The criminal evidence systems in France and Portugal reflect two contrasting approaches in the civil law tradition, namely conviction intime and conviction raisonné. However, the fundamental debate between the two triggers dynamics regarding how the evidentiary system balances judicial independence and transparency. This study aims to analyze the philosophical differences and implications between the two principles. This study uses a normative legal research method with a comparative approach. The data collection method is collected using library research, then analyzed qualitatively and presented descriptively. The results of the study indicate that there is no single approach that can fully meet the needs of flexibility, efficiency, and transparency in criminal evidence. Both conviction intime in France and conviction raisonnée in Portugal present unique advantages and disadvantages, but both can complement each other if applied in a balanced manner.

The role of literature is very important for students because of the positive impact it has on their academic and personal development, including the improvement of their critical thinking skills. Students will learn to analyze storylines, characters, and themes, as well as evaluate different perspectives and meanings in a text. Literary education can also enrich vocabulary and language skills. Reading a variety of literary genres expands students' vocabulary and improves their ability to understand and use language effectively. The purpose of this study is to determine the role of literature and the development of language skills of grade II students of Lontar Baru State Elementary School in the 2024/2025 school year. In this study, literature review methodology was used, and narrative literature review was chosen as the model. This narrative report analyses and summarizes data from various journals. This research employed a qualitative methodology using secondary data from relevant journals. The researcher used descriptive analysis techniques to collect, identify, organize and analyze the various data found. The results of the study highlighted the role of intensive reading programs in school literacy programs, the use of technology in literary education, interactive learning methods and children's language skills training in the form of special training. This indicates teacher development.

Elementary education serves as the foundational stage in efforts to improve the overall quality of education in Indonesia. Identifying regions with the lowest levels of elementary education is essential for effectively targeting initiatives to enhance education quality. The K-Means clustering algorithm is employed to group regions based on specific indicators, such as the number of students, dropout rates, classrooms, teaching staff, school principals, and others. The objective of this method is to identify regions with the lowest levels of elementary education by pinpointing clusters of areas that require the most support and development. K-Means clustering operates by dividing data into several clusters based on the similarity of feature patterns. This process facilitates the identification of regional groups with varying priorities for support and development. The clustering analysis results reveal that from 39 datasets related to elementary education across various regions in Indonesia, three clusters were formed. Cluster 0 consists of 34 data points, Cluster 1 contains only 1 data point, and Cluster 2 comprises 4 data points.

This article discusses case studies of three Muslim countries that implement different government systems, namely Saudi Arabia, Iran and Türkiye, to illustrate the diversity of political models in the Islamic world. Saudi Arabia adheres to an Islamic Monarchy system, where power is fully held by the royal family which is supported by religious legitimacy based on Sharia and Wahhabism. In contrast, Iran implemented an Islamic Republic system combined with the Regional al-Faqih doctrine, making clerical authority the center of political control.

Character education is very important for building a generation of the nation's successors who have noble character and positive behavior, especially amidst the increasingly complex challenges of the times. This article discusses the definition of character education, its objectives, and the benefits of implementing it in schools. This research was conducted using a qualitative approach, and the literature study method was employed to investigate various references related to the subject. The study results indicate that educational character is very important in shaping students' personalities, preventing bad behavior among teenagers, preparing a responsible generation, providing the tools for living in society, and supporting students' academic achievements. To achieve this, educational character must be integrated into the curriculum through practice, exemplary behavior, and collaboration between schools, families, and communities. Therefore, educational character is very important for building a generation of successors who are virtuous and behave positively. Especially in the face of increasingly complex challenges of the times, educational character can produce a generation that is not only cognitively intelligent but also possesses strong character.

The development of digital technology has opened up new opportunities for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) to expand their marketing strategies through internet-based platforms. This study aims to enhance the digital marketing capacity of MSMEs by providing training on creating online stores via Tokopedia and Facebook in Kropoh Village, Raas Subdistrict. This research uses a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews, and questionnaires. The results show that digital marketing training improves the understanding and skills of MSME actors in utilizing marketplaces, and contributes to an average sales increase of 25%. This study emphasizes the importance of digital literacy and technology-based marketing strategies in improving the competitiveness of MSMEs in the Industrial Revolution 4.0 era.

This study aims to identify and analyze the leading sectors in the economy of Minahasa Regency for the 2019-2023 period using the Location Quotient (LQ) method. The data used is secondary data in the form of Gross Regional Domestic Product (GRDP) of Minahasa Regency and North Sulawesi Province obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The results of the analysis show that there are several basic sectors with an LQ value> 1, namely agriculture, forestry and fisheries (LQ = 1.28), mining and quarrying (LQ = 1.28), processing industry (LQ = 1.15), electricity and gas supply (LQ = 1.18), water supply and waste management (LQ = 1.07), construction (LQ = 1.14), real estate (LQ = 1.27), and government administration (LQ = 1.21), education services (average LQ = 1. 06), and other services (average LQ = 1.06). An important finding in this study is the significant transformation in the manufacturing sector which experienced a drastic increase from LQ=0.78 in 2022 to LQ=2.56 in 2023. Meanwhile, the tourism, transportation, and information communication sectors are still classified as non-base sectors with LQ values <1. This study recommends strengthening the basic sectors through industrialization, agricultural modernization, and infrastructure development policies, as well as special programs to develop non-base sectors to create more equitable and sustainable economic growth in Minahasa Regency.

This research is motivated by the lack of use of technology-based learning media in Indonesia mathematics learning for grade IV students at SD Negeri SUKARATU 6. Student learning activities seem monotonous so that students are less enthusiastic about learning mathematics. This research aims to analyze usage wordwall game learning media on students' interest in learning mathematics. This research uses a qualitative descriptive research method. This research was carried out in class IV of SD Negeri Sukaratu 6, totaling 30 students as research subjects for mathematics subjects. The data collection techniques used were observation and interviews. The results of the research prove that the wordwall learning media is an interactive media that is easy to use in the learning activities of grade IV students at SD Negri Sukaratu 6. So, it can be concluded that the wordwall learning media can increase students' interest in learning mathematics.

Predictive modeling is a mathematical and statistical method for predicting future behavior or trends by analyzing input data patterns. This is part of predictive analysis using current and historical data to predict or estimate future events. This paper aims to examine the importance of predictive modeling in business affairs. The method used in this paper is literature review. Data was collected by conducting literature searches, both books and journals. The results of the study show that predictive analytics is an organizational game changer that aims to improve the competency retrieval process and increase efficiency. By leveraging large amounts of data, predictive analytics allows businesses to predict future outcomes by analyzing historical data, identifying trends, and creating insights that can be implemented in the field. For business analysts, understanding predictive analytics is critical to establishing data-driven strategies and addressing the ethical considerations that accompany data manipulation.

Education is a key element in improving the quality of human resources in the world. When the quality of human resources increases, life on earth will be better, which in turn encourages high productivity. Conversely, if the quality of human resources decreases, life on earth will also decline. The method used is a qualitative research method with a type of literature review, namely a review of research results and books on existing concepts to be studied in depth with a qualitative approach analysis so as to find new knowledge that can be used in the future. The results of the study are Physical education and sports provide various benefits, including physical health which can reduce the risk of chronic diseases, social development through interaction in time. Character education basically aims to form individuals who have integrity, empathy, a sense of responsibility for themselves and society, and a commitment to upholding truth and justice. Physical activity in physical education also plays an important role in reducing stress and anxiety levels.