Free radicals are reactive compounds that can cause damage to cells, enzymes, lipids, and even DNA, thus triggering various degenerative diseases. Antioxidants neutralize free radicals and prevent oxidative damage. Chinese betel herb (Peperomia pellucida L.) is known to contain phenol and flavonoid secondary metabolite compounds that act as natural antioxidants. This study aims to test the antioxidant activity of ethanol extract of Chinese betel herb with DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) method. Extraction was done by maceration method using 80% ethanol solvent. Antioxidant activity was tested by reacting the extract against DPPH solution and measuring the absorbance using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The results showed an IC₅₀ value of 32.97 ppm, which is classified as very strong antioxidant activity. These results indicate that ethanol extract of Chinese betel herb has great potential as a source of natural antioxidants.
 

Diabetic retinopathy is a microvascular complication that often occurs in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus and is a major cause of blindness in older adults and the elderly. This study aims to describe the characteristics of diabetic retinopathy in people with type 2 diabetes mellitus through a literature review of 10 journals published between 2022 and 2025. The results of the analysis show that the prevalence of diabetic retinopathy globally reaches 35%, with the main risk factors including long duration of diabetes (>5 years), high HbA1c levels (>7%), and poor glycemic control. The majority of cases of diabetic retinopathy are found in the non-proliferative stage (65%), which is characterized by microaneurysms and retinal hemorrhages, while the proliferative stage is less common but has a high risk of causing blindness. The study also revealed that patients with comorbidities such as hypertension and dyslipidemia tend to experience more severe diabetic retinopathy. Further stages of diabetic retinopathy if not managed properly can cause vision-threatening conditions. However, low patient compliance in metabolic control and eye examination is a major challenge. Management of diabetic retinopathy requires a holistic approach that includes patient education, regular screening, and comprehensive risk factor control to prevent progression of diabetic retinopathy and maintain the quality of life of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

This study aims to describe the role of local communities in the development of community-based tourism at Danau Kaolin tourist site, identify supporting and inhibiting factors of community involvement, and analyze its impact on tourism sustainability. The research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive phenomenological approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document studies involving 40 participants including local community members, tourism managers, community leaders, and local government officials. Data analysis was conducted thematically through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings reveal that local communities play a central role in managing and developing tourism, especially in providing tourism services and environmental conservation. The shift in livelihoods from traditional sectors to tourism services positively impacts the community’s economic and social conditions. However, limited access to training, infrastructure, and minimal participation in decision-making are major obstacles. The novelty of this research lies in its contextual focus on Danau Kaolin as a post-mining tourism destination with unique characteristics, and the use of a phenomenological approach to deeply explore community experiences. The study implies the importance of comprehensive community empowerment and inclusive policy support to enhance the strategic role of local communities in sustainable tourism development.

Fish processing MSMEs in Puger District, Jember Regency, have great potential to develop amidst the increasingly tight competition in the local food industry. However, many business actors still face challenges in maintaining and improving their competitiveness. This study aims to analyze the influence of creativity, social media, and entrepreneurial skills on the competitive advantage of fish processing MSMEs in the region. The research method used is a quantitative approach with multiple linear regression analysis techniques. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires to MSME actors and analyzed using the SPSS program. The results of the study showed that the three independent variables of creativity, social media, and entrepreneurial skills have a significant effect on competitive advantage. This finding indicates that improvements in these three aspects can drive MSME competitiveness more optimally. However, its effectiveness is still hampered by limited resources, low digital literacy, and minimal access to training. Therefore, cross-sector synergy is needed to strengthen the capacity of MSME actors so that they are able to compete sustainably.

The exploitation of street children is a complex social problem in Indonesia, especially in large cities. Children living on the streets are highly vulnerable to exploitation. Although the government has regulated child protection through Law No. 35 of 2014 as a revision of Law No. 23 of 2002, the implementation of these protections has not been optimal in practice. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Child Protection Law in addressing the exploitation of street children, identify obstacles in its implementation, and evaluate the suitability of legal norms with their practices. This study uses a normative legal method with a descriptive qualitative approach, based on an analysis of legal documents, scientific literature, and relevant data. The results of the study show that the implementation of child protection still faces many obstacles, such as a lack of supporting facilities, poor coordination between institutions, a lack of education for the community, and weak law enforcement. In addition, there is still a gap between ideal legal provisions and practices in the field. In conclusion, child protection is not sufficient with regulations alone but also requires integrated, sustainable, and participatory implementation so that Indonesian children, especially street children, can live safely, be protected, and develop optimally.

This study explores the philosophy of wasiat wajibah (obligatory bequest) within the Islamic inheritance law system in Indonesia, by examining its philosophical, normative, and practical foundations in the context of national law. Wasiat wajibah is a legal institution that grants a mandatory inheritance share to heirs who are otherwise excluded from inheritance rights, such as grandchildren whose parent (the child of the deceased) has passed away before the testator. The purpose of this study is to examine the philosophical foundations of wasiat wajibah, its relevance to the Islamic principle of justice, and its integration into Indonesia's positive legal system. This research adopts a qualitative approach with a normative-philosophical method. Data were collected through literature review of both primary and secondary sources, including classical Islamic jurisprudence texts, Indonesian legal regulations (such as the Compilation of Islamic Law), and philosophical writings on Islamic legal thought. The data were analyzed interpretively and reflectively through textual and conceptual analysis. The findings indicate that wasiat wajibah is grounded in strong philosophical principles of justice, compassion, and protection of vulnerable groups. In the Indonesian context, this concept has been incorporated into the Compilation of Islamic Law, particularly in Article 209, as a form of legal adaptation to the complex and plural realities of modern society. However, its implementation still faces challenges due to differing scholarly opinions among Islamic schools of thought and limited awareness among legal practitioners. In conclusion, wasiat wajibah serves as a bridge between Islamic moral values and a responsive positive legal system. A philosophical approach to wasiat wajibah reinforces the urgency of reconstructing the Islamic inheritance system in Indonesia to be more just, adaptive, and contextually relevant.

This paper discusses the concept of demand and supply, both from the perspective of conventional economics and Islamic economics. In conventional economics, the relationship between price and quantity of goods demanded or offered is explained through basic laws that are widely known. Several simple illustrations, such as the case of chili prices and children's clothes, are used to facilitate readers' understanding of the movement of the curve and market equilibrium. Meanwhile, in Islamic economics, the principle of demand and supply still applies, but is framed by sharia values ??that emphasize justice, ethics, and social responsibility. Consumption and production are not solely directed at profit, but also consider aspects of usefulness and sustainability. Thus, Islamic economics offers an approach that is not only rational, but also morally charged.

The development of social media platforms such as Instagram, TikTok, Facebook, and YouTube has resulted in a major transformation in the way people communicate and interact, especially among Generation Z. This generation, born between 1997 and 2012, was formed in a digital environment rich in information and high social interaction. This study aims to uncover the psychological impacts of excessive social media use, such as the emergence of feelings of fear of missing out (FoMO), anxiety, low self-confidence, and identity crisis. Various studies have shown that high frequency of social media use is closely related to increased social pressure and mental health disorders. From an Islamic perspective, the Qur'an as a guide for Muslims offers spiritual solutions that can help balance the challenges of this digital era. This research underlines the importance of a faith-based approach to addressing the negative impacts of social media, and invites the younger generation to return to Qur'anic values ??in order to achieve inner peace and strengthen their relationship with Allah SWT.

Global economic uncertainty has raised concerns among the public, triggering actions to secure economic stability by investing, especially in gold and bitcoin. This study uses a comparative quantitative method, with the aim of comparing the returns, risks, and performance of the two investment instruments. The population in this study is in the form of data on the monthly closing prices of gold and bitcoin for the period of January 2019 – April 2025 which totals 152 data, consisting of 76 data from each variable. Data analysis was carried out by calculating returns, risks, Sharpe, Treynor and Jensen indices. The three indices are widely used performance measurement methods and have included return and risk factors in their measurements. The results of this study show that there is a significant difference between the return of gold and bitcoin, while for the risk variable between the two, there is no significant difference. Performance based on the Sharpe method also showed no significant difference between the two. However, for performance measurement using the Treynor and Jensen methods, significant differences were obtained between the two instruments. Overall, bitcoin offers higher profit potential than gold, even more so for investors who can accept high volatility. However, the decision to choose an investment instrument still depends on the risk profile of each investor.

This research is entitled "The effect of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children aged 5-6 years at PAUD Ar-Rahman, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency". The problem in this study is the low attitude of caring for the environment. This study aims to find out whether there is an influence of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children aged 5-6 years at Ar-Rahman PAUD, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency. This type of research is Pre-Experimental with One Group Pre Test - Post Test design. The sample in this study amounted to 15 children consisting of 7 boys and 8 girls. The data collection technique in this study uses observation, tests and documentation. The data analysis techniques used in this study are normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis test. The results of the hypothesis were obtained after the initial test (pre test) and final test (posttest), then the researcher analyzes the results of the research. The results of data analysis in proving the hypothesis test were obtained tcount = 71.132 while to determine the table with a significance level of 5%, a ttable of 2.145 was obtained. So it can be concluded that > ttable calculation, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, which means that there is a significant influence of the use of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children at PAUD Ar-Rahman, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency.