Currently, the number of Children with Special Needs (ABK) continues to increase every year, making the role of teachers increasingly vital in providing inclusive education services in schools. This increase in the number of ABK requires teachers to have adequate competencies to provide education tailored to the needs of each child. In this context, inclusive education is crucial, as it provides opportunities for all children, including those with special needs, to learn together in the same environment. This study aims to analyze the role of teachers in the context of inclusive education in Early Childhood Education (PAUD). The method used in this study is qualitative with a narrative approach, conducted in several PAUD institutions in Malang. The results show that teachers have a very important role in inclusive education in PAUD. The role of teachers in question covers several aspects, including the ability to recognize Children with Special Needs (ABK), conduct initial assessments of student needs, and understand how to implement appropriate learning for ABK. In addition, teachers are also expected to be able to use assistive devices to provide simple stimulation to ABK and know how to involve parents in handling ABK. The importance of the teacher's role in inclusive education lies not only in academic abilities, but also in social and emotional skills in creating a supportive learning environment. This research provides valuable insights for the development of training programs for teachers to improve their skills in inclusive education, which is expected to have a positive impact on the quality of education in early childhood education (PAUD). With appropriate training, teachers can be better prepared to face the challenges of teaching children with special needs and ensure that every child receives a quality education tailored to their needs. This research is expected to encourage educational institutions to pay more attention to training and professional development for teachers, so they can contribute optimally to creating inclusive and quality education.

This study analyzes variation skills as a strategy to improve the effectiveness of learning in early childhood. Early childhood has unique characteristics, such as short attention span and high curiosity, so variation in learning is essential to maintain their interest and engagement. Variation includes the use of various methods, media, teaching styles, and activities, which are adjusted to the developmental needs of children. Through a qualitative approach based on literature studies, this study found that variation in learning can improve children's learning motivation, concentration, and social and emotional skills. Variation also supports multisensory-based learning that strengthens conceptual understanding. The conclusion of this study emphasizes the importance of training for teachers to master variation skills in learning, in order to create meaningful and enjoyable learning experiences for early childhood.

Color recognition is one aspect that needs to be developed for young children so that children can easily recognize their surroundings. The role of teachers for young children in kindergarten education is highly expected to help develop the ability to recognize colors according to the characteristics of early childhood, such as by learning through playing, namely ball games to recognize colors. The aim of this research is to describe the results of ball games in introducing colors to children aged 4-5 years at RA As Sunniyah Lumajang. The research used classroom action research with a sample size of 22 children. This PTK is carried out in two learning cycles. Based on the results of the two cycles, it can be seen that the development of color recognition in children aged 4-5 years at RA As Sunniyah Lumajang can improve and develop well through playing ball. The suggestions that researchers can convey are as follows: for teachers when delivering material, it should be delivered in a playful manner so that learning is enjoyable; for schools to improve the quality of education by using creative and interesting learning methods; for future researchers it is hoped that they can find new methods to introduce colors to early childhood

This study aims to desribe speech difficulties n children aged 4-5 years at TK Al-Khairat Kindergarten, Gorontalo City. The researcher employed a qualitative research method focusing on the speech diffuculties experienced by children. The study subjects were three children and their parents at TK Al-Khairat Kindergarten in Gorontalo City, Data was collected through interviews and documentation. Data analysis was conducted through data reducation, data ranging from poor arculation to difficulties in understanding and using vocabulary. The causes influencing these difficulties include motor speech disorders such as apraxia, lack of supportive social interactions, and familly communication patterns. These speech difficulties significantly impact the children’s social-emosional development, such as low self-concept and difficulties building social-emotional development, such as low self-concept and difficulties building social relationship. The study highlights the importance of early detection and appropriate intervention to help children overcome speech difficulties, ultimately supporting their social, emotional, and academic development.

This research is entitled "The effect of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children aged 5-6 years at PAUD Ar-Rahman, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency". The problem in this study is the low attitude of caring for the environment. This study aims to find out whether there is an influence of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children aged 5-6 years at Ar-Rahman PAUD, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency. This type of research is Pre-Experimental with One Group Pre Test - Post Test design. The sample in this study amounted to 15 children consisting of 7 boys and 8 girls. The data collection technique in this study uses observation, tests and documentation. The data analysis techniques used in this study are normality test, homogeneity test, and hypothesis test. The results of the hypothesis were obtained after the initial test (pre test) and final test (posttest), then the researcher analyzes the results of the research. The results of data analysis in proving the hypothesis test were obtained tcount = 71.132 while to determine the table with a significance level of 5%, a ttable of 2.145 was obtained. So it can be concluded that > ttable calculation, Ha is accepted and Ho is rejected, which means that there is a significant influence of the use of outdoor learning on environmental care attitudes in group B children at PAUD Ar-Rahman, Galang Tinggi Village, Banyuasin III District, Banyuasin Regency.

This study aims to improve student learning outcomes in Mathematics, especially simple fractions, through the application of the Problem Based Learning learning model. The background of this study is based on the need for an effective learning approach and encourage active student participation in learning simple fractions. The Problem Based Learning learning model is one of the learning approaches used to improve learning outcomes in Mathematics. This study applies the Problem Based Learning learning model to grade III students at SDN 001 Barong Tongkok in the 2024/2025 academic year. The study method used in this study is Classroom Action Research. Classroom action studies are applied through two cycles. Each cycle consists of four processes that are applied sequentially, namely planning, acting, observing, and reflecting. The class that is the subject of this study is grade I students with a total of 21 people. In the initial conditions, the average student score was 62.25. After implementing the first cycle, where the teacher applied the learning practice, the results obtained were that in cycle I, the average class score increased to 67.25, and in cycle II, the average score increased to 77.75. Through the action study applied through two cycles, a significant increase was obtained. Thus, it can be concluded that the Problem Based Learning learning model is effective in improving Mathematics learning outcomes in simple fractions in class III at SDN 001 Barong Tongkok

Early literacy materials can give a person softness of heart, critical thinking skills and creative understanding. The purpose of this study was to understand the ways in which teachers teach group B children aged 5-6 years about the concept of reading and to identify factors that may hinder the successful implementation of these strategies. This study utilized a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data was collected by conducting observations, interviews and documentation. The research noted that teachers apply a variety of strategies in introducing core reading concepts including; whiteboard media as an opener, coloring as a habituation in recognizing letters, letter guessing games with smart wall media, storytelling, stage books. The implementation of these strategies has been quite optimally done at Ra Al-Kamal because the teachers are very enthusiastic and fast so that the learning process is carried out conducively. 

The social emotional development of early childhood ia an important aspect that supports the formation of their character and interaction abilities in the future. One effective way to support this development is through an interactive and fun play approach. Emoji board games are a creative medium for helping children recognize, express and manage their emotions. By using emoji symbols that are easy for children to understand, this game provides an interesting learning experience while improving children's abilities in communicating, working together and understanding other people's feelings. Apart from that, this game also helps children build self-confidence and empathy, which are important foundations in social interactions. Through a directed play process, children can develop social emotional skills optimally, so they are ready to face challenges in the family and school environment.

This study aims to determine the influence and magnitude of the influence of parenting programs on the formation of high self-esteem in early childhood at TK IT Insan Mulia Wonosobo. Using an ex post facto quantitative approach, data were obtained from 60 parents of children aged 5–6 years through questionnaires and observations. The results of the analysis showed that there was a significant influence of parenting programs on the formation of children's self-esteem (Sig. value = 0.036 <0.05) with a contribution of 7.4%. Although significant, the effect was still low, indicating that 92.6% of children's self-esteem was also influenced by other factors such as the social environment and personal experiences. This finding reinforces the importance of active parental involvement in parenting as school partners in supporting children's psychological development.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of assistant teachers in the teaching and learning process at TK Negeri Pembina, Kota Tengah, Gorontalo City. The research focuses include: (1) identifying the challenges faced by assistant teachers in the learning process, (2) understanding how the learning process is conducted by assistant teachers, and (3) evaluating the outcomes achieved in the implementation of the learning process by assistant teachers.The study employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The results indicate that assistant teachers play an active role in supporting classroom teachers, assisting and guiding children who require special attention. The tasks performed by assistant teachers reveal certain inconsistencies, such as assistant teachers taking on the role of classroom teachers. Despite challenges in managing students, asssistant teachers are able to contribute significantly to achieving learning objectives.