Literary works are the identity of a nation, including Indonesian literary works. Indonesia, with its diverse culture, has created many literary works that are already global, and are born from regional writers and progressively become widespread in the world of literature. This article examines how the effects of Indonesian government’s literary development influence the quality and quantity of literary works. Through qualitative method, this paper analyzes that the government’s policy plays an important role because it contains plans that are arranged and realized by the experts for the important benefit of society. It may also improve the quality and quantity of literary works from authors’ and publishers’ sides. In conclusion, such policy should be pushed forward to build an awareness of the cultural forms and to preserve Indonesian culture to the international scope.

Islam merupakan agama satu-satunya yang berada di sisi Allah swt. Di mana dalam proses penyebarannya Allah mengutus seorang utusan bernama Mu?ammad saw, pada awal penyebaran agama Islam Allah memerintahkannya untuk menyebarkan Islam atau berdakwah secara sembunyi-sembunyi, sampai pada akhirnya Rasulullah diperintahkan untuk berdakwah secara terang-terangan. Islam terus saja berkembang, meskipun Rasulullah saw telah wafat dan perjuangan dakwah Islam diteruskan oleh para Khulafa` al-R?shid?n yang dipimpin oleh Abu Bakr, ’Umar ibn al-Kha??ab, ‘U?man ibn ‘Affan dan yang terakhir ‘Ali ibn Abi ?alib. Namun siapa sangka bahwa Islam yang sangat diperjuangkan oleh Nabi dan para sahabat akan terpecah-pecah menjadi banyak perpecahan. Awal mula dari terjadinya perpecahan tersebut ditandai sejak kepemimpinan Khalifah yang terahir yaitu ‘Ali ibn Abi ?alib dan kelompok perpecahan tersebut diistilahkan dangan sebutan Sy?’ah. Sy?’ah secara bahasa diartikan sebagai penganut atau pendukung, sedangkan secara istilah Sy?’ah diartiakan sebagai golongan yang mendukung ‘Ali. Pada mulanya Sy?’ah hanyalah kelompok biasa yang masih berfaham Ahl al-Sunnah, namun seiring berjalannya waktu faham tersebut mulai terkontaminasi sehingga kelompok Sy?’ah pun terpecah hingga makin ekstrem. Sejak saat itulah perkembangan hadis di kalangan Sy?’ah pun mlai menyalahi Syara’, bahkan sampai menuju arah tersesat.

Rendahnya pembiasaan perilaku hidup bersih dan sehat (PHBS) pada anak usia 5-6 tahun menjadi salah satu masalah utama di PAUD, termasuk di TK Baiturrahman Kabupaten Gowa. Observasi menunjukkan perilaku kurang baik seperti membuang sampah sembarangan dan rendahnya kesadaran mencuci tangan, meskipun kampanye kesehatan telah dilakukan. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pembelajaran menjaga kebersihan lingkungan terhadap PHBS anak usia 5-6 tahun. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimen non-ekuivalen group test dengan pendekatan kuantitatif, melibatkan kelompok eksperimen yang diberikan intervensi pembelajaran kebersihan lingkungan dan kelompok kontrol. Teknik purposive sampling digunakan dengan jumlah sampel 10 anak, dibagi menjadi dua kelompok: 5 anak eksperimen dan 5 anak kontrol. Data dikumpulkan melalui observasi langsung dan dokumentasi. Uji Paired Sample t-Test digunakan untuk analisis data. Hasil menunjukkan rata-rata pre-test kelompok eksperimen 32.7 dan post-test turun menjadi 8.4, mencerminkan peningkatan kebersihan. Kelompok kontrol memiliki pre-test 33.6 dan post-test 8.4, dengan sedikit perubahan. Uji t independen menunjukkan perbedaan signifikan (pre-test: t = 10.52, p = 4.09 × 10??; post-test: t = 10.90, p = 2.32 × 10??). Hasil ini menunjukkan pembelajaran kebersihan yang terstruktur efektif meningkatkan PHBS anak. Keterlibatan orang tua, guru, dan teman sebaya direkomendasikan untuk mendukung kebiasaan PHBS.

This article provides an in-depth overview of the relationship between philosophy and sources of business law in establishing ethical and fair business practices, with an emphasis on Islamic principles. Using a normative approach through library research, the article highlights various elements that form the foundation of business law, including legal theories, regulations, and existing legal practices, while also incorporating Islamic perspectives on justice, fairness, and ethics in business. Additionally, it explains how sources of law such as written law (statutes), customary law, jurisprudence, doctrines, and Islamic legal principles (fiqh) play a crucial role in creating a strong legal framework.Keywords: Business Law, Islamic Law, Islamic Business Ethics, Business and Law, Fiqh (Islamic Jurisprudence)

This research aims to review the teaching tools used at Madrasah Aliyah Negeri (MAN) 2 Kota Padang in order to support the implementation of the Independent Curriculum. Observations were carried out for two months, focusing on analysis of learning documents, interviews with teachers, and direct observation of the learning process in the classroom. Observation results show that the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City have been prepared in accordance with the principles of the Independent Curriculum, including teaching modules, student worksheets, and formative assessments that support differentiated learning. The teachers at this madrasa show good adaptability to curriculum changes, by applying varied and contextual learning methods. Students also show a positive response to learning that is more interactive and relevant to everyday life. However, several challenges were found, such as the need for further training for teachers and the provision of more diverse learning resources. Overall, the teaching tools at MAN 2 Padang City support a more meaningful and student-centered learning process, in line with the objectives of the Independent Curriculum.
 

This study aims to analyze the application of psychoanalytic and empiricist learning theories in human resource (HR) development and to examine the function of law in fostering compliance through the Integrity Zone at the Trenggalek District Attorney's Office. The urgency of this study lies in the importance of the integrity and professionalism of prosecution officials as a foundation for ensuring just legal certainty. This research employs a normative legal method with a statutory and conceptual approach. The findings indicate that effective HR management reflects a psychoanalytic aspect (internal mentality) influenced by empirical factors (work environment and infrastructure) as a driving force. This driving factor is then engineered through law to shape behavior. The novelty of this research is positioning the Integrity Zone not merely as an administrative program, but as an instrument of legal engineering that consciously applies learning theories to control and prevent behavioral deviations. In conclusion, administrative law, through the declaration of an Integrity Zone, serves as a strategic tool for building a culture of compliance and accountability within law enforcement institutions.

Amid the expansion of extractive industries that threaten ecosystems and marginalize indigenous communities, the Awyu Tribe in South Papua faces increasing pressure over the ownership and protection of their customary forests. This study aims to explore the ownership conflict of Awyu customary forests, assess the effectiveness of national and international legal frameworks, and evaluate the implementation of state policies in securing indigenous rights and ecological justice. The urgency of this issue lies in the persistent neglect of the Awyu people's legal standing, where regulations often fail to reflect their lived realities and cultural values. Using a normative legal method, the research applies statutory, conceptual, comparative, and case-based approaches, relying on secondary data sourced from literature and analyzed through qualitative-descriptive techniques. Findings indicate that although both national and international law recognize indigenous rights, implementation on the ground is obstructed by bureaucratic inefficiencies and competing economic interests. The principle of Free, Prior, and Informed Consent (FPIC) is frequently disregarded, resulting in systemic land dispossession and environmental degradation. This research offers a novel perspective by integrating fragmented legal mechanisms into a cohesive approach to indigenous forest protection. As a normative recommendation, the study calls for stronger enforcement of FPIC, institutional reform to reduce regulatory bias, and the meaningful inclusion of indigenous voices in policy formulation and implementation.

This study aims to critically examine the potential violations of the constitutional right to a good and healthy environment arising from the government’s policy of granting Special Mining Business Permit Areas (WIUPK) to religious community organizations. The urgency of this research is based on concerns that these organizations, lacking adequate technical competence, may exacerbate environmental degradation, perpetuate violations left by previous permit holders, hinder the transition to renewable energy, and obstruct access to justice for victims of environmental harm. Using a normative juridical method with legislative and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes the policy from the perspective of environmental human rights, a focus absent in prior research. The findings reveal that the policy has a strong potential to violate the right to a good and healthy environment and contradicts the state’s obligation to protect human rights as guaranteed by the 1945 Constitution. The novelty of this research lies in its emphasis on the conflict of interest between the traditional role of religious organizations as community advocates and their new role as mining operators. Therefore, it is recommended that the government review and revoke the priority granting scheme for WIUPK and consider alternative participation models for religious organizations through non-operational mechanisms such as community development funds or minority non-controlling share ownership.

This study aims to analyze the legality of establishing the "Koperasi Desa Merah Putih" (Red and White Village Cooperative) through Presidential Instruction Number 9 of 2025 from the perspective of administrative law. The background of this research arises from legal and governance issues, in which the cooperative's establishment is based solely on a presidential instruction, without attribution to a statutory law that carries binding legal authority. The urgency of this study is driven by the potential disharmony between central government policies and village autonomy, as well as the risk of institutional overlap with Village-Owned Enterprises (BUMDes), which are explicitly regulated under Law Number 6 of 2014 on Villages. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and historical approaches. The novelty of this study lies in examining presidential authority through the theories of legality, attribution, discretion, and the principles of the General Principles of Good Governance (AUPB) to assess the validity of policies issued through a presidential instruction. This research differs from previous studies by specifically analyzing the legal validity of a presidential instruction as a basis for establishing public legal entities at the village level. The findings indicate that the use of a presidential instruction as the legal foundation for establishing cooperatives does not fulfill the principle of legality and exceeds the limits of lawful administrative discretion, potentially weakening village autonomy and institutional capacity. Therefore, similar policies should be carefully evaluated in light of good governance principles and a sound regulatory framework, and should ideally be supported by a stronger legal basis at minimum, in the form of a presidential regulation, or preferably, through the enactment of a statutory law that explicitly governs the establishment and management of village cooperatives by the central government.
 
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis legalitas pembentukan Koperasi Desa Merah Putih melalui Instruksi Presiden Nomor 9 Tahun 2025 dalam perspektif hukum administrasi negara. Latar belakang penelitian ini muncul dari problematika hukum dan tata kelola pemerintahan, di mana kebijakan pembentukan koperasi tersebut hanya berlandaskan pada Inpres tanpa dasar hukum atribusi dalam bentuk undang-undang yang memiliki kekuatan mengikat langsung. Urgensi penulisan didorong oleh potensi disharmonisasi antara kebijakan pusat dengan otonomi desa serta risiko tumpang tindih kelembagaan dengan Badan Usaha Milik Desa (BUMDes) yang telah diatur secara eksplisit dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 6 Tahun 2014 tentang Desa. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode normatif yuridis dengan pendekatan perundang-undangan, konseptual, dan historis. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini terletak pada pengujian kewenangan Presiden menggunakan teori legalitas, atribusi, diskresi, dan prinsip Asas-Asas Umum Pemerintahan yang Baik (AUPB) untuk menilai validitas kebijakan berbasis Inpres. Penelitian ini berbeda dengan studi-studi sebelumnya karena secara spesifik menelaah keabsahan hukum Inpres sebagai dasar pembentukan badan hukum publik di tingkat desa. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penggunaan Inpres sebagai dasar pendirian koperasi tidak memenuhi asas legalitas dan melampaui batas diskresi yang sah menurut hukum administrasi negara, serta berpotensi melemahkan otonomi dan kapasitas kelembagaan desa. Instrumen kebijakan serupa perlu dievaluasi secara hati-hati dengan mempertimbangkan prinsip good governance dan kerangka regulasi yang sah, serta sebaiknya didukung oleh landasan hukum yang lebih kuat, setidaknya dalam bentuk peraturan presiden, atau idealnya melalui pembentukan undang-undang yang secara eksplisit mengatur pendirian dan tata kelola koperasi desa oleh pemerintah pusat.

Menjamurnya pinjaman online berbasis masyarakat telah mendorong inisiatif PkM, namun pemahaman anggota masyarakat terhadap pinjaman tersebut masih tertinggal.  Karena itu, banyak individu, bahkan anggota PKK, terikat dengan pinjaman online mereka.  Mengedukasi para ibu PKK tentang pro dan kontra fintech menjadi tujuan lain dari program ini.  Pendekatan individu terhadap pengelolaan uang hanyalah salah satu bidang yang telah dipengaruhi oleh menjamurnya internet dan bentuk teknologi informasi lainnya.  Sebuah alternatif dari prosedur yang memakan waktu dan rumit yang sering dikaitkan dengan mengajukan pinjaman di bank tradisional, aplikasi pinjaman online baru-baru ini muncul.  Banyak yang tertarik pada layanan ini, terutama mereka yang sangat membutuhkan keuangan, karena persetujuannya yang cepat, akses yang mudah, dan tidak adanya kriteria.  Dengan terlibat dalam kegiatan sosial, para ibu PKK dapat belajar tentang pinjaman internet dan cara menggunakan aplikasi ponsel cerdas dengan aman, sehingga mengurangi kemungkinan mereka mengalami masalah.