Dementia is a complex neurodegenerative syndrome characterized by cognitive decline, including memory impairment, difficulty in thinking, and social interaction, which can affect daily activities. This condition is often caused by other diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia, Lewy body dementia, and frontotemporal dementia, each with unique pathological mechanisms. Alzheimer’s disease, the leading cause of dementia, involves the accumulation of beta-amyloid plaques and tau tangles that disrupt neuronal function and trigger chronic inflammation. Vascular dementia results from impaired blood flow to the brain, while Lewy body dementia is associated with the misfolding of alpha-synuclein protein. Meanwhile, frontotemporal dementia is linked to the accumulation of tau or TDP-43 proteins, causing degeneration of the frontal and temporal lobes. Aging is the primary risk factor for dementia through the process of inflammaging, a low-grade chronic inflammation caused by persistent activation of the immune system. Inflammaging accelerates neurodegeneration by increasing oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, and the accumulation of pathological proteins. Additionally, neuroinflammation plays a crucial role by over activating microglia, which exacerbates neuronal damage. The combination of inflammation as both a trigger and a consequence create a pathological cycle that accelerates the progression of dementia. Preventive strategies include managing modifiable risk factors such as hypertension, diabetes, obesity, and adopting a healthy lifestyle, alongside developing therapies targeting inflammaging and neuroinflammation. A deeper understanding of these pathophysiological and inflammatory mechanisms is essential to support the development of multidisciplinary interventions to reduce the global burden of dementia.
 

Background : Final year students are required to write scientific papers (theses), namely about topics in particular fields. The final Project is a mandatory requirement that students must run, during the process of preparing the final project students experience tension and anxiety faced in compiling the final project. Action to overcome anxiety is with pharmacological and non-pharmacological therapies. Five-finger hypnosis is one of the non-pharmacological therapies in the form of Self-hypnosis that can cause a relaxing effect, thereby reducing tension and anxiety. Objective : Knowing the effected of five (5) finger hypnosis on anxiety levels in final-year students at 'Aisyiyah University Surakarta. Method : Using case studies. This type of research uses a pretest-post-test design. A sample of 2 students who are compiling their final project experienced moderate to severe of anxiety levels. Measurement of anxiety levels using the HARS questionnaire. Results : The level of anxiety before being given five (5) finger hypnosis was severe and moderate anxiety and after being given five (5) finger hypnosis the anxiety level dropped to moderate and mild anxiety. Conclusion: There was a significant influence on the anxiety experienced by students of 'Aisyiyah University Surakarta before and after being given five (5) finger hypnosis therapy.

Refractive anomalies in children are still an important vision problem to be treated. Refractive anomalies that are not handled properly at an age of children are prone to developing advanced vision problems such as lazy eye (amblyopia). Prevention needs to be carried out so that the occurrence of refractive anomalies in children can be minimized, one of which is by knowing the risk factors that trigger this refractive anomaly. This study aims to find a relationship between body mass index and family history of refractive anomalies and the incidence of refractive anomalies in children. The research was conducted on 5th and 6th grade students at SD Muhammadiyah Kleco, Yogyakarta. A total of 42 students with refractive errors were obtained, which was then analyzed regarding the relationship between body mass index and family history and the occurrence of refractive anomalies they experienced. A statistically significant relationship was obtained between family history and the incidence of refractive anomalies (p=0.009). There was no statistically significant relationship between body mass index and the incidence of refractive anomalies (p=0.321).

According to the Indonesian Internet Service Providers Association (APJII) in 2018, approximately 49.52% of all internet users in Indonesia are aged between 19 and 34 years, with the majority of this age group being students. Prolonged computer use can lead to higher levels of asthenopia compared to other types of work. This study aims to examine the correlation between computer usage duration and the occurrence of asthenopia among students. A correlational design with a cross-sectional approach was employed in this study. A total of 76 participants were included, and data were collected via a questionnaire distributed online using Google Forms, which the respondents completed. The collected data were then analyzed univariately and bivariately using SPSS software. The results indicate that the majority of respondents experienced mild asthenopia, with a percentage of 78.9%. Statistical analysis showed no significant relationship between gender, duration of computer use, eye break intervals, history of major eye diseases, and medication consumption with the occurrence of asthenopia (p>0.05). However, a significant relationship was found between age and the occurrence of asthenopia (p<0.05).

Tinea capitis is the most common dermatophytosis in children. Culture examination is still the gold standard for confirming the diagnosis of tinea capitis, but this examination couldn’t be always done, especially in areas that did not have  mycological examination. There is very little data and literature on infants.a male infant, 2 months old, with complaints of red patches on the scalp, skin around the red area, peeling, hair not growing since 1 month ago.  Dermatological examination of the vertex region revealed a solitary erythema macular efflorescence, well-defined, round in shape, 2- 6 cm in diameter, with dull grayish hair, 0.5-1 cm above the scalp surface, covered with thin scales, and yellowish crusts. Wood's lamp examination showed greenish fluorescence. 10% KOH examination of hair taken at the lesion site revealed no hyphae or spores. The patient was differential diagnosed as gray patch tinea capitis and treated with 2% ketoconazole ointment. The patient controlled 2 weeks later and the complaint improved, the crusts disappeared and the red patches shrunk. Therefore, therapy was continued. Diagnosis of tinea capitis in infant requires culture examination with complete materials at the first level of health care facilities, in order to managed it properly.

Background: With the development of technology, convenient access is easy to obtain with just a smartphone. This triggers teenagers to use smartphones in their daily lives to open social media or search for information. When use increases and is uncontrolled, it can cause anxiety if you are far away or cannot access a smartphone, which is called nomophobia. Objective: To determine the relationship between the intensity of social media use and the tendency to nomophobia. Method: This research uses a quantitative correlation research design with a cross approach method. sectional and Spearman rank using a simple random sampling model. Results: This study shows that there is a significant relationship between the intensity of social media use and the tendency to nomophobia with a significant value of 0.033 (p < 0.05) and a correlation value of 0.222 which is positive, meaning the higher the intensity of use social media, the higher the tendency to nomophobia. Conclusion: There is a relationship between the intensity of social media use and the tendency to nomophobia in grade 12 teenagers at An-Nahl Vocational School based on the results of data processing using the Spearman rank test method.

Breast cancer is a rare disease in men, accounting for approximately 0.5-1% of all breast cancer cases. Although current data show a slow increase in incidence, epidemiological data on male breast cancer are still limited compared with female breast cancer due to its rarity. This case study discusses a 70 year old man with a previous history of invasive ductal carcinoma who presented with complaints of a hard lump in the right breast that had recurred several times. Biopsy results showed invasive ductal carcinoma. The patient had previously undergone a radical mastectomy of the right breast, but the patient refused adjuvant chemotherapy after the initial dissection. Based on the tumor stage, it was found to be T4bN1M0 and then a mastectomy was performed. Based on this case, it was found that the importance of complete and comprehensive treatment of invasive ductal carcinoma in men is expected to become a guide to promote additional treatment for removal of the primary tumor in male breast cancer.

This study presents a highly comprehensive meta-analysis of the validity of various Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) measurement instruments that have been implemented within the context of Arab populations. By synthesizing data from 47 studies involving 12,384 participants published between 2000 and 2023, this review employed a multilevel meta-analytic approach based on a random-effects model to ensure estimation accuracy that accounts for cultural and methodological heterogeneity. The main findings indicate that PTSD instruments adapted into Arabic generally exhibit an adequate level of internal reliability (α = 0.88, 95% CI [0.85, 0.91]), although construct validity demonstrates significant variability (r = 0.72, 95% CI [0.67, 0.77]). Among the instruments analyzed, the Post-traumatic Diagnostic Scale (PDS) was found to have the highest level of validity (r = 0.83, p < 0.001), followed by the Clinician-Administered PTSD Scale for DSM-5 (CAPS-5) with r = 0.79 (p < 0.001), and the PTSD Checklist for DSM-5 (PCL-5) with r = 0.76 (p < 0.001). Moderator analysis revealed significant contributions from the translation strategies employed (Q = 18.42, p < 0.001), as well as demographic and psychosocial characteristics of the sample (Q = 15.67, p < 0.01), to fluctuations in instrument validity. When compared to the findings of Alqahtani et al. (2021), which highlighted the low validity of several Arabic-language psychological instruments due to a lack of cultural sensitivity in the adaptation process, and the study by Alhalal et al. (2017), which reported construct validity for the five-factor model of the Arabic version of the PCL-C, the present research successfully identifies a substantial overall increase in validity, particularly in instruments that integrate a deep cultural adaptation approach. Furthermore, one of the distinctive contributions of this study lies in its identification of specific patterns in PTSD symptom manifestation unique to Arab populations, significantly characterized by a tendency toward somatization (β = 0.45, p < 0.001) and the expression of distress in collective forms (β = 0.38, p < 0.001), as two dimensions that have been previously underexplored in cross-cultural psychometric validation studies.

Breast cancer (Ca Mammae) is a group of abnormal cells in the breast that continue to grow and multiply in the form of lumps in the breast. In the body there are millions of cells. One of them is abnormal cells or metaplasia cells, which are cells that can change but are still within normal limits. Breast cancer is not a very scary scourge for all women without exception teenagers. One way to detect breast anker is to do a breast self-examination, SADARI is an examination of the breast itself to find lumps in the breasts. Objective: This study aims to determine the Influence of Breast Self-Examination Health Education (SADARI) with Leaflet media on knowledge and attitudes about early detection of breast cancer in adolescent girls in class X at SMAN 16 Medan. Research Method: This study is a Quasy Experimental with the One Group Pretest-Post Test approach with a Proportional Stratified Random Sampling technique with a total of 52 samples. Results of the study: by using the wilcoxon test before and after the provision of health education, the SADARI examination obtained a p value = 0.000 (<0.05). The conclusion is that Ha was accepted and Ho was rejected because there was an influence of breast health education (SADARI) with leaflet media on knowledge and attitudes about early detection of breast cancer in adolescent girls in class X at SMAN 16 Medan.

Background: The world’s elderly population is predicted to increase very quickly in 2020. Based on Susenas and Sakernas data, namely 12,2% in 2020 to 12,71% in 2021.The aging process will affect physical and mental changes in the elderly which results in a decrease in body resistance so that it is susceptible to various diseases and the most common is hypertension. Purpose: To determine changes in blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension before and after walking activities. Methods: This application uses a descriptive case study by observing 2 female respondents aged 61-64 years who are given the implementation of walking for 20 minutes. Result: After the application of walking for 20 minutes for 3 consecutive days a week there was a decrease in blood pressure. Responden 1 with an average decrease in systolic pressure of 1 mmHg, diastolic 3 mmHg. Responden 2 average decrease in systolic blood pressure 2,3 mmHg, diastolic 0,6 mmHg. Conclusion: Walking for 20 minutes for 3 days a week can reduce blood pressure in elderly people with hypertension.