes four aspects of language skills, namely listening skills, speaking skills, reading skills and writing skills, writing is a language skill that aims to convey information in writing through graphic symbols that are clear and easy to understand by readers. The purpose of this study is to explain and describe the structure of the biographical text, namely the orientation of important events and reorientation. This description uses a case study approach, which is a method that aims to analyze and understand a phenomenon or problem in depth and comprehensively. This study uses data analysis techniques based on the Miles and Huberman model, namely through the process of data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions.

 Penglipuran village is a traditional village and one of the villages in Bangli Regency, Bali. Penglipuran village is one of the villages that has its own uniqueness as a tourist village that is not owned by other villages. This research focuses on the traditional village of Penglipuran using qualitative descriptive analysis method, where the data is taken from research objects consisting of local residents. The result of the study show that the uniqueness of Penglipuran Village covers several aspects, namely Penglipuran Village as an economic driver and on the other hand, the achievement of equal distribution of basic education in Penglipuran Village.

The increasing demand for electric vehicles (EVs) due to global warming and environmental issues necessitates specialized knowledge in this field. This research develops an electric motorcycle trainer kit designed to enhance learning in vocational high schools, specifically in the Electrical Engineering and Automotive departments. The research aimed to design and validate a trainer kit that accurately represents an electric motorcycle's electrical system, facilitating hands-on learning for students. The methodology involved data collection, product design, and implementation with validation by field experts. Results showed that the trainer kit significantly improved students' understanding and practical skills related to electric vehicle systems. In conclusion, the electric motorcycle trainer kit proved to be an effective educational tool, supporting the development of competencies required for the growing electric vehicle industry. Further improvements in the aesthetic and technical aspects of the kit could enhance its future applications.

This study aims to develop an assessment instrument for critical thinking skills in elementary school science lessons on the topic of Earth's changes, in the form of essay questions that are tested for validity and reliability. The measurement of critical thinking skills uses indicators based on Ennis' framework, which includes providing simple explanations, building basic skills, concluding, providing further explanations, and setting strategies and tactics. The subjects of this study were 28 students from SDN 02 Pekiringanalit, Pekalongan Regency. Data analysis techniques involved content validity testing using Aiken's index. The validity of the assessment instrument was tested using the Rasch Model with the Ministep program to determine validity, calculate reliability, and obtain Cronbach's alpha values. This research is developmental research that applies the 4D development model, simplified into three steps: define, design, and development. The results showed that the critical thinking assessment instrument in the form of essay test questions received an Aiken's content and language validity index of 0.96, which falls into the very valid category. The validity per item obtained an Aiken's index of 0.89, placing it in the high validity category. The item analysis using the Rasch Model yielded a person reliability coefficient of 0.69 and 0.72, which is in the sufficient category. The item reliability was 0.86 and 0.87, which is considered good, and the Cronbach's alpha was 0.77, also considered good.
 

Acid coal mine drainage from the coal mining industry contains a number of heavy metal ions and dissolved  organic  substances.  An  important  step  in  wastewater  treatment  so  that  the  waste treatment process runs effectively is to know the characteristics of coal mine acidic water. This study aims to determine the characteristics of coal mine acidic water originating from former coal mine ponds by taking samples from a holding pond located in West Aceh. The method used in this research consists of field work and laboratory work. Samples of coal mine acidic  water  were  taken  from  the  former  coal  mine  pond  using grab  samples.  Furthermore, measurements of acid coal mine water parameters were measured including pH, TSS, COD, Color, Fe and Mn conducted at the integrated laboratory of Diponegoro University. Data obtained from the measurement of acid coal mine water parameters were analyzed descriptively. The measurement results include pH, TSS, COD, Color, Fe and Mn ions contained in coal mine acid water are also compared with the quality standards of liquid waste.The results showed that coal mine acid water in the former coal mine pond contained pH, TSS, COD, Color, Fe ions, and Mn with an average value of (5.5); (260mg/l); (162.82mg/l); (57mg/l); (4.7mg/l); (0.2mg/l). All parameters of coal mine acid water measurement analysis results are still above the quality standards of coal mining based on the Decree of the Minister of Environment No.113 of 2003 concerning Quality Standards for Coal Mining Liquid Waste.

Purpose: This research investigates how media--especially social media and artificial intelligence (AI)--help older adults overcome psychological and social challenges associated with Post Retirement Syndrome. It aims to understand how digital platforms address communication difficulties in retirement. By examining media usage and AI-assisted interactions, the study explores how technology enhances emotional well-being and promotes social integration in the post-retirement phase of life.
Methods: This research employed a qualitative method to analyze the media behavior of retirees through interviews and field observations. Older adults in Bandung were selected using a maximum variation sampling strategy to reflect diverse occupational backgrounds. Bandung was chosen due to its demographic makeup, which includes a growing population of retirees with varying levels of digital engagement, making it an ideal setting to examine the relationship between media use, aging, and retirement experiences.
Findings: The findings indicate that social media--particularly Facebook and WhatsApp--has become a transformative tool in addressing Post-Retirement Syndrome. These platforms help older adults maintain social connections, share experiences, and engage with supportive communities. With the help of AI, seniors can more effectively identify and interact with relevant groups, tailoring digital experiences to personal needs and fostering meaningful relationships.
Originality: Although much research focuses on interpersonal communication in the elderly, few studies explore how media and AI act as bridges for retirees to reconstruct self-concept and build resilience through social media.

Purpose: User-generated content (UGC) affected consumer trust and purchasing intention in social commerce platforms. It evaluated the growing influence of user-generated content on online consumer behavior and how online trust mediates the association between UGC and purchase intention. This study intended to understand how different types of UGC affect consumer trust and buy intentions, moving beyond previous studies' focus on individual UGC parts.
Methods: A quantitative study design was utilized, employing Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). Data were gathered via an online survey disseminated among persons in Vietnam who regularly engage with social commerce platforms. The questionnaire employed established multi-item scales derived from previous research to assess UGC, online trust, and buy intention.
Findings: The findings demonstrated that user-generated content favorably impacted online trust, which subsequently enhanced purchase intention. UGC is essential for establishing trust and influencing purchasing decisions in social commerce. The model elucidated a significant variance in online trust and purchasing intention.
Originality: This study shows how trust mediates the relationship between UGC and buy intention in social commerce, improving understanding of online consumer behavior. It stresses the importance of good UGC for consumer trust and purchase intention, giving valuable data for social commerce platforms and marketers. Future research may examine these findings in different cultures and examine other factors affecting consumer trust and purchase intention.

In 2021, the Indonesian government, through the Ministry of Health, made efforts to promote the vaccination program to the public. Therefore, the government needed to explain various aspects related to the program, such as the definition of vaccines, the purpose of vaccination, how vaccines work, recommendations for the public, program achievements, and the age limits for vaccine recipients. The vaccination campaign messages delivered by the Indonesian government through the Ministry of Health were represented through verbal and non-verbal expressions on posters. The COVID-19 vaccination educational posters contain messages encapsulated in the relationship between signs and expressive utterances. Consequently, this study aims to identify and describe the conveyed meanings within the COVID-19 vaccination educational posters using Peirce's Semiotic approach and Searle's Pragmatic approach. This research adopts a qualitative methodology. Data were collected from the texts and images featured in the posters. These texts and images represent meanings that form signs in the categories of icon, index, and symbol (semiotics), as well as directive illocutionary acts in direct speech (pragmatics). The COVID-19 vaccination educational posters serve as a strategy for the government to encourage public willingness to get vaccinated. From a pragmatic interpretative perspective, the semiosis of the overall poster content is demonstrated through direct utterances with affective perlocutionary force.

This Classroom Action Research was motivated by concerns over the competitive atmosphere that often characterizes conventional education systems. In many schools, students are conditioned to compete with one another from an early stage, reflecting the philosophy of "survival of the fittest" inspired by Darwin’s theory. Such an environment may foster individualism and reduce collaborative values among learners. To address this issue, a cooperative learning approach using the Jigsaw model was implemented in teaching Christian Faith material to Class IX students at SMP Negeri 8 Ngabang, Landak. The main objective was to enhance students' learning motivation and create a more engaging learning experience. The Jigsaw model, as a form of cooperative learning, encourages group collaboration, responsibility, and peer teaching, which helps students to develop a deeper understanding of the material and feel more involved in the learning process. The results of this study showed a noticeable improvement in students’ motivation, participation, and enjoyment during the learning process. The students were more active, attentive, and supportive of one another, creating a positive classroom atmosphere. This study concluded that the application of the Jigsaw model in teaching Christian Faith is effective in transforming a potentially monotonous subject into a dynamic and interactive experience. Therefore, cooperative learning methods, particularly the Jigsaw model, are recommended for broader use in religious education to foster not only academic achievement but also values of togetherness and mutual respect among students.

This study analyzes the effect of board of directors size, board of commissioners size, and audit committee size on firm value in the consumer non-cyclical sector listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during 2020–2023. The research highlights the importance of corporate governance in enhancing company performance and competitiveness, especially in sectors facing sustainability challenges and strict oversight. A quantitative method was employed using multiple linear regression with a purposive sample of 77 companies. The results show that the size of the board of directors and board of commissioners has a positive and significant effect on firm value, while audit committee size has no significant effect. These findings suggest that the decision-making capacity of directors and supervisory role of commissioners are key to increasing firm value. Conversely, the audit committee’s existence may not contribute meaningfully if it only meets minimum requirements without functional effectiveness. This study implies the need to strengthen governance structures, particularly by enhancing the capacity of boards, to improve firm value and competitiveness.