Writing skills according to experts in learning Indonesian are placed at the highest level of learning in the language acquisition process. One form of text that is important to learn in schools for writing skills is explanatory text. Explanatory text is a text that explains the process of a natural, social or cultural phenomenon logically and systematically. . Writing is one of the language skills that must be mastered by students. . However, in reality, there are still many students who have difficulty in understanding and writing explanatory texts. This study aims to analyze students' understanding of explanatory texts and students' abilities in writing explanatory texts in learning Indonesian in grade VI of elementary school. the number of samples in this study was 5 grade VI students. In this study, the researcher used a qualitative descriptive method. the results of this study indicate that students' understanding of writing explanatory texts is still low.
 
 

Early reading is an important foundation in mastering language skills, especially for first grade elementary school students. Problems that often arise at this stage include difficulty in recognizing letters, arranging letters into words, and pronunciation and understanding simple reading. This study aims to analyze the early reading skills of first grade students in terms of cognitive and psychomotor aspects, and to identify factors that hinder their achievement. This study uses a descriptive quantitative approach with test instruments to assess cognitive abilities and observations to assess psychomotor skills. The subjects of the study consisted of five first grade students. The results showed that most students had very good cognitive abilities in early reading, but their psychomotor abilities tended to be low. A gap was found between theoretical understanding and practical skills of students. This finding emphasizes the importance of a balanced and holistic learning strategy so that students not only understand conceptually, but are also able to apply reading skills in real life.

This thesis is entitled “Analysis of Color Adjective Polysemy in Russian". The thesis contains research on polysemy analysis of several colors in the Russian language and explains the use of color adjectives polysemy meaning according to context in sentences. This study uses descriptive qualitative methods by taking primary data sources from the Russian-Indonesian dictionary by Victor Pogadaev (2010) and secondary data from ruscorpora.ru and udarenie.ru. The study was conducted by analyzing what meaning is contained in a color and what nouns can give rise to the meaning in question. The author uses the theories put forward by Russian linguists as a Research Foundation, including Valgina (2003), Rozental (2001), Novikov (2003), Bobrova (1993), Rozental’ et al (2010), Kobozeva (2000), dan Pulkina (1975). The purpose and results of this study will show that color adjectives in the Russian language have many meanings and the use of color polysemous meanings in a sentence.
 

Football players must be proficient in passing and shooting techniques to play the game on the field. Real Madrid and Barcelona have good passing and shooting skills and have interesting game characteristics. This study analyzes the passing and shooting technique skills of players in the El Classico Final of the 2025 Spanish Super Cup, using quantitative research methods with a descriptive approach. Real Madrid gained 321 successful and 60 unsuccessful. Meanwhile, in the Barcelona team, the number of passing players is 376 who succeed and 57 who fail. Meanwhile, in the long pass, Real Madrid won 30 successful and 35 unsuccessful. The Barcelona team obtained 26 successes and 32 failures. Real Madrid's ball possession got an Instep shoot 1 on goal, 4 on target, 13 off target and 1 free kick on goal. Meanwhile, Barcelona got an Instep shoot of 5 on goal, 3 on target, 6 off target. Barcelona's passing and shooting ability tends to be better than Real Madrid's. This proves that many passing and shooting affect the score or the entry of the ball towards the goal.

In everyday life, the practice of making agreements is often done simply without written form, especially in social interactions and informal economic activities. This raises legal questions about whether agreements made orally have valid legal force. This study aims to understand the legal position of oral agreements from the perspective of Indonesian civil law, especially regarding the requirements for the validity of an agreement based on the provisions of Article 1320 of the Civil Code (KUHPerdata). This study uses a normative juridical method, with an approach to laws and legal doctrine. The results of the study show that even though they are not made in writing, oral agreements are still valid as long as they meet the applicable legal requirements. However, the problem that often arises lies in the difficulty of proof when peace occurs. Therefore, it is important for parties to consider written records as a form of legal protection.
 

This study aims to examine in-depth and comprehensively the various obstacles faced by elementary school students in understanding the concept of fractions. Fractions represent one of the key components in basic mathematics education and often pose a significant challenge for many students. Through a structured literature review and in-depth analysis of empirical data, this research seeks to clearly describe the various difficulties students encounter when learning and understanding fractions. Additionally, this study investigates the underlying factors contributing to these difficulties and offers a number of creative and effective instructional strategy recommendations to help students overcome these barriers. The findings indicate that the primary challenges hindering students' understanding include several critical aspects: weak comprehension of basic fraction concepts, difficulty in representing fractions both visually and symbolically, struggles with performing arithmetic operations involving fractions, and challenges in relating fraction concepts to real-life situations. A thorough understanding of these challenges is expected to serve as a crucial foundation for improving the quality of mathematics instruction at the elementary school level.
 
 

This study aims to improve the learning outcomes of Social Studies (IPS) for class VIII C students at MTs Negeri 1 Pasuruan through the implementation of the cooperative learning model Teams Games Tournament (TGT) assisted by Educaplay media. The background of this research is based on the low student achievement, with only 06,25% of students scoring ?70 in the pre-action stage. This research is a Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in three cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. Each cycle included two meetings. The results showed a gradual improvement in student learning outcomes: 46,88% in the first cycle, 59,38% in the second cycle, and 78,12% in the third cycle. This increase was due to improvements in teaching strategies, including engaging introductory activities, contextualizing materials with students’ surroundings, and group-based reward systems. The implications of this study indicate that the TGT model assisted by Educaplay successfully fosters an active, enjoyable, and competitive learning environment, which positively impacts students’ academic performance. This model can serve as an effective alternative teaching strategy for teachers seeking to enhance student engagement and achievement in the classroom.

Generation Z has emerged as a major force in today’s workforce, known for their enthusiasm in building careers and making meaningful contributions. They tend to favor flexible job environments that align with their skill sets. Despite this, many of them face job-related stress that leads to a higher likelihood of resignation. This study adopts a literature review method, analyzing 15 scholarly articles to explore the correlation between job stress and turnover intention among Generation Z employees in the creative industry. The findings reveal a significant positive relationship between stress and turnover intention, while job satisfaction and work environment help reduce the desire to quit. Key stressors include excessive workload, lack of appreciation, and mismatch between expectations and job reality. Thus, companies are encouraged to foster a supportive workplace culture and offer appropriate compensation to retain their young workforce.

This study aims to examine the influence of knowledge and awareness on safety riding behavior among online motorcycle taxi drivers. Considering the rapid growth of online transportation and the increasing risk of accidents, understanding the factors that affect driver behavior is crucial. This literature review analyzes 15 relevant studies. The researcher conducted a series of studies involving various sources such as books, Google Scholar, Mendeley, PubMed, ScienceDirect, focusing on open access and full paper articles in Indonesian or English. The analysis shows a significant relationship between drivers’ knowledge and awareness of safety riding practices and their compliance with safe driving behavior. Higher levels of knowledge and awareness correlate with increased adherence to traffic regulations, proper use of safety equipment, and better understanding of potential road hazards. These findings emphasize the importance of continuous safety training programs and policy interventions to improve the safety and welfare of online motorcycle drivers.
 
 

Accurate resource planning is a critical challenge in managing Early Childhood Education (ECE) institutions, especially in semi-rural areas facing budget constraints and fluctuating student enrollment. This study aims to apply the Monte Carlo Simulation method as a quantitative approach to predict resource needs at PAUD Ceria Mojokerto over one academic year. The research focuses on three main components: teaching staff, stationery supplies, and classroom space. Historical data from the past five years were used to build probability distributions and model student enrollment and attendance rate uncertainties. PAUD Ceria Mojokerto was chosen as a case study due to its representativeness of typical conditions in semi-rural ECE settings. The simulation results indicate that the required number of teaching staff ranges from 2 to 5, stationery supplies range from 103 to 496 units, and classrooms range from 2 to 4 per academic year. These findings highlight that the approach offers more flexible and realistic estimates than conventional deterministic methods. Therefore, ECE administrators are encouraged to integrate quantitative methods such as Monte Carlo Simulation into their operational planning to enhance efficiency, resilience to student population dynamics, and data-driven decision-making. This research contributes to developing data-driven educational planning practices, particularly in resource-limited settings.