Health services aim to maintain and improve the quality of health, as well as prevent and treat diseases in the community.This study aiming to analyze the legal certainty for health workers in health services, using the normative legal method. The data source comes from a literature review. The results of this study indicate that Law Number 17 of 2023 regarding Health brings significant changes to the legal certainty for health workers in Indonesia in terms of health services. Previously, legal certainty for health workers was spread across various separate laws. However, with the enactment of Law Number 17 of 2023, this legal protection has become more integrated and comprehensive. Updates regarding the protection of health workers include increasing the rights of health workers, including affirmation of compliance with professional standards and ethics. There are improvements in rights, salary, performance allowances, health insurance, and opportunities for self development. This protection is strengthened by giving health workers the authority to stop services if there is a violation of ethics. It is necessary to strengthen operational procedures and work standards that can be a reference for health workers in carrying out their duties, thereby reduce the risk of negligence that can result in criminal sanctions and additional regulations are also needed to ensure a fair legal mechanism for health workers in facing accusations of negligence, by considering ethics and professional aspects in their work.

The legal framework has significant potential to address cybercrime with the help of Artificial Intelligence (AI), which increases the efficiency of detecting, investigating and prosecuting increasingly sophisticated cybercriminals. This technology can perform big data analysis, pattern recognition and identification of suspicious behavior, but the legal framework needs to be updated to cover new crimes such as AI-based fraud and automated cyberattacks. The challenges in law enforcement related to the misuse of AI are quite complex, especially due to the lack of specific regulations to regulate its use in the context of cybercrime. Existing regulations often do not cover new situations, thus reducing the effectiveness of law enforcement. To overcome these challenges, legislators need to update regulations and develop ethical guidelines, while international collaboration and capacity building of law enforcement through education and training are also essential to increase the effectiveness of handling cybercrime.

Immigration is related to the traffic of people entering or leaving Indonesian territory and its supervision to maintain state sovereignty. Immigration functions include providing immigration services, law enforcement, and maintaining the security and comfort of the country, while contributing to the development of community welfare. With the increase in crimes involving fake identities or misuse of other people's identities, immigration must be stricter in checking travel documents used by Indonesian citizens and foreign nationals when entering and leaving Indonesian territory. Therefore, immigration introduced a new passport design and implemented the use of electronic passports. The research method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative method. The research results show that changes in passport design can increase state sovereignty and security, because the new design is difficult to imitate. This can be seen from the materials used in making the new passports as well as the designs that highlight elements of Indonesian culture. Applying for an electronic passport does require higher costs than a regular passport, but offers advantages that conventional passports do not have, including a better level of security. Using an electronic passport also makes it easier for the holder to undergo immigration service administration because this passport uses a biometric system that only needs to be scanned.

This research investigates the integration of sustainability principles and digital advancements in maritime law education within vocational training programmes. Drawing on qualitative perspectives from maritime professionals and educators, the study identifies critical areas for curriculum enhancement and skill development. Key findings highlight the industry's emphasis on regulatory compliance, safety management, and the use of digital technologies in maritime operations. The research underscores the importance of practical training modules, simulation-based learning, and industry partnerships in preparing cadets for real-world challenges. Expertise from industry stakeholders informs curriculum design, focusing on digital navigation tools, safety protocols, and regulatory frameworks like STCW and IMO standards. Assessment of cadet readiness reveals strengths in theoretical knowledge but emphasizes the need for more extensive practical training. Innovative approaches using simulators and online platforms enhance learning outcomes and operational efficiencies. The study concludes with recommendations for ongoing collaboration between academia and industry to sustain curriculum innovation and prepare a competent workforce for the evolving maritime industry.

This study looked at the relationship between Nigeria's ongoing insecurity and poor governance. The article makes the theoretical case that the injustice, corruption, and self-serving leadership of Nigeria's leadership class are to blame for the country's current security problems. Ethnic, communal, religious, and resource-related conflicts have persisted throughout most of Nigeria since the country's restoration to democracy in 1999, following nearly three decades of military administration. This is made worse by the leadership's apparent inability to solve important national concerns like reducing poverty, creating jobs, allocating resources, developing infrastructure, etc. Accordingly, the study concludes that Although it is a huge task, combating insecurity in Nigeria is not insurmountable. Nigerians must therefore come together, and the ruling class must become fully committed to combating insecurity and forging a strong political will.
 

Children are the next generation of the nation who need to receive guidance and protection to ensure their optimal physical, mental and social development. In its development, efforts to guide and protect children are often faced with problems and obstacles that ultimately lead to deviations in children's behavior. These deviations are often violations of legal norms and crimes by children. Children who are in conflict with the law must be held accountable for their actions, either through non-penal or penal processes. Regulations on child criminal acts are regulated in Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System. In principle, child protection is carried out based on the best considerations for children. The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze how the policy of formulating criminal responsibility for children in conflict with the law according to Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System; and to determine and analyze the policy of formulating criminal responsibility for children in conflict with the law in the future. This study uses a normative legal approach. The specifications of this study are descriptive analytical. The type of data in this study, namely secondary data includes primary legal materials in the form of laws and regulations and secondary legal materials in the form of book references and expert opinions. The data collection method used is the method of collecting data through literature studies. The analysis method used is qualitative analysis. The results of the study indicate that the criminal liability of children in conflict with the law according to Law No. 11 of 2012 is regarding the age limit of children who can be punished is 12 years, in the law there are also diversion efforts carried out before or even during the trial process, this is intended to minimize the punishment imposed on children (ultimum remidium). This process is carried out for the best consideration for children, because the effects of criminal law (stigmatization) are very bad for child development.
 
 

The crime of human trafficking is a form of modern human slavery. Apart from that, the criminal act of human trafficking is one of the worst forms of treatment that violates human dignity. The rise of human trafficking crimes in various countries, including Indonesia and other developing countries, is a problem in itself for Indonesia. The international community and members of international organizations, especially the United Nations (UN). The emergence of human trafficking often occurs when someone is vulnerable, among whom the victims are often women and children who are categorized as weak. This research is also descriptive analysis, descriptive analysis is an attempt to describe or describe events and happenings without carrying out hypotheses and statistical calculations. Analytical descriptive is what the respondent states in writing or orally, as well as their real behavior, which is researched and studied in its entirety. Data collection was carried out using a documentation study where all secondary data used in this research was collected using this research. This research was carried out using data collection tools, namely: literature study or document study.Prevention carried out by Immigration to prevent the Crime of Human Trafficking, namely Immigration can prevent the Crime of Human Trafficking by increasing monitoring at borders, tightening the provision of passports, especially for people who are still of productive age to prevent them from becoming victims of the Crime of Human Trafficking abroad, Immigration officers take effective anticipatory steps by conducting further and in-depth interviews with passport applicants before deciding whether to approve or reject the issuance of a passport, increasing officer training to recognize signs of victims of human trafficking crimes, collaborating with international institutions and non-governmental organizations in the campaign against the Crime of Human Trafficking, as well as involving the community in this prevention effort

This research analyzes the impact of Indonesian Supreme Court Decision No. 141/Pdt.Sus- PKPU/2020 on the execution of personal guarantees (borgtocht) in bankruptcy proceedings. This decision is significant as it has the potential to alter the practice of borgtocht execution and affect legal certainty for both creditors and debtors. The research employs a normative method with a statutory approach and case studies. Legal sources include legislation, legal literature, and relevant court decisions. The findings indicate that the Supreme Court decision provides clarity regarding the position of borgtocht in bankruptcy, yet also raises some legal uncertainties. This research offers recommendations for legal improvements regarding borgtocht execution to ensure legal certainty and fairness for all parties involved..
 
 

The use of e-commerce in the world of trade has had a huge impact on Indonesian society, this is related to very important legal issues. The importance of legal issues in the field of E-commerce, especially in providing legal protection for consumers who carry out buying and selling transactions via the Internet. This development emerged due to offers and acceptance from the public, as evidenced by the emergence of various online stores such as Kaskus, Tokopedia, Bukalapak, Shopee and Lazada. This research aims to find out and analyze legal protection for consumers in online buying and selling transactions (e-commerce) and to find out and analyze legal remedies that can be taken by consumers if there is a default in online buying and selling transactions (e-commerce). The approach method used in this research is a normative juridical approach. The specification of this research is descriptive analysis. The data source used is secondary data, which consists of primary, secondary and tertiary law. The data collection tool is library research. The data analysis technique used is qualitative analysis. The results of this research and discussion are legal protection for e-commerce users by upholding consumer rights in accordance with Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection articles 19, 20, 21, 24, and 26 and regulations related to the implementation of online buying and selling (e-commerce) and the implementation of consumer protection is also supported by involving several parties such as the government, national consumer protection bodies and non-governmental consumer protection institutions. Legal efforts that can be taken to resolve defaults in Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection are litigation and non-litigation.
 

The crime of maltreatment is a deliberate act that causes injury, pain or even death to a person. However, efforts to resolve minor persecution crimes can be done through Restorative Justice. Restorative Justice can be done through mediation of victims of persecution. This research formulates the problem of knowing how the legal arrangements by the Prosecutor's Office on Restorative Justice and knowing how the efforts and obstacles to overcoming persecution crimes based on Restorative Justice by the North Padang Lawas State Attorney's Office. This research method is through empirical juridical research with field studies at the North Padang Lawas State Attorney's Office related to countermeasures against criminal acts of persecution based on Restorative Justice. The data collection technique used by the author in this research is Field Research, which includes data sourced from interviews with the Public Prosecutor at the North Padang Lawas State Attorney's Office. Data analysis used in this research is qualitative analysis. The process of applying Restorative Justice in the crime of persecution in the North Padang Lawas District Attorney's Office is carried out by means of the Public Prosecutor offering peace efforts to the victim and suspect. Based on cases that meet the criteria for Restorative Justice, the State Attorney's Office will write to the High Prosecutor's Office and the Deputy Attorney General's Office for General Crimes to seek approval for Restorative Justice. The North Padang Lawas District Attorney's Office prioritizes peace between victims and perpetrators in resolving cases of light maltreatment by involving the families of both parties, such as community leaders, without any pressure, coercion, or intimidation from the Public Prosecutor who acts as a facilitator.