This study aims to explain the contribution of Catholic Religious Education (PAK) teacher leadership in improving students' enthusiasm for learning at SDN Ebang. The problem underlying this study is the weak motivation of students to learn as indicated by low participation, lack of enthusiasm, and minimal involvement in the teaching and learning process. The method used in this study is a qualitative approach with descriptions, which includes data collection techniques such as observation, structured interviews, and document collection. The subjects of the study consisted of a PAK teacher, the principal, and two students from grades V and VI who were selected by considering the principle of data satisfaction. The findings of this study indicate that PAK teachers function significantly as mentors, role models, spiritual directors, innovators, driving learning communities, and assessors. These roles have a positive influence on increasing students' learning motivation in the cognitive, affective, and spiritual aspects. The uniqueness of this study lies in the combination of various aspects of PAK teacher leadership in a public elementary school environment as well as an examination of internal and external factors that influence learning motivation in the digital era. This study concludes that flexible and contextual PAK teacher leadership has a crucial role in building comprehensive learning motivation amidst limited facilities and student diversity.

This study aims to analyze the influence of creativity and entrepreneurial knowledge on the development of entrepreneurial spirit among young people in the digital era, specifically students of the Faculty of Economics, Universitas Negeri Medan. Using a quantitative approach, data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using SPSS. The results show that both variables, both partially and simultaneously, have a significant influence on the entrepreneurial spirit. Entrepreneurial knowledge prov
 

The development of social media has transformed the way Generation Z constructs and presents their self-identity. One emerging phenomenon is the use of more than one Instagram account by a single user, known as the first account and second account. This study aims to analyze the use of multiple Instagram accounts by Generation Z in shaping self-image, using Erving Goffman's dramaturgical theory. This research adopts a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. The informants consisted of eight 11th-grade students from SMK Negeri Nusawungu who actively used multiple Instagram accounts. Data were collected through observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation, and analyzed using Miles and Huberman’s interactive model. The findings show that the first account functions as the front stage, where informants present an ideal image with curated content and carefully managed impressions. In contrast, the second account serves as the back stage, used for freer, more spontaneous, and emotional self-expression, with a more selective and private audience. The seven key dramaturgical concepts—mystification, setting, front personal, role distance, stigma, impression management, and frame analysis—were identified in the online behavior of the informants. This study recommends the importance of digital literacy and social empathy in understanding the dynamics of youth identity in digital spaces.
 
 

Pharmaceutical packaging serves not only as a means of protecting the product but also as a source of information and quality assurance for consumers. However, various studies indicate that packaging defects remain a significant issue in the pharmaceutical industry. This article is a literature review that examines several studies related to the analysis of the causes of packaging defects in pharmaceutical preparations. Based on the review of multiple scientific journals, it was found that packaging defects are generally caused by a combination of technical and non-technical factors, such as machine failure, operator error, inappropriate raw material specifications, and insufficient quality control.

The rapid pace of urbanization has intensified competition among businesses, prompting the adoption of innovative strategies to enhance sales performance and customer engagement. PT Inspirasi Bisnis Nusantara, under the HAUS! brand, introduced “Huling,” a hyperlocal distribution service utilizing electric bikes (e-bikes) equipped with integrated storage boxes to improve delivery efficiency and environmental sustainability. This study aims to evaluate customer acceptance of the Huling service by applying the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM). The model incorporates five core variables: Perceived Ease of Use (PEOU), Perceived Usefulness (PU), Attitude Towards Usage (ATU), Behavioral Intention (BI), and Actual Usage (AU). A quantitative research approach was employed, collecting data from 258 respondents through structured questionnaires. The data were analyzed using the Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) method to assess the relationships among the TAM variables. The findings reveal that PEOU has a significant positive effect on both PU and ATU, indicating that ease of use not only improves perceptions of usefulness but also fosters favorable attitudes toward adoption. PU significantly influences ATU and BI, suggesting that perceived benefits drive both positive attitudes and intentions to use the service. Furthermore, BI has a direct and significant effect on AU, confirming that stronger behavioral intentions translate into actual utilization. The analysis highlights the strongest impact along the pathway PEOU ? ATU ? BI ? AU, underscoring the critical role of user-friendly design and positive attitudes in driving customer adoption. This research contributes to the literature by demonstrating the applicability of TAM in the hyperlocal distribution sector, offering practical implications for service providers seeking to enhance user acceptance through improved usability and perceived value. The findings suggest that optimizing ease of use and communicating tangible benefits can significantly increase customer engagement and sustained usage of innovative delivery services.

This study aims to describe the application of the inquiry approach in science learning for early childhood. The inquiry approach is believed to be able to foster curiosity, critical thinking skills, and exploration skills in children from an early age. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with observation and documentation techniques. The subjects of the study were children in the Playgroup at Kiddie Care. The results of the study indicate that the inquiry approach can increase children's active involvement in the science learning process, such as when observing objects, asking questions, and trying to find answers through simple experiments. The application of inquiry also encourages children's communication and cooperation skills in groups. Thus, the inquiry approach is effectively applied in science learning in PAUD.

This study aims to analyze the use of technology, especially QR Code, in mathematics learning in elementary schools. Using a literature review method, data was collected from various relevant national and international journals. The results of the study indicate that the integration of QR Code in mathematics learning has proven effective in improving student learning outcomes, interest, and engagement. QR Code is used in various forms of media, such as Student Worksheets (LKS), comics, flash cards, posters, and interactive videos, which support contextual, visual, and independent learning. The application of QR Code also helps students understand abstract concepts, improves numeracy and spatial skills, and supports the development of 21st century skills. This study concludes that the use of QR Code is an innovative strategy and is feasible to be applied in mathematics learning at the elementary school level.
 
 

Speaking is an essential skill for learners of any foreign language, and English is no exception. However, many English as a Foreign Language (EFL) learners experience significant challenges when it comes to speaking skills. This study aims to explore the views of students regarding the difficulties they face in speaking English and to identify potential solutions to these challenges. A case study method was employed, involving twenty-seven university students from Indonesia. The data were collected using questionnaires, which allowed the researchers to gather insights into students' perceptions and experiences with speaking English. The results revealed that the majority of participants, 71.6%, reported facing common difficulties such as the fear of making mistakes, fear of criticism, and general shyness. These emotional barriers significantly hindered their ability to speak confidently in class. Additionally, only 18.5% of the students actively participated in speaking activities during lessons, indicating a lack of engagement in oral communication. A significant number of students (96.3%) felt that they lacked sufficient knowledge of the subject matter, further impeding their ability to speak effectively. Moreover, 81.5% of the students admitted that they preferred to use their mother tongue, which they often spoke during English classes, as it was easier for them. These findings suggest that both emotional and knowledge-related issues play a crucial role in shaping the speaking abilities of EFL learners. The study highlights the need for targeted interventions that address both the emotional barriers and knowledge gaps in order to improve the speaking skills of EFL students.

In the context of modern organizations that increasingly demand high productivity, employees’ emotional well-being is often overlooked in organizational design. This study aims to explore how a humanistic approach can be integrated into organizational design to create a work environment that is not only efficient but also supportive of emotional well-being. Using a literature review method complemented by interviews and observations of workplace dynamics, this study finds that organizations still tend to adopt bureaucratic and technocratic approaches that neglect employees’ psychological dimensions. As a result, issues such as burnout, decreased motivation, and low work engagement emerge. The findings highlight the need for a paradigm shift in organizational design—from a purely structural system toward a humanistic design that considers emotional needs. This study emphasizes that emotional well-being must be positioned as a strategic element in organizational design, not merely as a supplementary effort. Thus, work effectiveness and emotional well-being can be sustainably aligned.

This study aims to improve the learning motivation of fourth-grade students of SDN 3 Jambu in Javanese language subjects, especially in Javanese script material, through the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament (TGT) learning model combined with the use of flash cards. The background of this study is the low learning motivation of students as seen from the lack of active participation, low enthusiasm during learning, and lack of interest in the Javanese script material. These conditions have an impact on the achievement of unsatisfactory learning outcomes and an unpleasant learning atmosphere. This type of research is Classroom Action Research (CAR) which is conducted in two cycles. Each cycle consists of four stages, namely planning, implementation of actions, observation, and reflection. The subjects of the study were 20 fourth-grade students. Data collection techniques were carried out using observations of student activities, interviews with teachers and students, documentation of learning activities, and evaluation tests to measure learning outcomes at the end of each cycle. Data analysis was carried out descriptively qualitatively and quantitatively. The results of the study showed a significant increase in student learning motivation after the implementation of the TGT learning model assisted by flash cards. This can be seen from the increasing activeness of students in groups, their enthusiasm in participating in educational games, and the results of learning evaluations that show a positive trend from cycle I to cycle II. The TGT model, which is based on cooperation and healthy competition, creates a more lively and enjoyable learning atmosphere and stimulates active student involvement. Thus, it can be concluded that the implementation of the Teams Games Tournament learning model supported by flashcard media is effective in increasing student motivation and learning outcomes in the Javanese Language subject, Javanese Script material.