This research aims to analyse the preventive legal role of the Ministry of Communication and Digital (Komdigi) in combating child pornography content on social media through a normative legal framework. The rise of content containing pornographic elements is increasing in this era of development. Therefore, Komdigi as a government institution has an essential role in handling and preventing pornographic content on social media accounts. This research approach uses the normative method by using written laws and regulations and other legal materials as references. This study concludes that there is a legal basis that regulates child pornography, but there are still shortcomings in the existing legal instruments. Furthermore, in making preventive legal efforts, Komdigi blocks pornographic content through the crawling method and collaborates with other agencies to present child-friendly content. However, in the process, there are still some obstacles. Komdigi carries out a strategic role through the crawling method to block harmful content and cooperates with other agencies to present child-friendly content. The novelty of this study lies in emphasising the institutional-based prevention dimension that supports the implementation of Pancasila values in digital space governance. This study contributes by highlighting Komdigi's strategic prevention function in grounding Pancasila values through digital content governance, an aspect that is not widely discussed in previous legal studies

This study analyzes the juridical validity of amendments to articles of association that lead to share dilution and their implications for minority shareholders in Indonesian corporate law. The urgency arises from the growing number of corporate actions that, while procedurally legal, result in substantive disadvantages for minority shareholders, creating governance imbalances. Using a normative juridical method, the research examines relevant laws, doctrines, and legal principles governing shareholder protection in share dilution cases. The findings reveal that amendments to articles of association often result in a loss of ownership percentage and voting power for minority shareholders due to inadequate safeguards such as pre-emptive rights. The study highlights the gap between formal legal compliance and substantive fairness, identifying weaknesses in both enforcement and regulatory oversight. The novelty of this research lies in its focus on the intersection between corporate governance and minority rights in the context of articles of association amendments, an area that remains underexplored in Indonesian legal scholarship. The study concludes that current protections are insufficient and recommends legal reforms, including enhanced minority veto rights, stronger enforcement mechanisms, and the institutionalization of accessible dispute resolution avenues.

This research aims to examine the legal limitations in the application of excessive self-defense (noodweerexces) and its implications for criminal liability in the Indonesian criminal law system. The urgency of this study stems from inconsistencies in judicial practice regarding the interpretation of reasonable limits in self-defense cases, creating legal uncertainty and potential injustice. This research employs a normative juridical method examining legal regulations, theories, principles, and court decisions related to justification and pardon in Indonesian criminal law. The findings indicate that the application of excessive self-defense requires particular attention to avoid violating fundamental principles of justice, with both objective and subjective evaluations necessary to ensure fair law enforcement. The study reveals that variations in judicial decisions necessitate clearer guidelines to ensure legal certainty, while psychological factors of perpetrators significantly influence considerations in noodweerexces assessments. This research contributes new insights by specifically integrating the analysis of objective legal standards with subjective psychological states in criminal liability determination, filling the gap left by previous studies that examined these aspects separately. The study recommends the development of standardized judicial guidelines through Supreme Court circular letters (SEMA) and mandatory training for judges on psychological assessment in self-defense cases, as well as the incorporation of forensic psychology experts in the judicial process for noodweerexces cases.

This study aims to analyze defaults in cooperation agreements and examine the rights and obligations of the parties in dispute resolution. The urgency of this research arises from the increasing occurrence of defaults in cooperation agreements, which have significant legal and economic consequences for business relationships and economic stability. Using a normative juridical approach, the research examines provisions of the Indonesian Civil Code and relevant legal doctrines, focusing on dispute resolution mechanisms through litigation and alternative methods. Primary legal sources include the Civil Code (KUHPerdata), Law No. 30/1999 on Arbitration, and Supreme Court regulations, while secondary sources comprise legal journals and court decisions. The findings show that default in cooperation agreements results in legal consequences such as compensation, agreement termination, and performance enforcement. Several procedural conditions must be met, including the seriousness of the breach and timely legal action. The study provides a novel contribution by combining normative legal analysis with practical considerations in resolving contractual disputes within the Indonesian legal framework. It concludes that cooperation agreements must clearly define mutual obligations and dispute resolution procedures to ensure legal certainty and fairness. The research recommends that parties include specific clauses addressing default and adopt alternative dispute resolution mechanisms to reduce litigation and maintain business relationships.

This research examines the prevention and protection measures that can be taken by notaries in their dual role as controllers and processors of personal data. This research is motivated by the limited awareness of some notaries regarding their legal obligations to protect the personal data of witnesses, as mandated by the Personal Data Protection Law (UUPDP). This research contributes new insights by framing notaries as Controllers and Processors under the UUPDP, an aspect that has rarely been emphasized in previous legal literature. The novelty of this study lies in its specific focus on notaries’ dual capacity as both Controllers and Processors of personal data under Indonesian law, particularly in the context of witness data handling an area that has not been thoroughly examined in existing scholarship. Using normative juridical methods with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study found that notaries have dual responsibilities in managing witness data and must proactively comply with the UUPDP to prevent legal risks. These responsibilities include obtaining approvals, establishing internal data protection policies, and implementing secure technologies such as encryption and regular audits. Strengthening the role of notaries in personal data protection will foster greater legal certainty and public trust in the notary profession. The integration of these findings with practical recommendations emphasizes the need for regulatory guidance and professional capacity building to support compliance with personal data protection standards.
 

This research aims to investigate the legal liability of OKKO Bandung bakery regarding product safety compliance under Indonesia's Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999, particularly following a BPOM investigation that identified unauthorized food additives in their bread products. The urgency of this study stems from increasing violations of consumer rights in the food industry, where producers fail to meet safety standards, potentially endangering public health. This research employs a comprehensive qualitative methodology, combining normative legal analysis with empirical fieldwork through structured interviews and systematic observations. The study reveals that producers bear significant legal obligations to ensure product safety, provide transparent product information, and offer appropriate compensation for damages. This research contributes new insights through its unique combined normative-empirical approach, analyzing actual court precedents demonstrating implementation gaps between legal theory and enforcement reality. The study proposes specific regulatory reforms, including mandatory third-party ingredient verification, enhanced supply chain transparency, and strengthened inter-agency coordination to effectively safeguard public health and consumer interests.

This study aims to analyze the positive fictitious licensing policy under the Job Creation Law and assess its legal certainty using Gustav Radbruch’s philosophical framework. The background of this research arises from Indonesia’s legal reform agenda to streamline licensing through the OSS-RBA system. However, this reform raises concerns regarding legal certainty and institutional accountability. The urgency of this study lies in the regulatory ambiguity, lack of procedural safeguards, and removal of judicial oversight. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that the current policy does not fully meet Radbruch’s four standards of legal certainty. Specifically, it suffers from unclear legal norms, insufficient factual grounding, unstable legal framework, and weak institutional implementation—such as the absence of a Presidential Regulation, undefined verifier responsibilities, and lack of integration between central and local systems. The study concludes that the positive fictitious mechanism needs substantial normative refinement to ensure fairness, transparency, and predictability. The novelty of this research lies in its philosophical approach to evaluating administrative legal reform, offering a deeper lens beyond procedural analysis. As a policy implication, the government should urgently issue implementing regulations, reestablish judicial review, and develop integrated technical guidelines to strengthen OSS-RBA's legal reliability and effectiveness.

This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the elements and legal reasoning used by the panel of judges in establishing the existence of an unlawful act (onrechtmatige daad) committed by the Defendants in a land dispute case, as stipulated in the Decision of the Balikpapan District Court Number 6/PDT.BTH/2024/PN BPP. Employing normative legal research with a conceptual and case approach, this study focuses on the interpretation of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the judicial construction applied by the court in assessing the Defendants’ actions. The urgency of this study lies in the increasing complexity of land disputes in Indonesia, which demand clearer doctrinal and judicial guidance in determining the threshold of unlawful acts in civil litigation. The novelty of this research is its integrative use of abuse of rights theory and good faith principles as analytical tools to assess the boundaries of civil liability, which have not been thoroughly explored in previous studies. The findings reveal that the Defendants' act of filing for execution over a parcel of land that had been lawfully transferred to the Plaintiff, without a legitimate legal basis, constitutes a clear instance of an unlawful act. Such conduct satisfies the juridical elements of tort as outlined in both doctrine and jurisprudence: the existence of an act, its unlawfulness, fault, actual damages, and a causal relationship between the act and the harm incurred. The court’s decision reflects a balanced consideration of good faith principles, legal protection doctrines, and the abuse of right theory in determining the Defendants’ civil liability. This study recommends a more consistent application of these doctrines to ensure legal certainty and justice in future land dispute adjudications.

 
This study aims to examine the legal aspects of copyright infringement in the digital context, particularly under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, and analyze its implications for companies that utilize digital content without authorization. The urgency of this research stems from the increasing prevalence of unauthorized use of protected content, particularly in the hospitality sector, where visual media play a central role in marketing strategies. The study employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant legislation and actual court decisions, focusing on the copyright dispute between PT OYO Rooms Indonesia (OYO) and PT Duit Orang Tua (DOT). In this case, OYO allegedly used and modified DOT's photos without permission for commercial promotion purposes on various online platforms. The court found OYO guilty of copyright infringement in decision Number 45/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Hak Cipta/2020/PN Jkt.Pst, and this decision was upheld by the Supreme Court in cassation Number 649 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2021. The research highlights that the Indonesian legal framework has been able to provide effective protection to legitimate copyright holders. The novelty of this study lies in its doctrinal analysis of a real-world judicial decision, offering insights beyond the theoretical approaches in previous literature. The study concludes that Indonesia's copyright regime has proven effective in this case and finds that corporate responsibility and due diligence are key in preventing infringement. The study recommends that digital platforms and business actors strengthen their internal compliance systems to mitigate legal risks and promote responsible content usage.

This study analyzes the legal responsibility of business actors in distributing blue-labeled skincare products through e-commerce platforms, particularly in relation to violations of Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, BPOM regulations, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The urgency of this research arises from the widespread circulation of unauthorized dermatological products sold without BPOM approval, posing serious health risks to consumers in the digital marketplace. Employing a normative juridical method with a statutory and literature approach, this study examines the fragmentation of regulatory frameworks, liability avoidance strategies, and the ineffectiveness of current enforcement mechanisms. The findings reveal that business actors exploit regulatory gaps to avoid accountability and that existing laws are reactive and insufficient for digital contexts. This research contributes novelty by integrating pharmaceutical and e-commerce law in analyzing liability and proposes regulatory reforms that include platform liability mandates, automated monitoring systems, and public awareness campaigns. The study concludes that stricter law enforcement, increased regulatory oversight, and comprehensive stakeholder education are essential to protect consumers and ensure legitimate commerce in Indonesia's digital era.