Mangroves are plants whose natural habitat is in coastal areas, they should require the role of coastal communities to manage mangroves. In Pantai Labu District, four types of mangrove plants were found that grow abundantly in the area, namely mangroves (Rhizophora), api-api (Avicennia), nipah (Nypa), and pedada (Sonneratia caseolaris). Although the types of mangroves in this area are quite diverse, unfortunately the community has not utilized them optimally. So far, the community has only taken parts of the mangrove tree trunks to be used as firewood or sold, while the fruit, especially pedada fruit, is often left alone to rot without being utilized. The method in this study uses qualitative descriptive. This study aims to describe and understand the conditions of mangrove utilization and conservation efforts by the community in Pantai Labu District in depth, based on data obtained from observations and interviews with local residents.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the 4P marketing mix strategy (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) at Firdaus Farm, a tilapia farming business in Tasikmalaya, and its effectiveness in enhancing the business's competitiveness and profitability. The method used is qualitative descriptive with a case study through observations, interviews, and direct documentation at the business location. The research findings indicate that the product strategy, which emphasizes tilapia quality—such as freshness, uniform size, clean packaging, and quality certification—constitutes the primary factor in attracting consumer interest. The flexible and competitive pricing strategy, adjusted according to market conditions and consumer purchasing power, along with bonuses for loyal customers, proved to increase customer loyalty and sales. Product distribution is carried out through traditional channels and has begun utilizing digital platforms to expand market reach, with the strategic location of the business supporting distribution efficiency. Promotion, still mainly traditional, is starting to develop into digital promotion through social media, which effectively increases product visibility and appeal. This study concludes that the consistent and adaptive application of the 4P marketing mix can enhance Firdaus Farm’s competitiveness in the tilapia market. It is recommended that business practitioners continue to develop product innovations, evaluate pricing, expand digital distribution, and optimize digital promotion in order to face increasingly intense market competition.

Herbal Tea Bag Product Made from Chinese Betel Leaf with Combination of Lemongrass and Cardamom. This research aims to: 1) investigate the organoleptic properties of herbal tea bags made from Chinese betel leaf combined with lemongrass and cardamom, and 2) assess the sensory quality of the product through hedonic testing. This experimental study employed an observational method using a sensory evaluation panel consisting of 35 members (5 experts and 30 semi-trained panelists). Data were collected using a questionnaire. The independent variables were the proportion of Chinese betel leaf (2g, 4g, and 6g) and the addition of lemongrass and cardamom (2g) with temperature variations (40°C and 60°C) for 4 hours. The dependent variables were the sensory qualities, including shape, color, aroma, taste, and texture. The control variables included the type of materials, equipment, and processing techniques. Data analysis was performed using two-way anava and Duncan's multiple range test. The results showed that: 1) the proportion of Chinese betel leaf affected the shape and taste, 2) the drying temperature affected the color, taste, and texture, and 3) there was no interaction between the proportion of Chinese betel leaf and the addition of lemongrass and cardamom on the sensory quality of the herbal tea bags.

This research aims to analyze: (1) types of purchasing behavior of free-range chicken consumers in Kendari City, (2) factors that influence the purchasing decisions of free-range chicken consumers. The factors studied in this research are cultural, social, personal, psychological factors, chicken price, age and income. Determining the location of this research was carried out purposively. This research was conducted at the Wet Market (Mandonga Mall) Kendari City with the data used being primary and secondary data. This research used 35 respondents each who bought free-range chickens and those who did not buy free-range chickens taken using accidental sampling. The data analysis used in this research is engagement inventory design analysis and logistic regression analysis. The results of this research indicate that the type of consumer purchasing behavior is classified as a complex purchasing behavior type. This type of behavior has a high level of involvement in decision making to purchase free-range chicken and consumers are aware of the real differences between attributes. Factors that have a positive influence on consumer purchasing decisions are cultural, psychological and age variables. Variables that have a negative influence on purchasing decisions are social factors and income. Factors that have no influence are price and personal variables.

Digital transformation has brought significant impact to the agriculture sector in Indonesia by improving operational efficiency, opening new market opportunities, and introducing the concept of digital farming and agriculture 4.0. Although the government has encouraged agricultural digitalization through policies and programs, farmers still face challenges such as land limitations, climate change, and limited market access. Collaboration between the government, private sector, and non-profit organizations is needed to support farmers' adoption of digital technologies to improve their efficiency, productivity, and welfare. Challenges such as lack of internet access, low digital literacy, and high technology implementation costs also need to be addressed through cross-sector collaboration. This research highlights the importance of synergy in capitalizing on digital opportunities and overcoming barriers in the digital transformation of Indonesia's agriculture sector.

This research aims to find out: (1) the husband's income as a farmer. (2) the income of the farmer's wife (3) the contribution of the farmer's wife to the income of the farmer's household in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, Muna Regency. This research was carried out in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, Muna Regency from January 2023 to July 2024. The data used were primary and secondary data. The analysis used in this research is presented in table form. The main commodities cultivated by farmers are corn, cassava and tapping palm sap. The average husband's income in the agricultural sector in Masalili Village, Kontunaga District, IDR 30,151,595/year, this value is obtained from the value of income minus the value of farming production costs. The average income of farmers' wives is IDR 14,413,228/year with an average income of IDR 19,048,200/year and average expenses of IDR 4,580,972/year. This income is obtained from the kamooru weaving business, with an average income of IDR 9,671,728/year and also additional income from businesses in the agricultural sector, namely as a farm laborer and also a vegetable seller, with an average income of IDR 4,792,500/year. The results of the analysis show that farmer wives contribute 31.87% to farmer household income, while husbands' income from the agricultural sector contributes 68.12% with an average total income of farmer households of IDR 45,386,866/year.

This study aims to determine the costs, revenues, and profits of Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business in Unaaha City. Analysis of the Es Pisang Ijo business is important for producers to know the state of the business, especially from the financial side, so that it can be used as a contribution of thought, evaluation material, and consideration in making decisions related to the progress of Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business. This study uses a case study research type. Data collection techniques Data collection techniques used are: Primary data and secondary data. Sampling technique The withdrawal of respondents in this study was carried out purposively or intentionally, at Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo Culinary business in Unaaha City, Konawe Regency. The total cost of Mr. Ashar's Es Iisang Ijo Business in one production process with raw materials of 4 combs of sweet bananas produces an output of 65 cups of Es Pisang Ijo in one production process, with a total  cost of Rp. 421,500.00 and the income obtained in one production process is Rp 975,000.00, thus obtaining a profit of Rp 553,500.00. The R/C value produced by Mr. Ashar's Es Pisang Ijo business is 1.76.

Oil palm (Elaeis guineensis Jacq.) is one of the world's important commodities as a producer of vegetable oil needed by various industries. Leaf area index is one of the indicators of plant growth seen from the size of the leaf surface area that carries out the photosynthesis process. This study aims to determine the interaction of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose treatment and its application method on the Leaf Area Index of oil palm seedlings at the pre-nursery stage. The study was designed using factorial RAK consisting of 2 factors, namely the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer (K) and its application method (A), and 3 replications. The K factor consists of 5 levels, namely K0 = 0 g/seedling; K1 = 0.5 g/seedling, K2 = 1 g/seedling, K3 = 1.5 g/seedling, and K4 = 2 g/seedling. Factor A consists of 3 levels, namely A1 = watering, A2 = spreading, and A3 = bag. The observation results were analyzed using analysis of variance and further DMRT test at 5% level if significantly different. The results of the study showed that the dose of NPK Phonska fertilizer 1 g/seedling (K2) gave the highest results on the Leaf Area Index, which was 2.90. The interaction treatment of NPK Phonska fertilizer dose 1 g/seedling and the pocket application method (K2A3) gave the highest results on the parameters of seedling height (12.99 cm) and tuber diameter (1.31 cm). The Leaf Area Index weakened positively on the growth of oil palm seedlings as seen from the height of the seedlings, tuber diameter, and leaf sheath length.

This study aims to analyze the 4P marketing mix (Product, Price, Place, Promotion) in hydroponic lettuce marketing at SMA Negeri 1 Karangnunggal. The method used is descriptive qualitative with case studies through observation and interviews. The results of the study indicate that the 4P marketing mix emphasizes products that have good quality such as good lettuce color and shape, the use of good seeds to produce good products. The price of the product has an affordable price which is relatively cheap for premium quality and offers discounts for large purchases. In easily accessible marketing places such as buyers can visit the place of sale directly or orders can be delivered to buyers directly. As well as the promotion methods carried out offline and online through social media.

Although North Sumatra's cattle farms have enormous potential for development, there are still several issues that hinder productivity and efficiency. The comparative advantages and development strategies of cattle farming in the region are the subject of this study. The methods used include literature analysis and secondary data from various relevant sources. The results showed that, although local cattle have advantages in terms of adaptation to the environment, their productivity is lower than imported cattle such as Brahman Cross. Some of the factors that lead to low productivity include poor feed management, limited use of technology such as artificial insemination, and an ineffective marketing system. In addition, this study found that by improving the efficiency of agricultural waste as feed, cattle farming can thrive, the use of biogas and improved marketing systems through farmer cooperatives. Improving the competitiveness of cattle farming in North Sumatra can be achieved through the application of technology and local wisdom-based approaches. This research is expected to help in making policies and strategies to develop more efficient and sustainable cattle farming in the future.