Pakistan's legal landscape is characterized by a complex interplay of various legal systems, including Islamic law (Sharia) and secular legal frameworks inherited from colonial legacies. This paper seeks to explore the dynamics of legal pluralism in Pakistan, focusing on the coexistence and interaction of Islamic law and secular legal systems within the country's judiciary and legal institutions. Through a comparative analysis, the paper aims to examine the historical evolution, sources, principles, and application of both Islamic law and secular legal systems in Pakistan, shedding light on their respective roles, conflicts, and accommodations within the Pakistani legal framework. Additionally, the paper will critically assess the challenges and opportunities posed by legal pluralism in Pakistan, particularly in terms of ensuring justice, rule of law, and human rights in a diverse and rapidly changing society.

Law enforcement against the Self-Interest Terminal (TUKS) in Tanjung Pinang City is an important issue in the context of shipping safety and environmental protection. The background of this research is based on various violations that occur in the field, such as lack of facility maintenance, non-fulfillment of safety standards, and environmental pollution, which shows the absence of suboptimal law enforcement by the Tanjung Pinang Class II Port Authority (KSOP). The purpose of this study is to assist the legal arrangements that regulate TUKS, identify obstacles in law enforcement, and provide suggestions to overcome these obstacles to improve the effectiveness of law enforcement. The research method used is a normative juridical approach with an analysis of applicable laws and regulations, including Law No. 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, Law No. 32 of 2014 concerning Marine Affairs, and Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number PM 51 of 2011. In addition, an empirical juridical approach is carried out by interviews and observations to obtain empirical data on the application of law enforcement. The results of the study show that law enforcement by KSOP Class II Tanjung Pinang faces several significant obstacles, such as limited human resources and facilities, lack of coordination between agencies, complicated bureaucratic related procedures, and low awareness and compliance of companies with applicable regulations. These obstacles result in the supervision and enforcement of violations in TUKS not running effectively. To overcome these obstacles, this study suggests several strategic steps. First, increase the capacity and resources of KSOP by increasing protected labor and providing modern equipment. Second, strengthen coordination between agencies through the formation of special forums or committees and the implementation of bureaucratic procedures to accelerate the handling of violations. Third, increasing the awareness and presence of the company through socialization and education programs and involving the public in reporting violations. For this reason, it is recommended to increase the allocation of resources, strengthen coordination between related agencies through the formation of forums or special committees, the community, especially companies that operate TUKS, must actively participate in socialization and education programs organized by KSOP Class II Tanjungpinang and the government and for the Civil Servant Investigator Position to be included in the Position Map within the Technical Implementation Unit of the Directorate General of Sea Transportation of the Ministry Transportation at KSOP Class II Tanjungpnang.
 
 

Investment is an essential instrument for capitalist countries to boost the national economy and create job opportunities for the community. Investment in Indonesia began with Foreign Investment Law No. 56 of 1964, which was later updated with Foreign Investment Law No. 25 of 2007 in line with the times. To increase investor interest in entering Indonesia, the government enacted Job Creation Law No. 11 of 2020, which was further updated through the Job Creation Law up to 2023. Due to the complexity and increasing number of investors facing obstacles such as land acquisition and regional policies, a Presidential Regulation on National Strategic Projects (PSN) was issued. The government's hopes and expectations for smooth investor operations do not always align with implementation. Specifically, PSNs often result in agrarian conflicts for local residents whose land is taken over for PSN purposes. In the context of investment in Batam, particularly the Rempang Eco-City Development Plan in the Rempang-Galang area, clashes occurred and drew national attention and concern from various experts when land measurements began by PT MEG, escorted by the Joint Team comprising police, TNI, and the Ditpam Batam Management Agency (BP Batam). They have not reached an agreement but are already being pushed for swift execution. The obstacles to investment in the PSN Rempang Eco-City include conflicts arising from legal uncertainties over land ownership since the administrative change from Bintan Selatan District to Batam City, becoming Galang District since 1980. Represented by their legal counsel LBH GP Asnhor, they demand legal certainty over their ancestral land to be issued certificates, enabling fair and humane compensation. This demand has been submitted to President Joko Widodo regarding the request for land legality for the villages on Rempang Island, Galang Island, and New Galang Island on behalf of the chairman of the Local Indigenous People's Relatives (KERAMAT) Gerisman Ahmad. Due to these obstacles and conflicts, the central government, through President Joko Widodo, issued Presidential Regulation No. 78 of 2023 on Handling Social Community Impacts in the Context of Land Provision for National Development. However, as of July 2024, there has not been a comprehensive agreement between the community, the Batam City government, and the head of BP Batam. The government is taking a softer approach by personally approaching residents to relocate to Tanjung Banon, where four model houses have been provided as promised incentives for those willing to move.

The aim of this research is to provide an overview of the implementation of agenda setting in the formation of Salamrejo Village Regulation Number 7 of 2016 concerning the Anniversary of Salamrejo Village, Kapanewon Sentolo , Kulon Progo Regency. The research method used a qualitative descriptive method, namely an effort to collect, compile and interpret existing data and then analyze the data. The research concluded that the agenda setting process began with a more " jagongan " discussion between the Village Head, community leaders, Village Consultative Body, Salamrejo District Community Empowerment Institution, Family Welfare Empowerment and Karang Taruna , followed by meetings, team formation and subsequent literature studies. make a decree called the Salamrejo District Anniversary Village Regulation which is used as a guideline in carrying out activities so that the Government Work Plan (RKP) in the use of the Regional Revenue and Expenditure Budget (APBDES) can be accounted for.

Traffic accident law enforcement is a crucial element in efforts to improve justice and road safety in Indonesia. In the jurisdiction of the Tanjung Pinang Police, the problem of traffic accidents is a serious concern considering the high number of accidents that occur every year. This study aims to identify obstacles that hinder the optimization of traffic accident law enforcement and formulate effective solutions to overcome these obstacles. The research method used is a qualitative method with a case study approach. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with law enforcement officials, document analysis, and direct observation on the ground. Data analysis was carried out descriptively to understand the dynamics of traffic accident law enforcement in this region. The results of the study show that there are four main obstacles in traffic accident law enforcement at the Tanjung Pinang Police: limited human resources and equipment, lack of socialization and education about traffic safety, legal culture that has not been well formed in the community, and coordination between law enforcement agencies that is not optimal. Limited resources cause case handling to be less efficient, while the lack of socialization and education results in low public awareness of the importance of obeying traffic rules. In addition, the weak legal culture makes people reluctant to report accidents or provide information as witnesses. Poor coordination between the police, prosecutor's office, and the courts slows down the case resolution process. To overcome these obstacles, this study suggests increasing the allocation of resources and ongoing training for law enforcement officials, intensifying education and socialization programs on traffic safety to the public, applying a restorative justice approach to build public trust in the law, as well as the formation of joint working teams and the use of integrated information systems to improve coordination between institutions. With these steps, it is hoped that traffic accident law enforcement can run more effectively and efficiently, so that justice and road safety in Tanjung Pinang can be achieved.
 

The issuance of a Sailing Approval Letter (SPB) by the Office of Municipal Affairs and Port Authority (KSOP) is a crucial process that ensures that ships operating in Indonesian waters meet safety and seaworthiness requirements in accordance with applicable maritime regulations. This study was conducted against the background of the importance of SPB in providing legal certainty for all parties involved in shipping, as well as various obstacles faced in the issuance process at the Batam Special KSOP. This study aims to analyze juridically the procedure for issuing SPB in the Batam Special KSOP in order to obtain legal certainty, identify existing obstacles, and offer relevant solutions. The research methods used are normative juridical and empirical sociology. The normative juridical approach is carried out by analyzing related laws and regulations, such as Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, Government Regulation Number 51 of 2002 concerning Shipping, and Regulation of the Minister of Transportation Number 39 of 2017 concerning Registration and Nationality of Ships. An empirical sociological approach is carried out through direct observation and interviews with KSOP officers, ship operators, and other related parties to get a practical picture of the implementation of SPB issuance in the field. The results of the study show that although the procedure for issuing SPB at the Batam Special KSOP is in accordance with applicable regulations, there are various obstacles such as limited human resources and equipment, ineffective coordination between agencies, and non-compliance of ship operators with regulations. To overcome these obstacles, efforts are needed to increase resource capacity, invest in technology, and improve coordination between agencies. Suggestions given include: (1) Batam Special KSOP needs to increase the number and skills of officers through training and recruitment, (2) The government should provide a budget for investment in modern equipment and technology, and (3) the community, especially ship operators, should increase compliance with regulations through participation in socialization and education programs. Thus, it is hoped that the SPB issuance process can run more effectively and efficiently, providing better legal certainty for all parties involved.
 
 

Environmental pollution that exceeds quality standards is often carried out by corporations. Law enforcement in the environmental sector, in addition to resolution through administrative law, also through the application of criminal law. In recent developments, law enforcement in the environmental sector has moved closer to a premium remedy . This research aims to analyze feasibility effective application of law in the environmental sector through normative legal research or library legal research using a juridical approach. In this research, it can be concluded that by implementing administrative sanctions against corporations, we should also apply criminal law to corporations that have repeatedly polluted the environment, so that the aim of the law, namely justice, can be accepted by the living creatures affected by it.
 

Today's crimes are increasingly showing increasingly modern patterns, one of which is the crime of money laundering (" money laundering "). The crime of money laundering is understood as the act of hiding the origin of funds which are illegal because they are obtained from a criminal act which appears to be legitimate. Law Number 8 of 2010 concerning Prevention and Eradication of Money Laundering. The stages of money laundering which consist of conversion (" placement "), layering (" layering "), and integration ("integration") in its development are carried out by utilizing cyberspace (" cyber "), so that it constitutes " cyber crime ", the handling of which is increasingly difficult and complex, because this crime can be a transnational crime, even though law enforcement officers in carrying out their authority are limited by jurisdiction. Apart from that, special competence and expertise is also needed in the field of " cyber ". " Cyber money laundering " is an inevitability that must be faced as a form of " white collar crime " in the 21st century era, so that efforts to prevent and eradicate the crime of money laundering can be achieved. implemented optimally.