This study aims to examine the digital divide in learning access among 10th-grade students at SMAN 2 Sungai Tarab. Data were collected using a closed questionnaire containing 20 items with positive and negative statements on a 4-point Likert scale. The study was conducted over four days (May 21–24, 2025) and focused on four aspects: ownership of digital devices, internet signal quality, digital literacy, and academic achievement. The findings indicate that all four aspects fall within the moderate category of digital divide, with average scores as follows: digital device ownership (2.66), signal quality (2.57), digital literacy (2.76), and academic achievement (2.50). Digital literacy showed the highest level of disparity, highlighting that some students still struggle to use digital devices effectively. Academic achievement showed the lowest disparity but is still influenced by the other factors. This study reinforces previous research that the digital divide remains a barrier to equitable education, especially in non-urban areas. Collaborative efforts are needed to improve infrastructure and enhance students’ digital skills to ensure more inclusive and equitable access to digital learning.

Advances in technology have led to an increase in gadget use among students, including the activity of using electronic devices before bedtime. This study used a qualitative approach, collecting data through student questionnaires and in-depth interviews with classroom teachers. The study involved 10 Year 5 students as main respondents and 1 class teacher as a supporting respondent. The results identified four themes: (1) students' habits in using gadgets before bedtime, (2) students' views on the impact on sleep quality, (3) teachers' views on the impact on students' learning, and (4) parents' role in supervision. The results showed that the majority of 5th grade students use gadgets 30-120 minutes before bedtime, with the habit of using gadgets to play games, watch videos and use social media. This study also found that students with good parental regulation and supervision of gadget use had better sleep quality and more stable academic performance. The results of this study highlight the importance of education on the wise use of gadgets, as well as the active role of parents and schools in regulating and supervising students' digital activities, especially before bedtime, to support optimal academic development.

This study aims to examine the relationship between teacher-student attachment and learning motivation of 3rd grade students at SDN Kaligandu Serang. Teacher-student attachment plays a crucial role in creating a supportive learning environment that nurtures students’ psychological development and academic enthusiasm. Employing a quantitative correlational approach, the study involved 40 elementary students as samples. Data were collected using a Guttman-scale questionnaire, validated and tested for reliability. The analysis was carried out using Pearson Product Moment correlation with SPSS assistance. The findings indicate a strong and significant positive relationship (r = 0.840) between teacher-student attachment and students' learning motivation. These results highlight the importance of fostering strong emotional bonds between teachers and students to enhance student motivation in the classroom context.

This study aims to implement the simulation-role playing method in fostering students' positive habits towards the social environment in learning the material of ghibah implementing tabayun in class VII students at SMPN 2 East Karawang. The research was conducted through two cycles, where each cycle included four stages, namely: planning, action implementation, observation, and reflection. Data collection was carried out using an instrument in the form of a multiplechoice test of 20 questions that focused on the material of avoiding gibah and carrying out tabayun. The data obtained were analyzed descriptively quantitatively to determine the improvement of student learning outcomes. The Minimum Completeness Criteria (KKM) set in this study is 70. This study is considered successful if at least 70% of all students get a score ?70. This finding shows that the use of the Simulation-Role Playing method is effective during learning and fosters positive habits towards the social environment. Thus Simulation-Role Playingf can be a relevant alternative in learning Islamic Religious Education at the junior high school level.

This study aims to explore the features of Praktika application for teachers’ speaking skills and teachers’ perceptions of the feature of Praktika application. This research was conducted in September 2024. The research used descriptive qualitative method with observation, interview, and questionnaire as the instruments. The respondents English teachers. Data were gathered by observation, interview, and questionnaire. The researcher conducted the study in several stages, starting with selecting qualified participants and observing their prior knowledge of the application. Participants then practiced speaking English using the application, while data was collected through participants perceiving learning to speak English in the Pratika application as self-learning. Finally, the researcher analyzed the gathered data using existing methods. Findings indicate that the Praktika application effectively supports English teachers in improving their pronunciation, sentence structures, and confidence in speaking. Additionally, teachers expressed positive perceptions of the application, highlighting its role in increasing motivation, engagement, and technical usability. The results suggest that Praktika can be a valuable self-learning tool for teachers and a recommended resource for students.

Psychological assessment is an essential component in the guidance and counseling process, as it serves as a tool to help counselors comprehensively understand the dynamics of an individual. Through various assessment techniques, both quantitative—such as psychological tests—and qualitative—such as interviews and observations—counselors can identify psychological factors that influence the behavior, thoughts, and emotions of the counselee. The purpose of this article is to explore how psychological assessment can be effectively used by counselors to understand an individual’s internal condition, as well as how it supports the accuracy of counseling interventions. The findings indicate that the ethical and professional use of assessments can enhance understanding of the counselee and serve as a foundation for developing personalized and effective counseling strategies.

Indonesian language plays a crucial role as both a national and state language, serving as a unifying tool for the nation, a national identity, and a means of communication in various aspects of life. This paper aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as a national and state language, as well as to identify its variations based on usage context, communication media, and fields of application. The research method employed is a literature review, analyzing various sources related to the functions and variations of the Indonesian language. The findings reveal that Indonesian has dual functions: as a symbol of national pride and an official state communication tool. Additionally, the variations of Indonesian are classified into formal, non-formal, and casual based on usage context; spoken and written based on communication media; and academic, legal, literary, journalistic, and advertising based on fields of application. The implication of this research is the importance of public understanding of the functions and variations of Indonesian to ensure its appropriate use in different contexts, thereby enhancing communication effectiveness and preserving Indonesian as a national identity.

?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? 14 ?????? ?? ??? 17 ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? (KKM). ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??: 1) ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? 2) ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.  ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? (PTK) ??? ????? ?????-??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????: ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????: 1) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 48% ?? ????? ?????? ??? 86% ?? ????? ??????. 2) ???? ????? ?????? ?? 35% ????? 49.70 ?? ????? ????? ??? 82% ????? 81.47 ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.

This research aims to analyze the dynamics of the role of Indonesian language among Generation Z, with an emphasis on the use of slang language in the context of social media. Language as a means of communication holds crucial significance in social life, and its development reflects the changes in time and technology Generation Z, born between the mid-1990s and early 2010s, is a group that is highly exposed to digital media and actively engages in content creation. A descriptive qualitative method is employed to explore the impact of slang language usage on the practice of formal Indonesian language communication. The findings indicate that while slang supports the expression of identity and creativity, there is a risk of diminished understanding of formal Indonesian language. This research recommends the implementation of innovative educational campaigns and collaboration with influencers to raise awareness of the importance of proper Indonesian language usage. With the application of appropriate strategies, it is hoped that the Indonesian language can remain relevant and be effectively used by Generation Z, positioning them as agents of change in the preservation of language in the digital era.

. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????: ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
???? ??? ????? ??: 1) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????. 2) ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??: 1) ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????.2) ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (BTA) ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????.
 ??????? ????????: ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.