Cattle farming on the slopes of Mount Merapi is a livelihood sector that has existed for a long time, and is a tradition inherited from generation to generation. Cattle farming on the slopes of Mount Merapi or more precisely in Cangkringan District, Sleman Regency not only requires green food, but also concentrates and supplements. The provision of concentrates and supplement has been carried out by bombardment. Therefore, it is necessary to introduce another way to provide nutritions for cows, which has several advantages compared to feeding, namely giving concentrate candy. concentrate candy has several advantages, such as, it can be made using ingredients found around the farmer, and portions of the candy can be used to provide nutrition for a certain period of time, for example one month, so the farmer does not have to bother with bombardment everyday. This is the basis for carrying out community service in the form of training in making concentrate candy for cows. This community service program is implemented through a series of activities which includes socialization, Focus Group Discussion (FGD), and training/simulation. The socialization was carried out with explanations by an animal nutrition expert about the ingredients and contents of the candy, and continued with discussion and practice in making candy with facilitation and supervision from the community service team and cow feed expert. With this program, it is hoped that the community will be developed, empowered, and independent, so that they can implement this program in a sustainable manner.

The study investigated students’ perception and their attitudes toward the use of Google Classroom in Osun State University. The study is a descriptive study; a sample of 360 students from in Osun State University formed the participants for the study. The instrument for data collections was inventory and questionnaire and was structured by the researcher for data collection and reliability level was 0.78. Data collected were analyzed using mean, descriptive statistics (frequency count and simple percentage), t-test and correlation. The findings of the study revealed that students' perceived the usefulness of Google Classroom for learning process in Osun State University, students have positive attitude towards the use of Google Classroom for learning in Osun State University, difficulties associated with the use of google classroom in Osun State University as lack of ICT tools in campus, epileptic electricity power supply, cost of data, lack of class management in google classroom, learning schedule do not allow for google classroom for learning, insufficient number of ICT facilities, insufficient Internet bandwidth or speed, amongst others and there is no significant difference in the students’ perception of the use of Google Classroom for learning in Osun State University differ based on student’s gender. The following recommendations were made such as: academic institutions should apply Google Classroom as it will assist both students and lecturers to connect, work together, create assignments, grade students and post lecture notes, academic institutions should continue to promote and provide quality ICT infrastructures upgraded computer units, laptops, tablets, and most importantly school-wide wifi access for all the stakeholders, training should also be given to facilitators of learning and students on how to maximize the use of Google Classroom for effective teaching and learning and academic institutions are encouraged to make Google Classroom an avenue to promote e-learning among the students.

Contract workers are workers who are contracted within a certain time, it could be two years, three years or more. In general, workers have a work contract with the company where they work, there are many workers in Indonesia who experience violations of legal protection of labor rights and obligations, and what are the rights and obligations of labor which is the basis of this research. The purpose to be achieved in this paper is to find out what are the rights of labor contracts to workers who often have no knowledge of what is about labor contracts. This article discusses the rights of contract workers based on Indonesian labor law regulations. Contract workers, who are employed under a fixed-term employment agreement (PKWT), have rights that are guaranteed by law although they differ from those of permanent workers. Some of these rights include wages, social security, employment protection, and the right to compensation in the event of termination before the contract ends.
 

This study examines the impact of nationality on civil legal status in mixed marriages, particularly in Indonesia and several other countries. Mixed marriages, involving two individuals of different nationalities, often present complex legal issues, especially concerning property ownership, inheritance rights, and the nationality of children. In Indonesia, foreign nationals face various restrictions regarding land and property ownership, and there are temporary provisions for dual nationality for children born from mixed marriages. In a global context, differences between countries following jus soli and jus sanguinis principles also affect the status of children and inheritance rights. This research uses a comparative approach by analyzing civil law regulations in countries such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, and Saudi Arabia. The findings show that Indonesia’s civil law system requires reforms to be more accommodating to the globalization phenomenon and the increasing number of cross-national marriages. Recommendations include harmonizing national regulations with international law, implementing more flexible dual nationality policies, and strengthening protections for the rights of mixed couples in property ownership and inheritance.

Citizenship and education policies in Indonesia play a crucial role in determining children's rights and access to quality education. However, challenges arise when addressing children with unclear citizenship status, such as those born to parents without permanent citizenship or those caught in ambiguous legal situations. This abstract examines how the uncertainty of citizenship status affects the access to and quality of education for these children in Indonesia. The study highlights major issues faced, including limited access to formal schooling, lack of adequate official documentation, and legal instability that restricts educational rights. Additionally, it explores existing government policies and the challenges in implementing them concerning the protection of educational rights for children with unclear citizenship status. The findings reveal the need for more inclusive policy reforms and effective strategies to ensure that all children, regardless of citizenship status, can enjoy their right to quality education. The study suggests a more holistic, human rights-based approach to addressing these issues and advocates for enhanced collaboration between government agencies, civil society, and international organizations to develop sustainable solutions.

Policy implementation is the process of running, implementing and pursuing policy decisions and their alternatives that have been decided in the hope of obtaining a result that is in accordance with the goals or objectives of a policy. This study aims to find out how the implementation of the online payment and payment system policy for hotel and restaurant taxes in increasing the original income of the North Central Timor Regency. This study uses a descriptive research method with a qualitative approach. The results of this study show that. The communication indicators carried out by the Regional Revenue Agency have been carried out in two stages directly and accepted by restaurant taxpayers while for hotels it has not been implemented, so it can be said that this policy has not been fully implemented. Then the indicators of resources in the Regional Revenue Agency are still very lacking, so it needs to be added again so that in carrying out the policy the tax online system is not gradual and can run optimally to help increase local revenue. The following are the indicators of disposition that exist in the Regional Revenue Agency has a good attitude and responsibility towards the policies they have implemented so far. And the last is the indicator of the bureaucratic structure that exists at the Regional Revenue Agency so far has carried out a good cooperative relationship between employees and related agencies in implementing the tax online system policy.

The judge's decision is a vital aspect needed to resolve criminal cases. The judge's authority and power are so great in deciding cases that result in disparities in verdicts in cases where the weight of the crime is the same, namely cases of sexual violence against children. This research is an empirical juridical research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data sources and tertiary data sources. Primary data sources are obtained through the results of research in the field, secondary data is obtained through literature, laws, and other literature, and tertiary data is obtained through dictionaries, mass media, and the internet. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of the study show that: (1) the factors that cause the disparity in punishment for perpetrators of sexual violence are internal factors and external factors of judges. (2) efforts to overcome disparities in the verdicts of sexual violence crimes which include repressive efforts and preventive efforts.

Probative value refers to the extent to which the evidence provided is able to prove the facts being disputed. Evidence may be relevant in the sense that it relates to the case at hand, but relevance alone does not guarantee that the evidence will be well received or considered to have a significant influence. This study uses a qualitative research method with a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the process of proof in criminal law plays a central role in upholding substantive justice. Evidence not only functions as a mechanism to test the truth of claims or accusations brought in court, but also as a tool to protect the human rights of the accused by ensuring that everyone is considered innocent until proven otherwise. Failure to assess probative value can lead to serious injustice in the form of wrongful conviction or wrongful acquittal. To address this problem, it is necessary to increase technical literacy among legal practitioners, as well as the application of more careful procedures in testing the validity and reliability of evidence.

This research explores the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in protecting citizenship rights in Indonesia. As a constitutional judicial body, the MK holds a crucial responsibility to review laws against the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945), ensuring that fundamental rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, the right to education, and the right to privacy, are not violated by existing legal policies. Through the mechanism of judicial review, the MK acts as a primary guardian capable of annulling laws that are in conflict with the constitution. This study examines various significant cases where the MK has played a critical role in safeguarding citizenship rights. We also identify various challenges faced by the MK, including issues in implementing rulings and potential political pressures that may affect the independence of this institution. From a global perspective, this research compares the role of the MK with constitutional bodies in other countries to provide a broader understanding of how the MK functions in an international context. The research employs doctrinal legal research, which is a process of discovering rules, principles, and doctrines to address the issues at hand. The research is prescriptive in nature. The methodology used is normative/doctrinal/library research. The findings indicate that although the MK has successfully protected citizens' rights through significant rulings, there remains an urgent need to improve the implementation of decisions and to safeguard the institution’s independence. Recommendations for enhancing the MK’s role include expanding legal education to the public, strengthening public access to judicial review mechanisms, and fostering closer collaboration with legal academics and practitioners. With these measures, the MK is expected to continue functioning effectively as a guardian of constitutional rights in Indonesia.

Abstract. Pancasila has an important role in various aspects of life, including in efforts to prevent and eradicate corruption. This research aims to examine the role of Pancasila's contribution in the context of constitutional law, especially in terms of integrity and public ethics. Using qualitative research methods and descriptive analysis, this study investigates how Pancasila values such as social justice, fair and civilized humanity, and unity can be integrated into the legal system and state administration to prevent and eradicate corruption. The results of this study show that the use of Pancasila principles in laws and public policies has significant potential to improve transparency and accountability. The study also identifies challenges and barriers to the implementation of Pancasila values and provides recommendations to improve the effectiveness of corruption prevention and eradication in Indonesia. The findings support the argument that Pancasila serves not only as an ideological basis, but also as a practical foundation in building a legal system with integrity.