Communication as a process of conveying information which contains persuasive messages. In development, communication is used to disseminate ideas, ideas and programs or policies from the government. Community empowerment is part of development communication that aims to improve the quality of life of the community. Communities need to be given space to participate actively in development by understanding what the problems are, finding solutions and making decisions wisely. This research has a role to know the concept of participatory communication in development communication. The method used is qualitative research through literature study, namely with a content approach and carried out by data collection techniques using books, journals and internet browsing.

The use of hormonal contraception is a common method used by women of childbearing age to prevent pregnancy. However, this method is often associated with side effects, one of which is spotting or light bleeding outside the menstrual cycle. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting in the Sonuo Village Health Center  area. This study used a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The sample consisted of 37 respondents selected by total sampling. Data were collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test with the help of SPSS software. The results showed that the majority of respondents used injectable contraception (62.2%), followed by implants (24.3%) and pills (13.5%). Most injectable users experienced spotting (82.6%), while implant users more often experienced amenorrhea (77.8%). The chi-square test showed a significant relationship between the type of hormonal contraception and the incidence of spotting (p-value = 0.000). The conclusion of this study is that the type of hormonal contraception affects the incidence of spotting, where injectables cause spotting more often than other methods. Education about the side effects of hormonal contraception needs to be increased so that users can choose a method that suits their body condition.

This study aims to analyze the role of Physical Education and Sports (PJOK) teachers in fostering the disciplined character of fifth-grade students at the Nurun Najah Private Elementary Madrasah in Jambi City. Discipline is an important character value that needs to be instilled early on, and PJOK teachers have a strategic role in instilling it through physical activities, games, and rules in learning. The research method uses a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The subjects of the study included PJOK teachers, fifth-grade students, and the head of the madrasah. The results showed that PJOK teachers act as models, mentors, and evaluators in fostering student discipline through the application of rules, giving examples, and positive and negative reinforcement. Supporting factors include school support and student enthusiasm, while constraints include limited facilities and differences in student backgrounds. The implications of this study emphasize the importance of collaboration between teachers, parents, and schools in strengthening the formation of students' disciplined character.

This study examines strategies for enhancing community participation in regional development planning by implementing bottom-up approaches. As democratic governance evolves, the need for meaningful citizen engagement in development planning becomes increasingly critical for ensuring sustainable and equitable outcomes. This research analyzes the effectiveness of participatory planning mechanisms, identifies barriers to community engagement, and proposes innovative strategies for strengthening bottom-up development planning processes. Using a comparative case study methodology across six regional governments, this study evaluates various participatory instruments including citizen forums, participatory budgeting, community mapping, and digital engagement platforms. The findings reveal that successful bottom-up planning requires institutional commitment, capacity building, cultural sensitivity, and sustained dialogue between government and communities. The study provides a framework for designing and implementing effective participatory planning systems that genuinely incorporate community voices in regional development decisions.

This paper examines the implementation of translanguaging pedagogies within digital learning environments and their effectiveness in developing multilingual competence among Generation Z learners. Through a mixed-methods study involving 186 students and 14 educators across six higher education institutions, this research investigates how strategic integration of translanguaging practices in digital spaces supports linguistic flexibility, metalinguistic awareness, and cross-cultural competence. Findings reveal that digitally-mediated translanguaging approaches resulted in significant improvements in learners' willingness to communicate across languages (p<.01), metalinguistic awareness (p<.001), and cross-cultural communication efficacy (p<.01) compared to monolingual instructional approaches. The research further identifies five key digital translanguaging strategies that effectively leverage Generation Z's technological aptitude and multimodal literacy. This study contributes to the growing field of multilingual digital pedagogy by demonstrating how translanguaging can be systematically integrated into digital learning environments to foster linguistic repertoire expansion that aligns with the communicative needs of increasingly globalized contexts. The pedagogical framework presented offers practical guidance for educators seeking to implement translanguaging approaches in various digital learning modalities while accommodating Generation Z's learning preferences and multilingual development.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan sistem pendingin terintegrasi berbasis teknologi nano untuk meningkatkan efisiensi mesin kendaraan bermotor. Sistem pendingin berbasis nano yang dikembangkan dapat mengoptimalkan suhu mesin, memperpanjang umur komponen, dan mengurangi konsumsi energi. Penelitian ini menggunakan cairan pendingin berbasis nano yang mengandung nanopartikel logam (tembaga dan aluminium) serta karbon nanotube (CNT) untuk meningkatkan konduktivitas termal. Pengujian dilakukan dalam dua tahap: pengujian simulasi suhu mesin dan pengujian dunia nyata pada kendaraan bermotor. Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa sistem pendingin berbasis nano berhasil menurunkan suhu mesin hingga 7°C lebih rendah dibandingkan sistem pendingin konvensional. Selain itu, efisiensi bahan bakar meningkat sebesar 5% dan emisi CO2 berkurang sebesar 10%, menunjukkan bahwa sistem pendingin berbasis nano berpotensi mengurangi dampak lingkungan. Meskipun demikian, tantangan utama adalah biaya produksi material nano yang masih tinggi. Oleh karena itu, penelitian lebih lanjut diperlukan untuk menurunkan biaya dan meningkatkan kestabilan material nano dalam aplikasi dunia nyata.

This article discusses the legal dynamics of inheritance of different religions between the testator and the heirs in Indonesia by comparing the inheritance law in the Civil Code and the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI). The method in this article is legal research. This research is prescriptive, which is to provide an assessment of something that should be done. This research uses a case approach, namely by examining the legal reasons (ratio decidendi) used by the judge in the decision or determination. The results of this article conclude that according to inheritance law in the Civil Code, there is no recognition of religious differences as a barrier to inheritance, in other words, it is valid for people of different religions to become heirs or inherit. Whereas in the Compilation of Islamic Law (KHI), religious differences are a barrier for someone to get an inheritance from the heir. Although Islamic law and KHI do not recognize inheritance of different religions, the case of inheritance of different religions between the testator and the heir in Indonesia in several Supreme Court Decisions in Indonesia can be concluded that the Panel of Judges who decide cases regarding heirs of different religions with the testator can obtain inheritance through compulsory probate.

This research aims to analyze and find out the legal considerations of the panel of judges in the decision of case Number 1332/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Btl) for the parties of the istishna' sale and purchase agreement which does not stipulate a delivery time limit. This research is normative legal research, which emphasizes the study of statutory norms, principles and principles of positive law, positive legal theory and basically legislative, conceptual and case approaches. In case decision Number 1332/Pdt.G/2020/PA.Btl., the panel of judges considered that the preliminary sale and purchase agreement was declared valid and binding on both parties because it had fulfilled the legal requirements of the agreement. As a legal consequence, the agreement remains valid and binding on both parties. Both parties still have the obligation to complete their achievements in good faith.

This research aims to find out the procedure for land certification as a result of the land swap (ruislag) in the implementation of the ruislag between MAN 2 Kuningan and Ciawigebang Village, a more in-depth analysis of the issues and strategies made by the parties involved in the certification process to achieve legal certainty of land rights. This research employs a qualitative research method, drawing on an empirical legal research approach and a sociological perspective. The results of this study indicate that the process of land certification as a result of ruislag is included in the maintenance service of land registration data by the Regulation of the Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 1 of 2010 concerning service standards and land regulations so that a certificate of use rights and a certificate of business use rights for four plots of land to replace the Ciawigebang MAN 2 Kuningan Village Treasury. The issues faced are related to administrative documents, designation of replacement land rights, and land conditions, because the distance between the ruislag process and land registration is quite long. Strategies made are cooperation between the parties, increasing the intensity of coordination between agencies, and reviewing regulations relating to the issuance of ruislag and registration of land rights. With these strategies, the certification process has become easier, thereby ensuring the legal certainty of land rights for rights holders.

This study examines the role of homeless people in the Indonesian Independence Revolution in Semarang City in the period 1945–1950. The main focus of the study includes the socio-economic background of the emergence of homeless people, their contribution in the physical struggle against the Japanese and Dutch troops, and their involvement in struggle organizations such as Laskar Kere and Laskar Jembel. Using historical research methods—including heuristics, source criticism, interpretation, and historiography—this study highlights how homeless people, despite being socially marginalized, actively participated as fighters and spies in the struggle for independence. The study also reveals the passive side of some homeless people who remained mired in poverty and were not involved in the revolution. The findings show that homeless people have a complex role, both as active actors in the revolution and as symbols of the social impact of war and colonialism. This study enriches the understanding of urban social dynamics in the history of the nation's struggle.