This article provides a comprehensive review of drug stability testing, specifically focusing on tablet dosage forms. It elucidates the fundamental principles, the critical role of ICH Q1 guidelines, and essential parameters evaluated during stability studies, including physical, chemical, and microbiological aspects. The discussion covers various types of stability studies, standardized storage conditions, and the interpretation of results for determining shelf life and ensuring product quality. Relevant case studies on tablet stability are also integrated to illustrate practical applications. This review aims to provide a structured overview of stability testing methodologies and their significance in pharmaceutical development and quality assurance.

Stability testing is an important step in the development of pharmaceutical products. This testing must be conducted before the product is manufactured, whether on an industrial or non-industrial scale. Currently, liquid formulations are experiencing rapid development, one of which is suspension. Suspension itself is a liquid formulation that contains undissolved solid particles dispersed in the liquid phase. To assess the stability of suspension, various evaluations are performed such as organoleptic tests, sedimentation volume, redispersion, density, viscosity, particle size distribution, and pH measurement. Based on several studies, temperature is known to affect the stability of drugs, especially in suspension formulations. A study related to diclofenac suspension showed that at a temperature of 4°C, its stability reaches 96.3%, while at temperatures of 40°C and 60°C, there is a significant reduction in content, amounting to 89.58% and 85.17% respectively. Meanwhile, research on folic acid suspension revealed that the drug remains stable at temperatures of 4°C and 25°C, although on day 90 there was an increase in pH. Another study on cefuroxime axetil suspension showed that at a temperature of 20°C, its concentration was 87.68%, while at 5°C, it was higher at 92.35%. This research underscores the importance of considering temperature in the storage and formulation of pharmaceutical suspensions to maintain their effectiveness and stability.

Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS) is a medical emergency that is still a major cause of global morbidity and mortality. The success of ACS treatment and prevention of recurrence is highly dependent on self-care. However, many ACS patients have difficulty performing self-care due to low self-efficacy. This study aims to explain the relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in ACS patients. This study used a correlation analytic design with a cross-sectional approach. The study population was 62 outpatients at the Heart Clinic, with a sample of 41 people selected using purposive sampling. Self-efficacy was measured using the Cardiac Self-Efficacy Scale (CSE scale) and self-care using the Self-Care of Coronary Heart Disease Inventory (SC-CHDI). The study was conducted in April-May 2025. Data were analyzed using the Pearson product moment correlation test. The results showed a p value of 0.004 (p <?), which means there is a relationship between self-efficacy and self-care in ACS patients. The direction of the relationship is positive, meaning that the higher the self-efficacy, the better the self-care, and vice versa with the closeness of the relationship in the weak category (r 0.437). Self-efficacy is positively related to better self-care behavior in ACS patients. Therefore, nurses can integrate self-care improvement care through comprehensive self-efficacy education.

COPD is a condition characterized by airflow obstruction that cannot be completely corrected. This limitation generally worsens over time and is associated with abnormal permeability to noxious particles or gases, resulting in narrowing of the airways, increased mucus secretion, and changes in the vascular system. The increase in chest expansion capacity is caused by the activity of respiratory muscle contraction. The activity of the respiratory muscles plays a role in chest expansion, which also affects lung growth. It is stated that the strength of the respiratory muscles decreases with age. Loss of intercostal muscle mass and strength are factors that reduce the ability of chest wall presence or development. This study used a case report design research method. Physiotherapy management for COPD is increasingly focused on exercise-based rehabilitation, both in outpatient and inpatient settings. Some therapies such as breathing exercises, thoracic expansion exercises and muscle release.

Tuberculosis (TB) is a disease caused by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Indonesia is one of the countries with the highest number of TB cases in the world. The key to successful TB treatment is treatment adherence. One factor that influences treatment adherence is stigma, which can result in incomplete treatment. This study aimed to determine the relationship between stigma and adherence to pulmonary TB treatment in the city of Lhokseumawe. The research method used was descriptive correlational with a cross-sectional approach. The sampling method was quota sampling with a sample size of 83 pulmonary TB patients. Data were filled in by filling out the Internalized Stigma of Mental Illness (ISMI) scale and Morisky Medication Adherence Scale (MMAS-8) questionnaires, and the data were analyzed using the Spearman correlation test (p = 0.05). The results of the bivariate test of age, gender, last education, occupation, and PMO did not have a relationship with adherence to pulmonary TB treatment, with a p value> 0.05. However, the duration of treatment had a relationship with the level of adherence to pulmonary TB treatment, with a p-value = 0.008. The study's results also showed that stigma and treatment compliance did not have a significant relationship, with p-value = 0.197. It was concluded that there was no relationship between stigma and compliance with pulmonary TB treatment. Health services in Lhokseumawe City are expected to continue to provide education and motivation to pulmonary TB patients to comply with their treatment.

The purpose of writing this review article is to analyze the formulation and evaluation of the use of various additives in effervescent tablets. The method used is a literature review taken from journals and other relevant research results regarding the formulation and evaluation of additives in various types of effervescent tablets. The purpose of this analysis is to provide a summary of relevant publications and to improve current understanding in this field. The importance of the formulation and evaluation of additives in effervescent tablets cannot be ignored, because it is a crucial aspect in product development. Decisions in the use of additives must consider the objectives to be achieved, the desired physical characteristics, product stability, and the level of consumer acceptance. With a deep understanding of this formulation and evaluation, we have the potential to produce high-quality effervescent tablets. Variations in additives can also provide different taste and texture characteristics, which of course can affect consumer acceptance.
 

Background: Research of glucose detection is important in diabetes management and biosensor development. Taking into account the large amount of water retention, the biocompatibility of hydrogels makes them ideal candidates for glucose detection. The PBA groups, when grafted to hydrogel matrices, improve the glucose-related response of the hydrogels significantly. Objective: To create a novel PBA (phenylboronic acid) holographic glucose sensor, MAAm-co-4VPBA, for uninterrupted monitoring of blood glucose levels, which demonstrates the first successful glucose measurement in whole blood using PBA sensors. Methods: Methylacrylamide (MAAm) was copolymerized with 4-vinyl phenyl boronic acid (4-VPBA) by means of free radical polymerization employing 1,6-hexanedioldiacrylate (HDODA) as a crosslinker and the photoinitiator 1-hydroxycyclohexyl phenyl ketone. The responsive glucose behavior of the resulting polymer was characterized in terms of swelling dynamics, ex vivo flow tests, and error grid analysis mechanisms. Results: The MAAm-co-4VPBA polymer exhibits reversible glucose binding via PBA-diol interactions that allow complexation at different pH and concentration levels. Modulation of the responsive elements of the microcapsules by hydrophobic PBA and hydrophilic MAAm units yields maximum swelling and shrinking dynamics at 37 trail degrees. The sensor successfully detected glucose in opaque biological fluids, blood plasma, without any interference from antibiotics or other therapeutics or endogenous compounds. Ex vivo tests showed real-time glucose monitoring without hysteresis. Most importantly, this work is the first to report the use of PBA-based sensors in whole blood for measuring glucose.
Conclusion: The MAAm-co-4VPBA holographic sensor possesses outstanding features such as accurate records and strong resistance to chemicals and slow response to detection, confirming its effectiveness in continuous glucose monitoring. Moreover, the ability to operate in the real world enables the aid in clinical diagnosis of diabetes.

Packaging plays an important role in maintaining the quality, stability, and effectiveness of medicines, both in the form of pharmaceutical preparations and herbal products. This review article aims to analyze the role of primary and secondary packaging materials through literature studies from various relevant journals. The method used was a literature review of four selected national and international journals that discussed the influence of packaging on product stability, information effectiveness, and product image in the eyes of consumers. The results of the study show that primary packaging functions to protect products directly from environmental influences, while secondary packaging functions in distribution, storage, and strengthening visual and branding aspects. Innovations such as the use of adsorbent plastics and visual redesign have been proven to increase stability and consumer confidence in the product. It can be concluded that packaging is a crucial aspect that not only maintains the physical-chemical quality of the product, but also shapes consumer perception and compliance.

Laboratories play a crucial role in ensuring patient safety, with approximately 80–90% of clinical diagnoses relying on laboratory test results. Despite their importance, laboratory errors are reported to occur in about 0.012% to 0.6% of all tests conducted. Patient safety is fundamentally a managerial responsibility that can be improved through the implementation of robust systems aimed at detecting and addressing quality deficiencies. A reactive approach to this involves incident reporting followed by root cause analysis, which helps uncover and rectify weaknesses in existing policies and procedures. Alternatively, a proactive strategy such as Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA) focuses on evaluating the entire testing process, anticipating potential adverse events, and taking preventive measures before such issues arise. This method is particularly effective for prospective risk assessment in high-risk procedures, thereby minimizing the likelihood of errors within laboratories and other areas of patient care.

The aim of study is to know the knowledge and attitude of Kirkuk university students towards premarital screening program. A cross sectional study was conducted on University students in Kirkuk, from April 2024 to March 2025. The number of females was higher than males. The questionnaire were focusing student demographic characteristics of gender, age, residency, occupation of father, family income, parent knowledge and attitude of the university students in Kirkuk towards premarital screening. A questionnaire form was used for data collection. Statistical analysis was used to analyze the data. A total of 814 university students out of 2000 completed the questionnaire form; the majority of students were 17-26 years old with mean age 22 years. In term of knowledge of students, 570(70%) had knowledge on premarital screening and 244(30%) had no knowledge about premarital screening. Statistically there were significant association between positive knowledge of students and residency, genetic diseases, family history (P<0.05) m but no significant association with age, father occupation, family income and consanguinity.