Arabic literature has undergone significant development from pre-Islamic times to the modern era, reflecting social, cultural and intellectual changes in Arab civilization. Changes in literary works, whether in the form of poetry, prose, or novels, have also influenced the development of the Arabic language in terms of vocabulary, structure, and style of expression. This study aims to analyze how the evolution of Arabic literature impacts the development of the Arabic language by using qualitative research methods. The approach used is descriptive analysis with library research techniques, where data is collected from various sources, such as classical and modern literary works, academic journals, and previous studies that discuss the relationship between literature and language. The results show that Arabic literature plays a role in the formation of modern Arabic through vocabulary enrichment, syntactic innovation, and the spread of various dialects. In addition, the influence of literature on language is also seen in the context of education and mass media. By understanding the close relationship between literature and language, this research is expected to provide new insights for the study of Arabic linguistics as well as the preservation of literary wealth in language development.

This critically discusses the role of literary appreciation and criticism in enhancing the quality of literary works by thoroughly reviewing existing practices and theories. Through a qualitative analysis approach, this study highlights how appreciation and criticism not only function as passive responses to works but also as active instruments that shape the quality and innovation of literature. This paper recommends the reconstruction of a more integrated and reflective paradigm of literary appreciation and criticism to significantly contribute to the improvement of literary quality.

Land use conversion for vertical hospital development in urban areas represents a strategic response to increasing healthcare demands, particularly in regions with limited land availability. This study aims to analyze the impacts of land use conversion on vertical hospital development in Kelurahan Kota Baru, Abepura District, Jayapura City. The research employs qualitative descriptive methods with spatial analysis and field observations from 2015-2025. Results show significant land conversion from 3.16 hectares (2015) to 0.19 hectares (2025), with wetland areas (58.31%) being the most affected. The study reveals positive impacts including improved healthcare access and local economic growth, alongside negative impacts such as reduced green open spaces and environmental pressure. The findings contribute to sustainable urban planning strategies for healthcare infrastructure development in Papua.

This study aims to explore the impact of interactive learning media on elementary school students' learning outcomes in the context of the Merdeka Curriculum. Interactive learning media includes educational videos, game-based applications, and digital platforms that encourage active participation and more meaningful learning. This study uses a literature review method involving 11 studies from 2016 to 2024. The results show that interactive media positively influence students' cognitive, affective, and psychomotor achievements. It is also proven effective in supporting differentiated learning and increasing learning motivation. These findings provide important implications for the development of more relevant, adaptive, and responsive learning strategies to students' needs in the digital era.

This study aims to analyze i‘rab in Arabic syntax from two main perspectives: classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches, as well as to evaluate the application of i‘rab in the construction of Arabic sentences. I‘rab refers to the inflection of a word’s ending, which indicates its syntactic function in a sentence, playing a crucial role in determining the meaning and structure of the sentence in Arabic. In the context of classical nahwu theory, as found in works such as Al-Kitab by Sibawaih and Al-Mufassal by Al-Zamakhsyari, i‘rab functions as a grammatical marker that helps to understand the relationships between the elements of a sentence, such as the subject, object, and complement. In contrast, modern linguistic approaches view i‘rab as one component in a more complex sentence structure, focusing on overall syntactic and semantic analysis. The research methodology employed is qualitative-descriptive with a content analysis approach, where data is collected from library studies covering primary literature in the fields of classical nahwu and modern linguistics. This study analyzes and compares the application of classical nahwu theory with modern linguistic approaches to i‘rab and its impact on understanding sentence structure in Arabic. The results show that although classical nahwu theory and modern linguistic approaches differ in their application of i‘rab, they complement each other in providing a more comprehensive understanding of Arabic sentence syntax. A proper understanding of i‘rab is essential not only in teaching Arabic but also in translating and interpreting Arabic texts, both in academic and practical contexts. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic language teaching and serve as a reference for Arabic scholars interested in syntactic studies and its applications in Arabic sentence analysis.

Loneliness is a problem that is often experienced by adolescents. Many factors can influence the occurrence of loneliness in adolescents. This systematic literature review aims to explore what factors influence adolescent loneliness. Journal searches were conducted using Scopus and Google Scholar databases with the keywords “loneliness in adolescents and young adulthood”. A total of 6 studies that fit the inclusion and exclusion criteria were then analyzed to identify the factors that cause loneliness in adolescents. These factors included gender, friendship quality, social media use, social relationships with peers, self-esteem and social acceptance. The results of this study are expected to provide a deeper understanding of the factors that cause loneliness in adolescents so that its negative impact can be anticipated and prevented.

This literature study examines the influence of teacher competence on student learning outcomes at various levels of Senior High Schools (SMA) in Indonesia. To improve student learning outcomes, teachers must be able to develop their competence in every learning process. The teacher competence in question includes pedagogical, professional, social, and personality competence. This study applies the literature review method through analysis of various relevant scientific sources. The results of the study revealed that teacher competence influences the improvement of student learning outcomes, although in some cases there are other variables such as student learning motivation and learning facilities that also contribute. Therefore, improving teacher competence needs to be a concern in efforts to improve the quality of education.

Productivity is one of the major issues facing Iraqi educational institutions, and it can be identified by examining the factors that influence it. Work-life balance is one of the key elements affecting the productivity of companies that rely heavily on human resources. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine how WLB affects employee productivity in Iraqi educational institutions. The study used a quantitative, cross-sectional, and correlational methodology. Every employee in academic institutions in Iraq who worked in the educational departments of the Maysan Education Directorate was included in the statistical population. Using random sampling and variance calculations, the sample size was calculated to be 200. A standard productivity questionnaire based on the ACHIEVE (1980) model and two work-life balance questionnaires by Wang and (2009) served as data collection tools for the study. Expert opinions were used to validate the questionnaires in terms of form and content, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient was used to assess the reliability of the instrument to be greater than 0.7. Smart PLS and SPSS 22 software were used for analysis. The results showed that employee productivity was affected by all elements of work motivation.

This research was explanatory research with quantitative research. The variables were Brand Image (X1), Lifestyle (X2) and Purchase Decision (Y). The population in this research were the consumers who made direct purchases at Azura Coffee Malang. The Data collection was done throught observation and questionnaires to 80 respondents with the purposive sampling method. The data analysis of this research used descriptive analysis, validity test, reliability test, classical assumption test, and hypothesis test. The results of multiple linear regression analysis showed the equation Y = 4,758 + 0,261X1 + 0,547X2 + e with a coefficient of determination of 0,652. This showed that there was a significant effect of variables X1 and X2 on variable Y of 65,2%, while the remaining 34,8% was influenced by other variables not examined in this research. The results of the partial test of the Brand Image variable obtained was t count 2,146 > t table 1,66488 and Lifestyle variable was t count 5,620 > t ttable 1.66488 while the results of the simultaneous test F count was 75,119 > F table 3.12. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that Brand Image and Lifestyle variables partially or simultaneously have a positive and significant on the purchasing decisions at Azura Coffee Malang. It is suggested that Azura Coffee Malang will retain its current brand image in order that the brand image meets what the consumers want. Azura coffee is also recommended to keep café’s comfort so that it can consumer purchase decisions.

The problem-based learning (PBL) model is an approach that directs students to learn and work together to solve problems in the real world. Referring to the results of observations that researchers conducted at SMPN 2 nganjuk, still using a conventional learning model. This can be seen from the knowledge and skills of students who have not met the minimum standards set by the school. So that researchers provide solutions in the form of applying PBL-based learning models in the subject matter of long jump hanging style. This study aims to develop and test the feasibility of PBL-based long jump hanging style learning model products. This type of study is Research and Development (R&D) whose stages include conducting needs analysis, identifying learning models, developing learning models, evaluation, small group tests and large group tests. This research data collection uses instruments in the form of observations, interviews, and questionnaires. The results of the percentage calculation by 2 learning experts amounted to 97.08% and the average of the material experts was 95.00%. Furthermore, for the small group trial, 3 PJOK teachers got an average score of 92.16% and the value of 12 VIII grade students averaged 94.44%. As for the large group test on 4 PJOK teachers obtained an average of 93.75% and the value of 34 VIII grade students averaged 96.74%. So it is concluded that the product development of a PBL-based learning model for long jump hanging style material for class VIII SMP Negeri 2 Nganjuk is declared very feasible to use.