Pain is an unpleasant sensation that can interfere with an individual's quality of life and requires effective management. Synthetic analgesics such as ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib are commonly used to relieve pain, but long-term use can cause adverse side effects, including gastrointestinal disturbances, dependence, and cardiovascular risks. Therefore, it is important to find safer, natural alternatives. One promising alternative is the extract of the dragon’s tail leaf (Rhaphidophora pinnata), a plant traditionally used in Indonesian medicine as a pain reliever. This study aims to evaluate and compare the analgesic effects of Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract with several synthetic drugs using the writhing test on male mice (Mus musculus). The mice were induced with pain by injecting a 0.5% acetic acid solution. The treatments included ketorolac, codeine, etoricoxib, celecoxib, and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract. The results showed that all treatments, including both synthetic drugs and Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract, produced significant analgesic effects compared to the negative control (Na CMC 0.5%). Ketorolac showed the highest effectiveness, followed by codeine, etoricoxib, and celecoxib. Although the Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract showed potential as a natural analgesic, its effectiveness varied among individual test animals. Some mice showed a better response to the leaf extract, but overall, the analgesic effect was still lower than that of synthetic drugs. These findings support the use of medicinal plants as a safer alternative to synthetic analgesic drugs. Moreover, this study provides a foundation for further research aimed at isolating active compounds from Rhaphidophora pinnata leaf extract to develop more effective and safer pain-relieving medications.

Lip balm is a cosmetic product designed to protect and maintain the moisture of the lips, especially from environmental factors that can cause dry, cracked, or irritated lips, such as low temperatures and wind. Dry lips can interfere with comfort and appearance, making protection with lip balm essential. This study aims to formulate and evaluate a lip balm preparation made from a combination of natural and chemical ingredients, such as cera flava, oleum cacao, nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and the addition of powder dye. These ingredients were chosen because of their ability to maintain lip moisture, provide protection against external factors, and ensure long-term safety for use. The lip balm manufacturing process begins with heating the primary ingredients, cera flava and oleum cacao, which are melted first. After the primary ingredients have melted, additional ingredients such as nipagin, glycerin, lanolin, and powder dye are added gradually. The mixture is stirred carefully to ensure that all ingredients are evenly blended. Once all the ingredients are well-mixed, the liquid mixture is poured into molds and allowed to cool and harden. This process is crucial for achieving the desired lip balm texture, which should not be too hard or too soft and should facilitate easy application to the lips. Based on the analysis results, the formulated lip balm demonstrates good physical stability, without significant changes in color, odor, or texture during testing. The lip balm also provides ease of use, with a smooth texture that is easy to apply to the lips. The results of this study show that the combination of ingredients used can produce an effective lip balm product that maintains lip moisture and provides optimal protection against harsh environmental conditions, such as low temperatures.

This study aims to design and evaluate lipstick preparations by utilizing solid paraffin as the base ingredient and lanolin as an emollient and stabilizer. Solid paraffin was chosen because of its dense properties at room temperature and having the ability to form a stable lipstick structure. In addition, paraffin can provide a smooth, durable surface, and provide good smearing power. On the other hand, lanolin is known as a natural emollient ingredient that functions to moisturize and protect the lips from dryness. Lanolin also has water-retaining properties (occlusive) so that lip moisture is maintained even if the lipstick is used for a long time. The process of making lipstick is carried out by the melting method using indirect heating to maintain the stability of the material and prevent color and aroma degradation. All materials are accurately weighed, then put into beaker glass and heated over three legs using a Bunsen lamp. During heating, the ingredients are gently stirred so that all the components, including solid paraffin and lanolin, melt and mix homogeneously. Once the mixture reaches the desired consistency, the formula is poured into the lipstick mold and allowed to set at room temperature until ready for use. The results of the evaluation test showed that the combination of solid paraffin and lanolin was able to create lipstick with an optimal solid texture, even color, not easy to crack, and had a smooth application power on the surface of the lips. Lanolin plays a big role in providing a soft, moisturizing effect and adding a natural shine to the lips. Meanwhile, solid paraffin helps maintain the shape of the lipstick so that it doesn't break easily when applied. This study also highlights the importance of comparing the composition of ingredients to produce lipsticks that have a stable melting point, good application power, and appropriate adhesion.
 

Stability testing is an important step in the development of pharmaceutical products. This testing must be conducted before the product is manufactured, whether on an industrial or non-industrial scale. Currently, liquid formulations are experiencing rapid development, one of which is suspension. Suspension itself is a liquid formulation that contains undissolved solid particles dispersed in the liquid phase. To assess the stability of suspension, various evaluations are performed such as organoleptic tests, sedimentation volume, redispersion, density, viscosity, particle size distribution, and pH measurement. Based on several studies, temperature is known to affect the stability of drugs, especially in suspension formulations. A study related to diclofenac suspension showed that at a temperature of 4°C, its stability reaches 96.3%, while at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C, there is a significant reduction in content, amounting to 89.58% and 85.17% respectively. Meanwhile, research on folic acid suspension revealed that the drug remains stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, although on day 90 there was an increase in pH. Another study on cefuroxime axetil suspension showed that at a temperature of 20°C, its concentration was 87.68%, while at 5°C, it was higher at 92.35%. This research underscores the importance of considering temperature in the storage and formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions to maintain their effectiveness and stability.

Household waste management is an important part of maintaining environmental quality. This article is a literature review that aims to identify and analyze the relationship between household waste management and its impact on environmental quality. The purpose of this study is to gain a better understanding of the extent to which household waste management behaviors and systems can affect environmental conditions and public health. The method used is a systematic literature review of various scientific journals, research reports, and policy documents published in the last ten years. Data sources were taken from academic databases such as Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, and PubMed, with a focus on studies discussing aspects of waste management, sanitation, and health impacts in residential environments. The results of the study show that poor urban waste management, such as littering and open burning, is associated with an increase in environmental diseases. Conversely, good management systems, such as regular sorting and transportation, have a positive impact on the cleanliness and health of the residential environment. Conclusion Good household waste management plays an important role in maintaining a healthy living environment. Organized and participatory practices can reduce the risk of disease and create a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment for communities. 

Background: Atherosclerosis is a chronic inflammatory cardiovascular disorder strongly associated with elevated low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and serves as a major predictor of adverse cardiovascular events. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between inflammatory markers (adiponectin and TNF-?) and key biochemical parameters in atherosclerosis patients. Methods:  A case-control study was conducted on 60 participants (aged 40–65 years) recruited from private cardiac clinics in Fallujah, Iraq, between October and December 2024. Subjects were stratified into two groups: 30 atherosclerosis patients (diagnosed by specialists) and 30 age-matched healthy controls. Blood samples were collected, centrifuged, and analyzed for CRP, TNF-?, adiponectin, PAI-1, MDA, GSH, sodium (Na), and magnesium (Mg) levels using standardized biochemical assays. Statistical analysis was performed using SPSS, with significance set at *p* ? 0.001. Results: Atherosclerosis patients exhibited significantly elevated serum levels of CRP (2.21 ± 14.46 vs. 1.07 ± 7.76 mg/dL), TNF-? (15.14 ± 120.86 vs. 4.27 ± 65.16 pg/mL), PAI-1 (6.52 ± 0.82 vs. 2.02 ± 0.42 ng/dL), MDA (590.26 ± 29.64 vs. 155.52 ± 25.19 ng/mL), and Na (140.16 ± 1.18 vs. 125.46 ± 6.17 nmol/L) compared to controls (*p* ? 0.001). Conversely, adiponectin (0.18 ± 1.81 vs. 0.67 ± 4.18 mg/dL), GSH (22.79 ± 1.37 vs. 40.81 ± 3.05 ?g/mL), and Mg (1.46 ± 0.175 vs. 1.84 ± 0.67 nmol/L) were markedly reduced in patients. ROC curve analysis demonstrated perfect diagnostic accuracy (AUC = 1.0) for CRP, TNF-?, and adiponectin in distinguishing patients from controls. Conclusion: The study highlights pronounced dysregulation of inflammatory, oxidative, and metabolic pathways in atherosclerosis, with CRP, TNF-?, and adiponectin serving as robust discriminative biomarkers. These findings underscore the potential of targeting these pathways for therapeutic intervention and early diagnosis.

Woodball was first introduced in 2006 and has since grown rapidly across the country. In addition, many woodball clubs and communities have emerged, and woodball has become an officially recognized competitive sport since 2016. In 2016, woodball even became part of the national sports week (PON) in West Java. Woodball is a sport that combines elements of golf and croquet, emphasizing the accuracy of shots to pass through the goal with a wooden ball. Hand-eye coordination is one of the key factors that can influence the quality of an athlete's shots. Objective: To determine the relationship between hand-eye coordination and shot quality in woodball athletes in Bali Province. An observational analytical study with a cross-sectional approach involving 42 woodball athletes in Bali Province. Hand-eye coordination was measured using a 30-second ball catch-and-throw test, while shot quality was assessed using a skill test based on the number of balls successfully passing through the gate. Analysis was performed using Spearman's rho correlation test. The analysis revealed a significant relationship between eye-hand coordination and swing quality in woodball athletes (P < 0.05). The positive correlation coefficient indicates that better eye-hand coordination leads to higher swing quality. There is a significant relationship between eye-hand coordination and shot quality. Improving visual-motor coordination skills can contribute to the performance of woodball athletes.

Biochemical pathways are the complex pathways of chemical reactions vital to maintain cellular homeostasis, control metabolism and modulate responses to physiological stimuli. Recent developments in the omics technologies, gene editing tools, and systems biology have significantly deepened our understanding of these pathways, changing the scientific paradigm from linear reactions to complex and interrelated regulatory networks. This review examines the changing face of metabolic and signaling pathways including but not limited to glycolysis, TCA cycle, MAPK, PI3K/AKT and JAK/STAT and their role in health and disease. Particular attention is paid to pathway analysis innovations, including CRISPR/Cas9, single-cell and spatial transcriptomics, and computational modelling and their revolutionary effect on discovery of new drug targets and pathway specific therapeutics. In reviewing the most recent advances in cancer metabolism, immune signaling, and cross-pathway interactions, this paper emphasizes the translational promise of pathway-centric research for personalized medicine, especially in oncology, neurodegeneration, cardiovascular, and autoimmune diseases. The review attempts to bridge basic biochemical research with clinical applications, and provides a window into the manner in which pathway-based interventions are influencing the future of precision therapeutics.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a disease caused by impaired insulin function, impaired insulin secretion, or both, resulting in a hyperglycemic condition. Patients with type 2 DM generally exhibit characteristics such as a Random Blood Glucose level exceeding 200 mg/dL and an HbA1c  level exceeding 6.5%. The accuracy of medication administration to patients must also consider the rationality of antidiabetic therapy in order to influence the success rate of optimal therapy. This study aims to evaluate the rationality of patient appropriateness and indication appropriateness in outpatients with type 2 DM at Tabanan Regional Public Hospital (RSUD Tabanan). This study employed a semi-quantitative observational research design with a retrospective approach by reviewing patient medical records from the initiation of therapy. Sampling was conducted using purposive sampling, whereby samples had to meet predetermined inclusion criteria. The results indicated that the age group with the highest prevalence of DM patients at RSUD Tabanan was over 56 years old (74%), with a predominance of females (63%). The most common comorbidity among DM patients was hypertension alone (24.5%). Based on the findings, the percentage of patient appropriateness rationality among DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 97.5%, while the percentage of indication appropriateness rationality in type 2 DM outpatients at RSUD Tabanan was 98.5%.

Oxidative stress is caused by regular smoking. If oxidative stress is higher than the level of antioxidants, there is said to be oxidative stress. SOD, CAT and GPx enzymes in the plasma help to reduce the harm caused by oxidative stress. This study aimed to discover if smoking regularly had any impact on the enzymes found in adults. A total of 120 people, with 60 chronic smokers and 60 nonsmokers, took part in the study and each group of 60 had equal numbers of men and women. All donors of blood and plasma had their levels of SOD, CAT and GPx checked using regular spectrophotometric procedures. I carried out the analysis using SPSS software version 26.0. The levels of SOD (1.82 ± 0.29 U/mL), CAT (31.5 ± 4.8 IU/mL) and GPx (3.21 ± 0.52 IU/mL) were lower in smokers compared to non-smokers. The gender levels showed the same effect on the study results as the smoking levels and did not interact with one another. Generally, regular smoking can decrease the amount of this enzyme working in plasma, so the body becomes less able to protect itself from oxidation for both men and women. It indicates that smoking leads to a health issue and advises taking actions to decrease risks for smokers.