Toxoplasma gondi is a pervasive parasite that causes a variety of diseases both in humans and animals, it infects the neural cells of the central nervous system. There have been previous reports linking this infection with Autism. Autism is a combination of complex neurodevelopmental disorders leading to alteration in social communication. This study was done to detect the frequency of seropositive Toxoplasmosis in Autistic children attending psychiatric units in Azady Teaching Hospital in Kirkuk governorate-Iraq. This case-control study was done on 40 Autistic children (30 male, 10 female) with an average age of 5.4±6 years and 40 healthy children (8 male, 32 female) with the same age range (6.1±2) year, from April 2018- January 2020. Sample collection was done by obtaining four ml of blood from all study group children for the detection of both IgM and IgG Toxoplasma gondi antibodies using the ELISA technique. Chi-square and paired T-tests were used for data analysis. The IgM serology for both Autistic and control children was negative while there was just one positive result of T.gondi IgG in Autistic Children and two positive results in normal children which made the result insignificant( X2=0.45, p-value>0.05). Regarding gender, there was no significant difference in detecting positive results between boys and girls of the study groups (X2=0.45 p value> 0.05). The study also demonstrated that Autistic Parents were statistically older than healthy children of the same age. We couldn't uncover any connection between ASD and toxoplasmosis. The age of parents & family history has a significant impact on the development of ASD.

Background:
 
The fovea ethmoidalis and the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate of the ethmoid bone are the parts of the skull base that are most vulnerable to iatrogenic problems during functional endoscopic sinus surgery. The vertical height of the cribriform plate's lateral lamella, which is divided into three groups based on Keros types. According to the Keros, The likelihood of iatrogenic injury and issues increases with the cribriform plate's lateral lamella height.
 
Aim of the study:
 
The aim of this study is to assess the discrepancies in the ethmoid roof elevation (the depth of the olfactory fossa) amongst the adult Kirkuk population using multi-detector computed tomography.
 
Patients and methods:
160 persons who were referred for a CT scan to evaluate their paranasal sinuses participated in the study. Participants in this study were not allowed to have any pathological abnormalities affecting the ethmoid roof. According to the Keros classification, which was split into three groups (Keros I from 1 to 3 mm, and from 4 to 7 mm considered Keros II, while Keros III should be from 8 mm and more), the vertical height of the lateral lamella of the cribriform plate was measured using the coronal portion of a CT image.
Results:
The patients' average age was 35.25 ±14.16 years. The range of the left lateral lamella height is 2.1 to 10.0 mm, and the range of the right lateral lamella height is 2.0 to 9.9 mm. Of these, 43.75% had Keros type I, 55% had Keros type II, and 1.25% had Keros type III.
 
Conclusion:
Keros type II was present in the majority (about 55%) of the adult population in that was studied while Keros type I was (about 43.75%). However, just (about 1.25%) of the adults population in the sample had Keros type III.

Immunization Completeness base is an immunization that must be given to children from birth so that their bodies are protected from dangerous diseases. Complete basic immunization coverage in Suka Raya Village, Pancur Batu District reached 80.7%: the low coverage of basic immunization is related to the knowledge and attitudes of mothers. This study aims to determine the relationship between maternal knowledge and attitudes and the completeness of basic immunization in infants . Data collection from primary and secondary data, data were analyzed using the chi-square test with a 95% confidence level. This type of research is analytical with a Cross Sectional approach , the population in this study were all mothers who had babies aged 9-12 months who visited Suka Raya Village, namely 42 people. The sampling technique is Total Sampling . Collection data For about complete basic immunization data analysis with Chi Square statistical test . The results of the study showed that there was a relationship between maternal knowledge and attitudes with the completeness of basic immunization with a p value for the knowledge variable of 0.003 and a p value for the attitude variable of 0.000. Then, maternal knowledge and attitudes influenced the completeness of basic immunization in infants, mothers with good knowledge and positive attitudes were more likely to complete their infants' basic immunization according to the specified schedule. It is recommended for Pancur Batu Village to further improve the provision of counseling to mothers about complete basic immunization and for health workers in Pancur Batu Village to improve maternal knowledge about the completeness of basic immunization
 

Toothpaste is an essential product for maintaining dental health, where fluoride is one of the key components commonly added. Fluoride plays a crucial role in strengthening enamel and preventing cavities, but the fluoride content in toothpaste must be adjusted according to age groups to avoid the risk of fluorosis, especially in children The literature review aims to evaluate the fluoride content in toothpaste analyzed using potentiometric methods with fluoride ion-selective electrodes (F-ISE). Through a literature review of five research articles published from 2014 to 2024, significant variations in fluoride levels were found. Some products met WHO standards (1000–1500 ppm), while others did not meet criteria, having either too low or too high fluoride content. The potentiometric method proved to be accurate and reliable; however, stricter supervision and regulations are needed to ensure product safety. In conclusion, it is important for consumers to understand the fluoride levels in the toothpaste they use and to ensure the selection of safe and effective products.

In the fruit processing industry, peel is one of the main by-products. Non-edible portions of fruit are likewise seen as waste and are frequently thrown out into the environment. Nowadays, one of the main sources used by the pharmaceutical sector to isolate and extract secondary metabolites is fruit peels. Many applications known for lime peel, especially for antibacterial. This study focuses on the isolation, chemical composition characterization, and antibacterial activity on skin pathogenic bacteria of lime peel essential oil (LPEO). LPEO were isolated using steam distillation and characterized by GC/MS. A total of 24 components were identified. The major constituents of the LPEO were d-limonene (40.24%), ?-terpinene (15.68%), sabinene (13.15%), citral (3.41%), ?-Terpineol (3.40%), and terpinene-4-ol (2.94%). The antibacterial activity was determined using the Kirby-Baurer method against several bacteria that can cause skin infections. The antibacterial activity of LPEO against Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis dan Propionicbacterium acne is confirmed. LPEO showed varied levels of antibacteria activity against the gram positive and gram negative bacteria. Zone of inhibition (ZOI) in millimetres was used to measure the antibacterial activity, and amoxicillin was used as a control.
 

Traffic and road accidents are considered one of the leading causes of death among children and adolescents aged 5-29 years. This study aims to analyze the relationship between age, education level, driving experience, and knowledge with safety riding behavior among motorcycle taxi riders at the MAXIM Online Ojek Base on Jl. Untung Suropati, Samarinda City. The research method used in this study is a quantitative research approach. This type of research is observational-analytic with a cross-sectional design. The sampling technique used is purposive sampling, where samples are selected based on criteria predetermined by the researcher. The total sample consists of 37 individuals, determined using the total sampling technique. Data analysis was conducted using the Chi-Square test. The results show that there is a relationship between age and knowledge with respondents' safety riding behavior. However, there is no relationship between driving experience and education level with respondents' safety riding behavior. In conclusion, it is recommended that motorcycle taxi riders improve their knowledge of proper safety riding practices.

Given that these substances' levels are essential for informing medicalpersonnel about the body's reaction to the different treatments beingadministered, this study was planned to assessment some physiologicalvariations to infants infected with hyperbilirubinemia. This will help themedical staff manage the condition properly with lower morbidity andmortality. In this study, 60 patients and 40 healthy controls (clinicallyevaluated by a specialist physician) are selected from males who are only1 year old. This study conducted in Al-hussein medical city Hospital inKarbala city. This study showed that significant decrease in weight,hemoglobin and packed cell volume in patients in comparison withhealthy, while noted significant increase in total white blood cells inpatients comparison with healthy, while showed there are insignificantchange in red blood cells and platelet.

Indonesia is one of the countries that utilize plants as alternative medicine to address illnesses experienced by individuals. This research method is qualitative research, where this method is expected to produce meaning and clarity from the approach through speech, description and behavior in groups of people and institutions in the process of collecting data in the field. Herbal drinks are drinks made from natural ingredients or spices and have many health benefits for the body. Orange mistletoe leaves are often brewed into tea, which is a popular way to consume them and get their health benefits. Herbal drinks from orange mistletoe leaves are a good choice to improve health naturally. With the various benefits it offers, including antioxidant activity and antimicrobial properties, this drink can be a valuable addition to a healthy diet.
 
 
 

This study aims to analyze the factors that influence the sleep quality of final year students, focusing on the role of stress, anxiety, physical activity and parental support. Final year students often deal with high levels of academic pressure, such as writing a thesis, which can disrupt their sleep patterns. This research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with literature study to identify the main themes related to students' sleep quality. Findings suggest that high levels of stress and anxiety, especially related to academic deadlines, negatively impact sleep quality. Apart from that, intense physical activity and lack of social support from parents also contribute to sleep disorders. The implications of this research demonstrate the importance of managing stress and anxiety, as well as the need for emotional and practical support to help students maintain the quality of their sleep. This research provides insights for universities to design programs that support student well-being, as well as contributing to research related to final year student mental health and sleep.
 
 

Indonesia is a country rich in useful biodiversity, such as red galangal (Alpinia purpurata K.Schum). The antibacterial and antifungal activity of the compounds isolated from the red galangal rhizome is the beginning of a new innovation to implement the concept on plants. The content of 1,8 sineol and eugenol in it makes red galangal rhizome can be used as a fungicide on lettuce plants. The widespread use of chemical-based pesticides can harm farmers and the environment with repeated exposure and over a long period of time. So biofungicide innovation is needed that can support the concept of Green Chemistry. The purpose of this study is to determine the effectiveness of red galangal rhizome extract as a fungicide on lettuce plants, as well as to analyze and determine under what conditions the fungicide from red galangal rhizome extract is optimal in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants. This research was conducted experimentally using a completely randomized design (CRD) with 10 treatments. All data were tested for normality followed by homogeneity test and all data were found to be normally distributed and homogeneous. Data were analyzed with parametric statistical tests using one-way ANOVA tests and further tests using Tukey with an error rate of 10% to determine whether there was an effect of the treatment tested on the material. The results of this study indicate that red galangal rhizome extract is effective in eradicating Rhizoctonia Solani fungus on lettuce plants with an optimum concentration of 50%.