This research examines the application of International Humanitarian Law in armed conflicts and the involvement of countries in blockades to promote peace. It reveals that Humanitarian Law is enforced through the 1977 Additional Protocol, which governs international and non-international armed conflicts. The study also highlights Israel’s use of retaliatory Cast Lead operations in response to Hamas rocket attacks, which pose a threat to Israeli citizens’ safety. A narrative review is a research method that defines a topic, searches for relevant literature, organizes it, analyzes findings, and presents results in narrative form. It is suitable for broad overviews and provides flexible analysis. The ancient state of Israel, established by Shaul around 1025 BC, faced conflicts with the Palestinian nation, leading to the rise of groups like Fatah, Hamas, and the Palestine Liberation Organization. The Israeli Navy declared a blockade of the Gaza Strip in 2009, but the status of occupation remains questionable. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) is needed to protect victims affected by the conflict, and law enforcement mechanisms include diplomatic settlements, criminal investigations, and warnings. International Humanitarian Law is consistently respected and enforced, despite ongoing breaches, particularly in armed conflicts. Blockades, such as Israel’s infringement on Gaza, have resulted in widespread pain and loss of lives, highlighting the need for a more balanced approach to conflict resolution.

This study examines efforts to preserve Javanese krama inggil (KI) through traditional cultural activities in Komering Putih Village, amidst the challenges of its declining use in daily communication. Using a qualitative ethnographic approach, this study highlights the important role of activities such as wayang (W), campur sari (CS), and kitab kuning (KK) in maintaining the continued use of KI. The findings show that these cultural activities contribute significantly to the preservation of KI in formal and ceremonial contexts. Nonetheless, the younger generation (YG) tends to be limited in their everyday use of KI, preferring the informal ngoko (NG) variant. This research emphasizes the need for an integrated preservation strategy to bridge the use of KI in ceremonial contexts and everyday life, so that this language remains a dynamic element in Javanese cultural identity. 

The demand for crude oil continues to increase in line with expanding needs, but this contrasts with its limited availability in nature. The oil and gas industry is one of the key sectors in the global economy, encompassing exploration, refining, processing, transportation, distribution, and sales. Given the high-risk working environment, safety is a crucial factor that must be considered. In recent decades, numerical methods have been widely used to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of safety analysis, particularly in risk identification, equipment condition monitoring, and optimizing hazard mitigation strategies. This report discusses the application of numerical methods in improving the quality of planning, maintenance, and failure mitigation of various components and infrastructure at PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Boyolali. The study focuses on MOV with the friction coefficient between the stem and stem nut, pipeline systems concerning corrosion in elbows caused by chemical compounds carried by oil, and storage tanks related to temperature control within the tank to maintain the quality and quantity of oil as per demand. A comprehensive study shows that lubrication can limit the friction coefficient in MOV, while viscosity is a significant issue in pipeline systems and storage tanks. Numerical approach methods can improve the energy industry's safety, reliability, and efficiency. Modeling can reduce costs, time, and worker safety risks compared to experimental approaches.

The use of the pronouns kami and kita in Bahasa Indonesia is an issue for most Indonesian youths nowadays. Most of them use it incorrectly. This study explores the problematic usage of the pronouns kami and kita among Millennials and Gen Z in Indonesia. The research led to understanding how these generations comprehend and differentiate these words in daily use communication. A semantic approach is used to analyze the data since the basic difference between kami and kita pronouns is in the level of meaning. Interviews with ten respondents revealed that only three correctly understood the semantic differences between kami and kita. Most respondents understand the difference pragmatically, associating kami with formal contexts and kita with informal ones. Furthermore, most of them think that the difference between the two pronouns is in the number of subjects in a conversation. This misunderstanding often leads to incorrect usage in conversations. The study highlights the need for better awareness of semantic differences to avoid miscommunication. This research is expected to increase the awareness of Indonesian youths to use both pronouns correctly to avoid misunderstandings in communication.

Pembelajaran di era revolusi industri 4.0 harus dapat mempersiapkan generasi muda untuk dapat mengembangkan kemajuan teknologi informasi dan komunikasi dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat. Jumlah pengguna smartphone di Indonesia diperkirakan akan terus meningkat memunculkan potensi penerapan media pembelajaran berbasisi mobile learning yang dapat menerapkan teknologi Artificial intelligence salah satunya adalah Natural language processing berupa Chatbot dengan model ChatGPT tetapi terdapat beberapa tantangan dalam penerapannya. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan media pembelajaran terintegrasi Artificial intelligence Natural language processing berbasis mobile dengan framework flutter pada materi energi terbarukan yang dapat mengatasi tantangan dalam penerapan Natural language processing pada proses pembelajaran, kelayakan media pembelajaran, kepraktisannya, serta kelebihan yang dimiliki media pembelajaran. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian dan pengembangan dengan model 4-D yang dibatasi hingga tahap development. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di SMAN 4 Semarang pada peserta didik kelas E.X-3, E.X-8, dan E.X-10. Hasil uji validitas ahli untuk materi dan media memperoleh kategori sangat baik dengan nilai rata-rata berturut-turut adalah 4,5 dan 4,67. Hasil uji pengembangan menunjukkan nilai rata-rata 1,656 dengan kategori evaluasi positif atau dinyatakan praktis. Kelebihan dari media pembelajaran yangdikembangkan diantaranya memiliki tampilan User Interface yang menarik, memiliki performa yang baik, serta memiliki kualitas hedonis dan pragmatis yang masuk dalam kategori baik.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengembangkan bahan ajar digital interaktif menggunakan Canva pada materi energi untuk peserta didik tunarungu yang valid, praktis, dan efektif dalam meningkatkan hasil belajar peserta didik. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah Research and Development dengan model pengembangan 4D (define, design, develop, dan disseminate). Subjek pada penelitian ini yaitu 5 peserta didik kelas XI Tunarungu di SLB Negeri Semarang pada tahun ajaran 2024/2025. Pengembangan bahan ajar digital interaktif menggunakan Canva ini menyesuaikan kondisi anak tunarungu dengan karakteristik yang didasarkan pada konten visual dan bersifat interaktif. Hasil kevalidan dari bahan ajar diperoleh persentase sebesar 86% dengan kategori valid dan hasil kepraktisan diperoleh persentase sebesar 82% oleh guru dan 79% oleh peserta didik dengan kategori praktis. Keefektifan dari bahan ajar yang dianalisis menggunakan effect size memperoleh nilai sebesar 1,78 dengan kategori very large effect. Sehingga dapat disimpulkan bahwa bahan ajar digital interaktif menggunakan Canva pada materi Energi layak dan praktis untuk digunakan dalam proses pembelajaran oleh guru dan peserta didik tunarungu dan memiliki efek yang sangat besar (very large effect) yang ditimbulkan pada hasil belajar peserta didik tunarungu.

Currently, there is growing integration on the use of technology. There should be appropriate tools to enhance vocabulary mastery for the learners, especially English learners. Educandy is recognized as an interactive learning platform to support learners' vocabulary mastery. This study adopted a mixed-method approach to provide a more comprehensive understanding by examining both learning outcomes and students’ responses. Its aim is to provide insights into how Educandy can enhance vocabulary learning among seventh-grade students at MTs Arrobiah Azzain Grinting. 60 students were randomly selected and divided into two groups; experimental and control groups. Educandy has improved vocabulary at MTs Arrobiah Azzain, shown by higher post-test scores and positive student feedback from observations and interviews. This finding confirmed that using the Educandy video game effectively enhanced EFL secondary students’ vocabulary acquisition. The implementation of this interactive tool not only improved students’ vocabulary knowledge but also increased their enthusiasm for learning. The students were able to enjoy learning vocabulary using Educandy video game, which made them enthusiastic in learning. The students could easily remember what they have learned in their class by using Educandy video game. Based on the research findings, it was concluded that using the Educandy video game effectively enhanced vocabulary learning for EFL secondary students. This was evident that there was improvement in students’ vocabulary mastery and their increased enthusiasm for learning.

This study aims to identify the most difficult argument structures and argument roles in sentences identified by English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students, as well as the factors that contribute to such difficulties. The study collected data using a descriptive quantitative method, relying on quantitative descriptive data through statistical analysis. focused on 36 fifth-semester students from Class B of the English Education Study Program at Tadulako University, who were selected through purposive sampling with statistical analysis, tests, and questionnaires. The results of the research showed some key findings: (1) the most difficult argument structure for students to identify is the sentence with two arguments, which appears with a total frequency of 60; (2) the most difficult argument role for students to identify is the experiencer; and (3) five main factors affect students' ability to identify roles and arguments in sentences, namely prior knowledge, interest and motivation, learning strategies, teaching methods, and learning environment. Future researchers can discuss thematic roles that have not been addressed in this study.

The advancement of information and communication technology has made privacy boundaries thinner.  Various personal data on E-Commerce websites are increasingly easy to spread, which creates risks at every stage of personal data processing. This is important to be given further attention, given the high number of transaction valuations that occur through E-Commerce websites. This research aims to analyze what forms of risks can occur at each stage of personal data processing on E-Commerce websites. The stages of personal data processing described in this research are the stages of personal data processing as stipulated in Law Number 27 Year 2022 on Personal Data Protection. This research utilizes a library research method by focusing on legal materials so that it can be said to be library based. The results show that there are different risks at each stage of personal data processing on E-Commerce websites, both before the storage of personal data, and after the storage of personal data by the personal data controller.  This can be in the form of data collection that is not in accordance with applicable regulations, lack of transparency of data collection, and data collection that is not specific, unlimited, and illegal, unauthorized access, disclosure in an unauthorized manner, unauthorized modification, misuse, destruction, and loss of personal data on the system. To reduce the impact of risks, things that can be done are to update the system regularly, or increase the capacity of human resources who process personal data.

This study examines the cultural politics affecting Indonesian literature in the global literary arena. It analyses how literary politics, standardisation, implicit agendas, and validation systems impact international reception. The study investigates how global literary standards reshape Indonesian narratives to match international preferences, often at the expense of cultural authenticity. In addition, several works by some prominent Indonesian authors, including Toer, Anwar and Kurniawan are being analysed. Using a descriptive-qualitative approach with discourse analysis, interview and case studies, the research reveals three key findings: translation challenges for Indonesian literary works, limited international publication opportunities, and underrepresentation in global literary awards and criticism. Based on these findings, the study advocates for more inclusive literary practices to enhance Indonesian literature’s global visibility while preserving its cultural integrity.