Physical modification of starch using microwave heat treatment (MHT) technology serves as an efficient and environmentally friendly alternative to enhance the functional properties of starch without chemical additives. This article aims to examine the influence of microwave power and heating duration on the swelling power and solubility of various starch types, including tapioca, taro, sago, and lotus rhizome. A review of four studies revealed that power and time parameters significantly affect the crystalline structure of starch granules, resulting in either enhancement or reduction of their functional properties. High power or prolonged heating may decrease swelling power due to crystal restructuring and granule disruption, while solubility increases as a result of amylose and amylopectin degradation. MHT has proven to accelerate the heating process in a volumetric and efficient manner, improving water absorption capacity and viscosity. Despite its drawback of uneven heat distribution, this method remains relevant as a physical modification technique aligned with green processing principles in the food industry.

Harvesting is a crucial stage in the palm oil production process that impacts the efficiency and productivity of the plantation. Choosing the right harvesting method can increase the effectiveness of time and labor. This study compares harvesting efficiency using manual and mechanized methods by measuring the duration of fruit harvest and transportation time to the collection point (TPH). This study was conducted in November–December 2024 at PT. Kencana Sawit Indonesia, located in Talao Sungai Kunyit, South Solok, West Sumatra. The equipment used included stationery, a stopwatch, and data related to working time and harvest results. Data were collected through direct observation. The analysis was carried out using the t-student statistical test to evaluate the difference in working time between the manual and mechanized methods. The results showed that harvesting with mechanization was more efficient than the manual method. The difference in harvest time reached 12 seconds per bunch with a P value of 0.0002, while the transportation time to the TPH was 23.48 minutes faster per ton with a P value <0.0001. Monthly production with mechanization averaged 48.69 tons, while the manual method only produced 38.13 tons per month. Thus, the use of mechanized harvesting methods has proven to be faster in the harvesting process, fruit transportation, and increasing monthly production results. The implementation of mechanization can be a strategic step to increase operational efficiency and productivity of oil palm plantations.

This study aims to determine: (1) To determine the productivity of hybrid yellow corn farmers in Mrobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency and (2) To determine how much income hybrid yellow corn farmers get in Marobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency. The results of this study indicate that (1) The productivity of hybrid yellow corn farmers in Marobea Village, Sawerigadi District, West Muna Regency is 2,127/kg, which can be said to be quite productive with an average production of 3.128/kg and an average land area of ??1.47/ha. (2) The amount of income is obtained from the difference between total income of Rp14,050,976/ha/planting season with total production costs of Rp4,365,666/ha/planting season, resulting in an income of an average of Rp9,685,310/ha/planting season.

Abstract. This research focuses on knowing the income and feasibility of the R/C ratio of the main tempe business in Temayang Village, Bojonegoro Regency purposively. This research analyzes the total costs incurred in one month of the tempe business to determine income, revenue and R/C ratio. The method in this analysis uses a descriptive quantitative method which shows a number scale and the respondents taken are tempe business owners. The results of the analysis show that the total costs incurred were Rp. 2,738,000, with income of Rp. 2,662,000, and the revenue obtained was Rp. 5,400,000. In the R/C ratio, there is an R/C ratio. It can be seen that the calculation results obtained are an R/C ratio of 1.97. With the guiding provisions that every R/C ratio issued is IDR. 1.00 costs incurred will get a profit of Rp. 1.97 and if the R/C is more than 1, it can be concluded that this business can be said to be worth continuing.
 
Keywords: Income, Eligibility, and Tempe

A shipyard company in Surabaya, which is one of the major industries, generates a large amount of organic waste, including food waste, vegetables, fruits, leaves, and wood. Although this organic waste is a potential source of humus and essential nutrients for the soil, most of it has not been optimally managed. Composting is an effective method to process organic waste into compost, which can reduce the negative impact of toxic compounds and pathogens on the environment. This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using two types of activators, namely PROMI and ecoenzymes, in accelerating the composting process and improving compost quality in accordance with SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. PROMI activator, which contains various microorganisms such as Trichoderma Harzianium, Pseudokoningii, and Aspergilus sp., and ecoenzymes, which is produced through fermentation of organic materials, were applied to shredded organic waste. The results showed that the use of both activators could accelerate the decomposition process of organic materials and produce high-quality compost within 21 days. With the final measurement results of both composts, both with PROMI and ecoenzymes treatment, the same pH and temperature values were obtained, namely pH 7 and temperature 30?. Parameters such as pH, temperature, colour, smell, and texture of the compost are recorded periodically to ensure the composting process is going well. Thus, the use of PROMI and ecoenzymes activators not only increases composting efficiency but also provides a sustainable solution for organic waste management in the shipyard industry.

The rapid growth of the city in Pulubala Urban Village, Gorontalo City, has resulted in pressure on the environment and the use of green open space (RTH). This study aims to analyse the use of green spaces in the residential area of Pulubala Village, which is inhabited by various ethnic groups. The method applied was descriptive qualitative, with data collection through observation, interviews, and documentation. The research findings indicate that RTH in Kelurahan Pulubala, covering an area of 0.50 Ha, consists of two categories, namely RTH Settlement Area and Smart Park. The benefits of RTH include play areas for children, social activities, and improved environmental quality. However, problems such as lack of space, poor condition, and environmental pollution threaten the sustainability of RTH. To optimise the utilisation of green spaces, better planning, increased public awareness, and the development of attractive facilities are needed. This research is expected to contribute to the preservation and development of green open spaces in urban areas.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between feed prices and the productivity of broiler chickens in Indonesia, considering that poultry farming is the main source of animal protein needs for the community. One important component that influences production efficiency is feed prices, which often change due to changes in local and international markets. This research uses a quantitative analysis method with regression which is used in this research to find the relationship between the increase in feed prices and the level of productivity of broiler chickens, including body weight gain, feed efficiency and mortality rates. The data used includes feed prices, production costs and harvest yields from various regions in Indonesia during a certain time period. According to research results, the increase in feed prices made a significant contribution to the decline in broiler chicken productivity. These results indicate that to maintain production stability, strategies to manage feed costs and diversify local raw material sources are needed. In conclusion, to keep the poultry farming industry in Indonesia afloat, feed price stability is very important.

It is necessary to know the strategy for developing the copra agroindustry in Mamala Village. Sampling was carried out using the purposive sampling method. The analysis tool us is the SWOT matrix. The results of the research show that the strategy used is to locate the copra industry close to the farmers' location so that there is cooperation between the industry and local farmers and it makes it easier for farmers to sell coconuts to the industry because the distance is quite close. The copra quality is good so it creates demand. there is always copra on the market, the availability of capital to buy coconut raw materials so that there is always coconut raw material to be produced into copra, the industry has a skilled workforce so that the potential for long-term copra products is quite good, even though the equipment technology for processing copra is still simple does not affect the long-term potential of copra products, having a small number of workers does not hinder the copra production process so that there is always a demand for copra in the market, the influence of uncertain market prices does not affect the good quality of copra, the existence of climate change on copra production is minimized because the availability of skilled workers in processing copra, having a small number of workers does not affect market access in selling copra products.

This study aims to determine what factors influence the decision of farmers in selecting the seeds of the Mekongga  variety. The research method used is multiple linear regression model. The number of respondents in this study were 30 respondent farmers with purposive sampling technique, with the provision that farmers used the seeds of the Mekongga variety..The results of this study indicate that factors such as age, production, land, and the number of familiy dependents have a significant influence on farmers' decisions in selecting the seeds of the Mekongga  variety. so it can be concluded that these factors have an influence on farmers' decisions in choosing the seeds of the Mekongga  variety an Factors that influence the decision in choosing Mekongga variety rice seeds in Matahoalu village, Uepai subdistrict, Konawe district The coefficient values obtained respectively for the age variable are 0.166, the production variable is 0.503, the land area variable is 0.239 and the number of family dependents variable is 0.269, indicating a larg Contribution coefficient of each variable in selecting Mekongga rice seed varieties.
 

 
In marketing, watermelon will undergo a marketing process and experience changes in prices at the producer level and prices at the end consumer, resulting in differences in the price of watermelon between producers and consumers. This makes marketing a very important activity. The aim of this research is to determine marketing channels, margins and marketing efficiency. The population in this study was 140 watermelon farmers. The sample was determined using the Slovin method, so that the selected respondents were 34 watermelon farmers and the sample of trader respondents was 5 people, namely 2 village collectors, 1 wholesaler and 2 retailers. The analytical tools used are descriptive analysis, margin analysis and efficiency analysis. The research results show that there are 2 marketing channel patterns for watermelon in Waihatu Village, namely: marketing channel I farmer-retailer-final consumer, while marketing channel II farmer-village collector-wholesaler-retailer-final consumer. The highest total marketing margin is in marketing channel I, namely IDR 2,000/kg, while the lowest total margin is in marketing channel II, namely IDR 1,000/kg. In conclusion, both marketing channels are classified as efficient, marketing channel II with an efficiency value of 12.21 percent and marketing channel I with the smallest efficiency value, namely 3.34 percent.