This research aims to investigate the legal liability of OKKO Bandung bakery regarding product safety compliance under Indonesia's Consumer Protection Law No. 8 of 1999, particularly following a BPOM investigation that identified unauthorized food additives in their bread products. The urgency of this study stems from increasing violations of consumer rights in the food industry, where producers fail to meet safety standards, potentially endangering public health. This research employs a comprehensive qualitative methodology, combining normative legal analysis with empirical fieldwork through structured interviews and systematic observations. The study reveals that producers bear significant legal obligations to ensure product safety, provide transparent product information, and offer appropriate compensation for damages. This research contributes new insights through its unique combined normative-empirical approach, analyzing actual court precedents demonstrating implementation gaps between legal theory and enforcement reality. The study proposes specific regulatory reforms, including mandatory third-party ingredient verification, enhanced supply chain transparency, and strengthened inter-agency coordination to effectively safeguard public health and consumer interests.

This study aims to analyze the positive fictitious licensing policy under the Job Creation Law and assess its legal certainty using Gustav Radbruch’s philosophical framework. The background of this research arises from Indonesia’s legal reform agenda to streamline licensing through the OSS-RBA system. However, this reform raises concerns regarding legal certainty and institutional accountability. The urgency of this study lies in the regulatory ambiguity, lack of procedural safeguards, and removal of judicial oversight. Using a normative juridical method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study finds that the current policy does not fully meet Radbruch’s four standards of legal certainty. Specifically, it suffers from unclear legal norms, insufficient factual grounding, unstable legal framework, and weak institutional implementation—such as the absence of a Presidential Regulation, undefined verifier responsibilities, and lack of integration between central and local systems. The study concludes that the positive fictitious mechanism needs substantial normative refinement to ensure fairness, transparency, and predictability. The novelty of this research lies in its philosophical approach to evaluating administrative legal reform, offering a deeper lens beyond procedural analysis. As a policy implication, the government should urgently issue implementing regulations, reestablish judicial review, and develop integrated technical guidelines to strengthen OSS-RBA's legal reliability and effectiveness.

This study aims to conduct a juridical analysis of the elements and legal reasoning used by the panel of judges in establishing the existence of an unlawful act (onrechtmatige daad) committed by the Defendants in a land dispute case, as stipulated in the Decision of the Balikpapan District Court Number 6/PDT.BTH/2024/PN BPP. Employing normative legal research with a conceptual and case approach, this study focuses on the interpretation of Article 1365 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and the judicial construction applied by the court in assessing the Defendants’ actions. The urgency of this study lies in the increasing complexity of land disputes in Indonesia, which demand clearer doctrinal and judicial guidance in determining the threshold of unlawful acts in civil litigation. The novelty of this research is its integrative use of abuse of rights theory and good faith principles as analytical tools to assess the boundaries of civil liability, which have not been thoroughly explored in previous studies. The findings reveal that the Defendants' act of filing for execution over a parcel of land that had been lawfully transferred to the Plaintiff, without a legitimate legal basis, constitutes a clear instance of an unlawful act. Such conduct satisfies the juridical elements of tort as outlined in both doctrine and jurisprudence: the existence of an act, its unlawfulness, fault, actual damages, and a causal relationship between the act and the harm incurred. The court’s decision reflects a balanced consideration of good faith principles, legal protection doctrines, and the abuse of right theory in determining the Defendants’ civil liability. This study recommends a more consistent application of these doctrines to ensure legal certainty and justice in future land dispute adjudications.

 
This study aims to examine the legal aspects of copyright infringement in the digital context, particularly under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright, and analyze its implications for companies that utilize digital content without authorization. The urgency of this research stems from the increasing prevalence of unauthorized use of protected content, particularly in the hospitality sector, where visual media play a central role in marketing strategies. The study employs a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant legislation and actual court decisions, focusing on the copyright dispute between PT OYO Rooms Indonesia (OYO) and PT Duit Orang Tua (DOT). In this case, OYO allegedly used and modified DOT's photos without permission for commercial promotion purposes on various online platforms. The court found OYO guilty of copyright infringement in decision Number 45/Pdt.Sus-HKI/Hak Cipta/2020/PN Jkt.Pst, and this decision was upheld by the Supreme Court in cassation Number 649 K/Pdt.Sus-HKI/2021. The research highlights that the Indonesian legal framework has been able to provide effective protection to legitimate copyright holders. The novelty of this study lies in its doctrinal analysis of a real-world judicial decision, offering insights beyond the theoretical approaches in previous literature. The study concludes that Indonesia's copyright regime has proven effective in this case and finds that corporate responsibility and due diligence are key in preventing infringement. The study recommends that digital platforms and business actors strengthen their internal compliance systems to mitigate legal risks and promote responsible content usage.

This study analyzes the legal responsibility of business actors in distributing blue-labeled skincare products through e-commerce platforms, particularly in relation to violations of Law Number 8 of 1999 on Consumer Protection, BPOM regulations, and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law. The urgency of this research arises from the widespread circulation of unauthorized dermatological products sold without BPOM approval, posing serious health risks to consumers in the digital marketplace. Employing a normative juridical method with a statutory and literature approach, this study examines the fragmentation of regulatory frameworks, liability avoidance strategies, and the ineffectiveness of current enforcement mechanisms. The findings reveal that business actors exploit regulatory gaps to avoid accountability and that existing laws are reactive and insufficient for digital contexts. This research contributes novelty by integrating pharmaceutical and e-commerce law in analyzing liability and proposes regulatory reforms that include platform liability mandates, automated monitoring systems, and public awareness campaigns. The study concludes that stricter law enforcement, increased regulatory oversight, and comprehensive stakeholder education are essential to protect consumers and ensure legitimate commerce in Indonesia's digital era.

Baja karbon ST 40 sering digunakan dalam industri pembuatan kapal, khususnya untuk konstruksi lambung dan dek kapal. Mengingat bahwa lambung adalah bagian pertama dari kapal yang bersentuhan langsung dengan air laut, maka bagian ini memiliki risiko tinggi terhadap korosi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui laju korosi baja karbon ST 40 (40 mm x 40 mm x 4 mm) dalam sampel air laut yang diambil dari Pelabuhan Gresik. Korosi sangat memengaruhi umur pakai baja dan besi, sehingga penelitian ini menjadi penting. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kehilangan berat (weight loss method) dan proses perendaman dengan menggunakan pengaduk magnetik (magnetic stirrer) dan tanpa pengaduk magnetik untuk mengukur laju korosi. Pengukuran dilakukan setiap 7 hari selama 28 hari. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi tertinggi terjadi pada air laut dengan pengaduk magnetik, dengan nilai laju korosi (CR) sebesar 13,72 mpy, sedangkan laju korosi terendah terjadi pada air laut tanpa pengaduk magnetik, dengan nilai CR sebesar 0,19 mpy. Selain itu, analisis regresi linier menunjukkan bahwa laju korosi pada air laut dengan pengaduk magnetik adalah -37 mg/cm², dibandingkan dengan -6,06 mg/cm² tanpa pengaduk magnetik. Temuan ini mengonfirmasi bahwa penggunaan pengaduk magnetik mempercepat laju korosi pada baja karbon ST 40.

This study aims to analyze the technical efficiency of herbal product sales at PT X, Sleman branch, with a focus on determining the most efficient input and output variables. The research adopts a descriptive quantitative approach, utilizing the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) method to measure efficiency. Several input variables are assessed, including the number of active employees, basic salary, allowances, and bonuses, while the output variable considered is the total amount of herbal product sales. The results, obtained through efficiency measurement using the WinDEAP software, reveal that 50% of the Decision-Making Units (DMUs) are inefficient. Specifically, DMU 1, DMU 3, DMU 4, DMU 5, and DMU 6 fail to achieve optimal efficiency levels. To address this, recommendations for improvement are provided by referring to the efficient DMUs. These recommendations involve tailored input and output adjustments aimed at optimizing sales. Efficiency can be realized if each employee earns a salary of Rp 4,109,733.00 while achieving a minimum sales target of 146 herbal products. Following these recommendations, an assessment of employee performance is conducted. The findings indicate that 30% of marketing employees demonstrate efficient sales performance, whereas 70% still struggle to reach efficiency targets, necessitating further adjustments.

The purpose of this study is Buying and Selling Murabahah and Greetings: A Review of the Literature Review. This research method is a type of literature research; This means that the information materials used come from library sources in the form of books, encyclopedias, magazines, journals, newspapers, journals, This form of research is descriptive, analytical, and critical. Therefore, the author can comprehensively describe. In this study, the author optimally used two data sources related to this research, namely. Primary data sources and secondary data sources. The main source of this research is books and scientific journals on the Knowledge of the Role of Waqf. At the same time, this research is supported (secondary) by the work of other thinkers . The results of the study This agreement is very relevant for the agricultural sector because it provides initial funds for farmers to produce agricultural products. In addition to providing financing solutions, the Salam contract is also a sharia alternative to avoid exploitative ijon practices. These two contracts have a strong legal basis from the Qur'an, Hadith, as well as fatwas of DSN-MUI and PSAK, and have been proven to make a real contribution to the economic development of the ummah, especially through the Islamic financial system.

The purpose of this study was to determine whether Reward and Punishment affect Employee Performance at PT. Indri Plant PKS Napal employees, both partially and simultaneously. The sample in this study was 70 respondents, using the purposive sampling method. This study uses a quantitative descriptive approach and the data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression with the help of the SPSS 26 program. The results of this study indicate that the Reward and Punishment variables affect Employee Performance both partially and simultaneously. The Adjusted R Square value of 0.614 indicates that the Reward and Punishment variables overall have an influence of 61.4% on Employee Performance, while the remaining 38.6% is influenced by other variables not examined in this study.

This study discusses the influence of the madrasah principal's strategy in information technology-based learning on improving the school brand image at Madrasah Interactive MIMHa Bandung. The madrasah principal plays an important role in integrating information technology to improve the quality of learning and the attractiveness of the school. This study aims to describe the madrasah principal's strategy in information technology-based learning, explain the improvement of the school's image, and analyze the influence between the two. The method used is a survey with an ex post facto approach, involving 33 teachers as respondents. Data were collected through questionnaires, documentation, and interviews, then analyzed quantitatively. Based on the results of the study, the madrasah principal's strategy in information technology-based learning has an influence of 43.7% on improving the school brand image, while the rest is influenced by other factors. This means that the better the technology-based learning strategy implemented by the madrasah principal, the more positive the madrasah's image in the eyes of the public. This study recommends the development of innovative technology-based strategies to strengthen the competitiveness and reputation of educational institutions.