In educational research, identifying variables and determining data sources are essential components in designing a systematic and accurate study. Research variables refer to the elements that are observed and measured within a study. These variables can include student achievement, motivation, teaching strategies, or learning environment conditions. Generally, variables are categorized as independent, dependent, control, or moderator variables. The independent variable is the influencing factor, while the dependent variable is the outcome. Control variables are held constant to avoid interference, and moderator variables affect the strength or direction of the relationship. The process of identifying variables begins with formulating the research problem and objectives. By reviewing theoretical frameworks and previous studies, researchers can focus their investigation on measurable aspects. For instance, in a study about the effectiveness of online learning on student performance, the independent variable is online learning, while the dependent variable is student achievement. Beyond identifying variables, researchers must also determine the appropriate types of data sources. Data sources are generally divided into two categories: primary and secondary. Primary data are collected directly from research subjects, such as through interviews, observations, or questionnaires. Secondary data, on the other hand, are obtained from existing sources like documents, books, journals, or official reports. The choice of data source must align with the research approach—quantitative, qualitative, or mixed methods. In quantitative research, primary data such as test scores or survey responses are used to measure variables numerically. In qualitative research, in-depth interviews and observations are commonly used to explore meanings and context. Using both types of data in combination can enhance data validity through triangulation. Ultimately, researchers must ensure the validity and reliability of their data, while also maintaining ethical standards in data collection and reporting. By understanding how to identify variables and select appropriate data sources, educational research can yield credible findings that contribute meaningfully to educational theory and practice.

Based on literature research conducted over the past five years, from 2020 to 2024, this study aims to analyze the positive and negative impacts of technology use on students' cognitive development in schools. Digital technology plays a significant role in modern education, both in supporting students' critical thinking, creativity and conceptual understanding, and in introducing risks such as decreased concentration and digital dependency. The method used was a literature study that used a sample of literature covering various levels of education, from elementary school to higher education, using relevant articles and journals. The results of the analysis show that technology can accelerate the learning process and increase students' learning motivation if used appropriately and accompanied by the role of parents or teachers. However, excessive and unsupervised use can lead to cognitive, social and emotional impairment. Therefore, a balanced strategy for using technology is needed so that the benefits can be maximized and the negative impacts minimized.

Rapid technological developments require technology integration in learning. Developing science and technology from an early age is one of the best approaches in the context of education in the era of globalization. Informatics subjects have been implemented in the Indonesian curriculum to ensure students' ability to use technology. Interactive learning media plays an important role in strengthening students' understanding of complex concepts. Conventional learning paradigms can be changed to be more interesting, collaborative, and relevant if used in education. One interesting learning media is Wordwall, an application that offers various game features to increase students' interest and motivation to learn. In the context of informatics learning in junior high schools, the use of Wordwall can be an effective alternative to help students remember the components of a computer system. In order to support the use of Wordwall in learning, a literature study was conducted to understand more deeply about the use of this application and the factors that influence it. This study applies the literature study method by collecting and analyzing several related references in the last 5-10 years to present relevant and up-to-date information. By evaluating the results of previous studies, we can conclude that the use of Wordwall in education promises significant progress in student learning outcomes and motivation.

This research examines the impact of utilizing Quizizz and learning facilities on the academic performance of students majoring in Office Administration Education at the State University of Jakarta. The study uses a quantitative approach with a descriptive method. The population consists of all students in the Faculty of Economics at the State University of Jakarta. A purposive sampling technique was used to select a sample of 40 students from the Office Administration Education Study Program, class of 2022, at the State University of Jakarta. Data was gathered through a questionnaire utilizing a 4-point Likert scale and analyzed using descriptive statistical techniques, validity tests, reliability tests, and hypothesis testing. The results of the study indicate that the use of Quizizz and learning facilities have a positive and significant effect on student learning outcomes.

Schools play a strategic role in developing students’ potential and preparing them to face the challenges of a dynamic life. This study aims to analyze the implementation of organizational management at SMP Negeri 1 Kota Bandung. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and document analysis. The objective is to understand the processes of planning, organizing, directing, and evaluating school management. The findings indicate that school management organization is carried out by emphasizing the role of the principal as the main leader and coordinator. This is demonstrated through efforts to effectively allocate resources, conduct teacher training, develop student socialization activities, and establish constructive relationships between the school and parents. The results show that good management positively impacts creating a conducive learning environment and achieving educational goals. This study provides theoretical and practical contributions to understanding the importance of systematic and sustainable school management.

Sustainable education plays a crucial role in enhancing independent learning among rural communities in the digital era. This article discusses the importance of sustainable education models in empowering rural populations to adapt to technological advancements. With limited access to formal education, many rural communities benefit from continuous education programs that equip them with relevant skills and knowledge. The implementation of digital-based education models facilitates flexible learning and encourages self-directed learning, allowing individuals to access educational resources from their homes. Furthermore, developing digital literacy skills is essential for rural residents to effectively utilize technology for learning purposes. This article also explores strategies for technology-based teaching that enhance the learning experience and ensure that educational materials are accessible and engaging. Ultimately, the findings indicate that sustainable digital education can significantly improve the skills and knowledge of rural communities, fostering a culture of lifelong learning and independence.

The change of Minister of Education is often followed by new policies that cause various reactions among the public, including students and educators. This study aims to understand public perceptions of the change of Minister of Education and its implications for curriculum policy. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach with a questionnaire-based interview data collection method to educators and students. The results showed that most respondents had positive expectations of the new minister, especially regarding improving the quality of education and reducing the administrative burden on teachers. However, there were concerns about repeated curriculum changes. Respondents emphasized the importance of inclusive communication, strengthening the role of teachers and improving education infrastructure. Active stakeholder support is considered essential in realizing relevant, effective and sustainable education policies.

TIE DYE, a fabric dyeing technique that combines bright colors and unique patterns, which can be integrated into the context of art learning in elementary schools. At SDN Desa Salakbrojo, Kedungwuni, Pekalongan, the existence of the TIE DYE technique has begun to be introduced in the art education process, providing space for exploration of student creativity through a dynamic, colorful approach. This study aims to analyze the use of TIE DYE as an art learning method that can inspire students, improve fine motor skills, and introduce the concept of art in elementary education at SDN Desa Salakbrojo. This study uses a qualitative approach with a case study method. Data were collected through observation, interviews with teachers, and document analysis related to the implementation of the TIE DYE technique in learning. Data sources also include student work produced during the learning process. The results of this study indicate that TIE DYE can be used as an alternative learning method that is fun and effective in improving children's creativity and art skills. The use of this technique also provides new insights into how to integrate batik art into the elementary education curriculum, which can increase students' learning motivation and self-expression. Thus, TIE DYE can be part of the development of innovative art education in elementary schools. Keywords: tie dye reborn, jumputan batik, elementary school

The Al-Qur'an Tahfidz program at SDIT Al-Iman aims to equip students with Al-Qur'an reading and memorization skills. This study employs the Countenance Stake evaluation model to assess program effectiveness. Results indicate the program successfully achieved its objectives through structured planning, systematic monitoring, and tailored improvement measures. The program positively impacts students' confidence and Al-Qur'an reading abilities. Recommendations for enhancement include increased parental involvement, digital monitoring systems, technology-based learning methods, and teacher training.

This study aims to analyze spelling errors in the use of Indonesian on social media platforms, focusing on a case study of Twitter menfess (X) of Veteran National Development University students in East Java. Social media has become a popular means of communication among students, but the use of Indonesian often uses non-standard language and the use of incorrect spelling. The method used in this study is qualitative descriptive analysis, in which 20 data were collected from menfess posted by students on Twitter (X) during a certain period. The results of the analysis show that there are many spelling errors in the college students' menfess posts on Twitter (X). The findings show that, although university students have an understanding of Indonesian language, the influence of social media and fast communication habits can cause a decline in language quality. This research is expected to provide insights for the development of language policy among university students, as well as raising awareness of the importance of good and correct language use in the digital era.