The political orientation of the Medina period was marked by the establishment of the first Islamic political and social order by the Prophet Muhammad SAW who migrated from Mecca in 622 AD. The Prophet Muhammad, who was based in Medina, drafted the Medina Charter which led to Medina. The constitution for this period regulated interreligious and inter-ethnic relations and guaranteed their rights. This political system prioritized national unity through ukhuwah Islamiyah, decision-making (shura), and the application of Islamic law. In addition, Medina became the center of government responsible for social welfare, such as distributing zakat and forming an army to protect the community. This comprehensive, fair and systematic policy became the foundation for the expansion of Islamic influence into the surrounding area. The political orientation of the Medina period became an early model of Islamic governance, integrating spiritual, social, legal and economic dimensions into one.  The relationship between Islam and the state in Indonesia is a crucial issue in the history of Islamic.

Predictive modeling is a mathematical and statistical method for predicting future behavior or trends by analyzing input data patterns. This is part of predictive analysis using current and historical data to predict or estimate future events. This paper aims to examine the importance of predictive modeling in business affairs. The method used in this paper is literature review. Data was collected by conducting literature searches, both books and journals. The results of the study show that predictive analytics is an organizational game changer that aims to improve the competency retrieval process and increase efficiency. By leveraging large amounts of data, predictive analytics allows businesses to predict future outcomes by analyzing historical data, identifying trends, and creating insights that can be implemented in the field. For business analysts, understanding predictive analytics is critical to establishing data-driven strategies and addressing the ethical considerations that accompany data manipulation.

Education is a key element in improving the quality of human resources in the world. When the quality of human resources increases, life on earth will be better, which in turn encourages high productivity. Conversely, if the quality of human resources decreases, life on earth will also decline. The method used is a qualitative research method with a type of literature review, namely a review of research results and books on existing concepts to be studied in depth with a qualitative approach analysis so as to find new knowledge that can be used in the future. The results of the study are Physical education and sports provide various benefits, including physical health which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, social development through interaction in time. Character education basically aims to form individuals who have integrity, empathy, a sense of responsibility for themselves and society, and a commitment to upholding truth and justice. Physical activity in physical education also plays an important role in reducing stress and anxiety levels.

The relationship between Islam and the state in Indonesia is a crucial issue in the history of Islamic political thought. As a country with a Muslim-majority population, Indonesia faces the challenge of integrating Islamic values with a modern governance system based on Pancasila. This article examines the dynamics of the relationship between Islam and the state in Indonesia, focusing on the thoughts of Islamic scholars, the role of the Jakarta Charter, and the implementation of Islamic values in a pluralistic national context. This study employs a literature review method, analyzing books, articles, and previous research. The findings reveal that the relationship between Islam and the state in Indonesia is dynamic, where Islam can contribute as a source of ethical values without being formalized. In conclusion, this dynamic reflects the efforts of Muslims to balance religious identity with national needs, thereby strengthening national unity and contributing positively to the nation's development.

The criminal evidence systems in France and Portugal reflect two contrasting approaches in the civil law tradition, namely conviction intime and conviction raisonné. However, the fundamental debate between the two triggers dynamics regarding how the evidentiary system balances judicial independence and transparency. This study aims to analyze the philosophical differences and implications between the two principles. This study uses a normative legal research method with a comparative approach. The data collection method is collected using library research, then analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively. The results of the study indicate that there is no single approach that can fully meet the needs of flexibility, efficiency, and transparency in criminal evidence. Both conviction intime in France and conviction raisonnée in Portugal present unique advantages and disadvantages, but both can complement each other if applied in a balanced manner.

The Khulafaur Rasyidin era (632–661 CE) was a pivotal period in Islamic history, marked by the leadership of the first four caliphs: Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, and Ali. The political thought of this era emphasized principles of justice, consultation (shura), and the application of Islamic law (sharia) in governance. Each caliph adopted distinct approaches to state administration, such as Abu Bakr's emphasis on collective consultation and Umar's establishment of a more bureaucratic governance structure. Despite political and social challenges, including territorial expansions and internal conflicts, the political foundations of the Rashidun Caliphate underscored the importance of just leadership and the unity of the Muslim community. This political philosophy significantly contributed to the development of Islamic governance rooted in justice and sharia.

This study was conducted at SDN Grogol II for fourth-grade students with the aim of evaluating the influence of reading activities on vocabulary development in descriptive texts, both individually and in groups, in relation to students' ability to write descriptive texts at the elementary education level. In addition, the research also examines how mastery of sentence structures affects descriptive writing skills and assesses the impact of the combination of vocabulary and sentence mastery on writing performance. A qualitative approach was employed, using the Think-Talk-Write (TTW) technique to enhance students’ descriptive writing skills. The study consisted of two cycles implemented through Classroom Action Research. Prior to the implementation of the TTW method, there were several obstacles in the learning process, particularly in the influence of reading activities on vocabulary development, which affected students’ ability to compose descriptive texts. At that time, only 21 students, or 52.5%, had a good understanding of the material, while 19 students, or 47.5%, still lacked sufficient comprehension. However, after applying the Think-Talk-Write (TTW) method, a significant improvement was observed, with 100% of the students achieving scores above 60.

This article discusses case studies of three Muslim countries that implement different government systems, namely Saudi Arabia, Iran and Türkiye, to illustrate the diversity of political models in the Islamic world. Saudi Arabia adheres to an Islamic Monarchy system, where power is fully held by the royal family which is supported by religious legitimacy based on Sharia and Wahhabism. In contrast, Iran implemented an Islamic Republic system combined with the Regional al-Faqih doctrine, making clerical authority the center of political control.

Character education is very important for building a generation of the nation's successors who have noble character and positive behavior, especially amidst the increasingly complex challenges of the times. This article discusses the definition of character education, its objectives, and the benefits of implementing it in schools. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, and the literature study method was employed to investigate various references related to the subject. The study results indicate that educational character is very important in shaping students' personalities, preventing bad behavior among teenagers, preparing a responsible generation, providing the tools for living in society, and supporting students' academic achievements. To achieve this, educational character must be integrated into the curriculum through practice, exemplary behavior, and collaboration between schools, families, and communities. Therefore, educational character is very important for building a generation of successors who are virtuous and behave positively. Especially in the face of increasingly complex challenges of the times, educational character can produce a generation that is not only cognitively intelligent but also possesses strong character.

The current research seeks to identify the role of value Creativity capabilities through its dimensions (environmental value, utility value, achievement value, intrinsic value) in addressing the behaviour of the customer boycott, through the mediating role of marketing excellence through its dimensions (service quality, customer retention, innovation of new services, appropriate price, continuous improvement) in Zain Iraq and Asia Cell in the Middle Euphrates region in (Najaf, Karbala, Babylon, Diwaniyah, Muthanna). The problem of the study lies in the main question of what is the nature of the relationship between the capabilities of value Creativity and the behaviour of the customer boycott with the presence of the mediating role of marketing excellence, and the study used the questionnaire to collect data, as it distributed (112) questionnaire forms to a random sample of administrative leaders in (Zain Iraq and Asia Cell), and retrieved (104) forms valid for statistical analysis and the data collected was analysed using a set of statistical tests available in the two statistical programmes (SPSS. V.29, 29 (Amos.V. 29), The results of the study confirmed a number of conclusions, the most important of which is the existence of a role for value Creativity capabilities in addressing the behaviour of the customer boycott through the mediating role of marketing excellence, which means the company's interest in improving the level of customer satisfaction by investing its capabilities by providing services and products that meet their needs.