Indonesia is renowned for its abundant and diserve natural resources, including various plants. Many medicinal plants are traditionally utilized due to their therapeutic benefits. The utilization of minnieroot leaves as a traditional medicine shuld be supported by comprehensive studies to identify the active compounds, thereby omproving their quality, safety and afficacy. Secondary metabolites in minnieroot, particularly in the leaves, contain polyphenolic compounds, while the roots are known to contain flavonoids. This study aims to identify secondary metabolite compounds in minnieroot (Reullia tuberosa L.) leafs methanol extract. The study utilized methanol as a solvent for the extract solution became colorless, resulting in a extract yield of 8,02% of the leaf’s weight. The qualitative test confirmed the presence of secondary matebolites, specifically flavonoids and tannin in the methanol extract of minnieroot leaves. The final result from column chromatography separation  shows that crystals are formed in the sixth vial. The crystals areb brownish blackn in color and weigh 0, 1235 g.

One of the competencies that must be mastered to face global competition in the 21st century world of work is individuals who have critical thinking skills. Critical thinking is one form of HOTS application. The purpose of this study was to analyze the HOTS test instrument to measure critical thinking skills. The method used is Research and Development which is reduced to 3D (define, design, development). The subjects in this study were students of class XI MIPA MAN 2 Wonosobo, with data collection techniques namely interviews, tests and questionnaires. The data analysis technique in this study was validation by experts and analysis with the Rasch model assisted by Ministep software. Analyzes with the Rasch model include summary statistics, item fit, item size, item correlation, and person size. Validation from experts gets an average score of 140 out of 160 with an average proportion of 87.7% which indicates a very valid instrument. Summary statistics for the testing phase show that the measurement of the person is 0.69 and 0.73 and the measurement of the item is 0.86 and 0.87, which means that the consistency of the student's answers is in the sufficient category, but the quality of the items is good. For the person measure implementation test stage it showed 0.69 and 0.74 meaning that the consistency of student answers was also in the sufficient category, while the quality of the items for the reliability aspect was in the special category with values ??of 0.96 and 0.97. Item Fit or the level of adding item items shows a 100% fit item from the testing stage to implementation.

Vegetative propagation is an effective method for producing high quality plant seeds with similar characteristics to the parent plant. Techniques such as grafting and grafting are used to accelerate growth and increase plant resistance to pests and diseases. The advantages of this method compared to generative propagation include a faster fruiting period and consistency in the aroma and taste of the fruit. This research also highlights the importance of genetic compatibility between rootstock and scion and the use of phytohormones in the success of vegetative propagation techniques. The results show that both techniques can increase plant productivity, speed up fruiting time, and produce plants that are stronger and more adaptive to environmental conditions

This study aims to describe the visual thinking of high school students in understanding three-dimensional problems. This research is a descriptive research with a qualitative approach. Two students with medium and high mathematical skills of the female gender were selected as research subjects. Data was collected by giving three-dimensional problem-solving tasks according to Polya's steps and interviews. Students' visual thinking is described based on seeing, recognizing, imagining, and showing. The results of the study show that at the comprehension stage, students with medium and high mathematical skills do looking and seeing, recognizing and imagining at the planning stage, and showing the steps to implement the problem-solving plan appropriately but in a different way, students with medium ability use more concise steps and vice versa for high-ability students; At the re-examination stage, the two subjects showed (showing) the conclusion of the solution solution, but did not show (showing) re-checking.

Teaching materials are learning resources that are used to provide information that is prepared to support learning activities that are designed systematically and contain material on learning methods and testing or assessment options that help achieve the expected goals. The aim of this research is to determine the validity and practicality of Project Based Learning (PjBL)-based LKPD to train students' collaboration skills on environmental change material at Mas Al-Jihad Pontianak. This research uses the R&D (Research and Development) method with the ADDIE model which consists of Analyze, Design, Development, Implementation and Evaluation. The research results show that the average results from material and media experts are 91.16% with very valid criteria, the average of student and teacher response questionnaires is 95.67% with very practical criteria, so that the LKPD is based on Project Based Learning (PjBL ) to train students' collaboration skills on environmental change material, the project results were assessed at 82.85% with the criteria being very suitable for use as teaching material in the classroom learning process. Meanwhile, the collaboration questionnaire showed an average result of 63.70% with practical criteria to use.

This research discusses the analysis of students' learning difficulties in understanding cube building material. Mathematics is a basic science that must be studied from an early age because it is closely related to other sciences in order to advance to the next level. The research was created to solve students' learning difficulties at SD Negeri 104208 Cinta Rakyat. This research uses a qualitative approach with descriptive research type. The results obtained are that students still lack understanding of the material that has been presented by the teacher in the process of teaching and learning activities, there are many students who do not understand the material explained by the teacher. It can be seen that students' learning difficulties are also determined by low interest in learning and Lack of understanding of the material taught. Several factors include disinterest in mathematics and ineffective use of learning media. This research suggests that schools are expected to innovate in the use of learning media and learning methods that are changed and adapted to students' learning needs and interests.

Surfaces in three-dimensional space can be represented through explicit, parametric and implicit equations, which describe the relationship between the variables x, y and z. Graphs of linear equations produce flat planes, while quadratic equations form objects such as spheres or ellipsoids. In this research, a theoretical approach is combined with interactive visualization to analyze various surface shapes. Through the use of GeoGebra software, this analysis makes it easier to understand surface orientation and shape, such as normal vectors and curvature, as well as applications in vector fields. This research also investigates the concepts of Cartesian coordinates in three-dimensional space, by depicting surfaces in the form of graphs of functions of two variables. It is hoped that the results of this research can provide deeper insight into the geometric properties of surfaces and how to visualize them effectively in mathematics and physics applications.

This research aims to determine the learning independence of class III students at SDN 167 Pekanbaru in mathematics learning before and after using inquiry strategies. This research is classroom action research using the Kemmis and Taggart method, namely (plan, action, observation and reflection). This research consists of 2 cycles, each with 2 meetings. Data collection techniques use observation, field notes and documentation. Data analysis uses quantitative and qualitative. Research results: In the Pre-Cycle, most students were in the Less Independent category. Entering Cycle I, there is a clear improvement. The number of students in the Sufficiently Independent category has increased, but there are still students in the Less Independent category. In Cycle II, the most striking changes occurred. The number of students in the Very Independent category increased significantly. This shows that the majority of students now have a high level of independence, with great achievements in increasing their independence compared to the previous cycle.

Learning outcomes are a series of skills, knowledge, attitudes and values ??obtained by students in their thinking process during learning activities. This research aims to improve the learning outcomes of class X-4 students on opportunity material by applying the problem based learning model assisted by wordwall media. To see an increase in learning outcomes, classroom action research was carried out for two cycles using the method of observation and analysis of test results with research instruments in the form of pretest posttest questions in the 2023/2024 academic year. The subjects of this classroom action research were 34 students from class X-4 at SMA Negeri 9 Surabaya. The research results showed a consistent increase in learning outcomes over two cycles in the opportunity material. Before the action was taken there were 18 students who had not reached the KKM and only 16 students had completed it so the percentage of completion was 47.05% with an average learning outcome of 67.76. In the first cycle, the number of students who completed their learning outcomes reaching the KKM increased to 28 with a completion percentage of 82.35% and an average learning outcome of 78.23. In cycle II, the number of students whose learning outcomes achieved the KKM consistently increased so that there were 31 with a completion percentage of 91.17% and an average learning outcome of 89.54.

In class VI.A students, there are still many students having difficulty in doing statistics problems. Therefore, this research needs to be done in order to find out the learning obstacles experienced by grade VI students of SDN 6 Palembang on statistics material. Learning obstacle is divided into three types, namely ontogenic obstacle, didactial obstacle, and epistemological obstacle. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method. The instruments used in this study consisted of learning obstacle diagnostic tests, interviews, material analysis, lesson plan analysis, and textbook analysis and students of grade VI.A SDN 6 Palembang as the subjects in this study who were respondents who carried out learning obstacle diagnostic tests and interviews. Learning obstacles can be found based on the results of the analysis of learning obstacle diagnostic tests, interviews with homeroom teachers and students of class VI.A, lesson plan analysis and textbook analysis. The results of this study found learning obstacles, namely ontogenic obstacles such as lack of interest in learning mathematics and lack of student activeness in learning, didactical obstacles such as learning resources that are still limited and epistemological obstacles, namely lack of understanding of statistical concepts.