This research explores the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in protecting citizenship rights in Indonesia. As a constitutional judicial body, the MK holds a crucial responsibility to review laws against the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945), ensuring that fundamental rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, the right to education, and the right to privacy, are not violated by existing legal policies. Through the mechanism of judicial review, the MK acts as a primary guardian capable of annulling laws that are in conflict with the constitution. This study examines various significant cases where the MK has played a critical role in safeguarding citizenship rights. We also identify various challenges faced by the MK, including issues in implementing rulings and potential political pressures that may affect the independence of this institution. From a global perspective, this research compares the role of the MK with constitutional bodies in other countries to provide a broader understanding of how the MK functions in an international context. The research employs doctrinal legal research, which is a process of discovering rules, principles, and doctrines to address the issues at hand. The research is prescriptive in nature. The methodology used is normative/doctrinal/library research. The findings indicate that although the MK has successfully protected citizens' rights through significant rulings, there remains an urgent need to improve the implementation of decisions and to safeguard the institution’s independence. Recommendations for enhancing the MK’s role include expanding legal education to the public, strengthening public access to judicial review mechanisms, and fostering closer collaboration with legal academics and practitioners. With these measures, the MK is expected to continue functioning effectively as a guardian of constitutional rights in Indonesia.

Probative value refers to the extent to which the evidence provided is able to prove the facts being disputed. Evidence may be relevant in the sense that it relates to the case at hand, but relevance alone does not guarantee that the evidence will be well received or considered to have a significant influence. This study uses a qualitative research method with a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the process of proof in criminal law plays a central role in upholding substantive justice. Evidence not only functions as a mechanism to test the truth of claims or accusations brought in court, but also as a tool to protect the human rights of the accused by ensuring that everyone is considered innocent until proven otherwise. Failure to assess probative value can lead to serious injustice in the form of wrongful conviction or wrongful acquittal. To address this problem, it is necessary to increase technical literacy among legal practitioners, as well as the application of more careful procedures in testing the validity and reliability of evidence.

The 21st century presents significant challenges in education, including the need for critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration (4C) skills. This article explores the importance of 4C skills development in Social Science learning to prepare students for the era of globalization and the industrial revolution 4.0. Through a systematic literature review of national and international scientific articles, this research identifies the relevance of 4C skills in improving analytical ability, team collaboration, innovation, and interpersonal communication. The results show that the integration of 4C skills in social studies learning can foster social intelligence, empathy and multicultural awareness. With a holistic approach, social studies education can be an effective tool in preparing students to compete globally amid the complexity of the modern world.
 

Mass media serves as a vital communication medium that delivers crucial information to the public. In the digital era, technological advancements have facilitated easier access to news for audiences. This study aims to analyze the framing of the 2024 National Teacher’s Day coverage on the online media platforms sokoguru.id and mediaindonesia.com. Using a qualitative approach guided by Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki’s framing analysis model, this research uncovers how each outlet portrays the theme “Great Teachers, Strong Indonesia.” The findings reveal differing approaches: sokoguru.id focuses on tangible issues like teacher welfare and technological training, while mediaindonesia.com emphasizes symbolic tributes to teachers through celebratory narratives. Both platforms employed the inverted pyramid style in organizing their news and adhered to the 5W+1H elements. However, differences emerged in their thematic and rhetorical structures. This study highlights how media framing influences public perception of educational issues and underscores the importance of teacher welfare in building a high-quality education system.

This study aims to find out and analyze the comparison of the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law, community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. This research is a normative judicial research using primary data obtained by conducting interviews, secondary data obtained from information sources in the form of the internet, books and other written notes. This study focuses on discussing the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law and community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. The results of the study show that (1) Children out of wedlock in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage are divided into two, namely legal children and children out of wedlock. The position of illegitimate children in the view of Islamic Law contained in the Compupulation of Islamic Law where an illegitimate child only has a civil or nasab relationship with his mother and his mother's family. (2) The attitude of the community towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency is known that the cause of children out of wedlock is due to religious differences, irresponsible couples and underage factors.

The implementation of the training of prisoners on the basis of the system of socialization aims to ensure that the prisoner becomes a good citizen of society, obeying the law, upholding moral, social and religious values, so as to a safe, orderly and peaceful life of the community in accordance with the Law No. 22 Year 2022 on Socialization. How is the application of the principles of women's marketing in construction at the Women's Marketing Institute of Class IIA in Bandar Lampung, how is the obstacle to the application in the Women ' s Marketing Institution of Class IIIA and how is it possible to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of the principle of women’s Marketing in construction in the women' s marketing institutions of Class IA in bandar Lampung? Data analysis using qualitative data analysis. The implementation of the principles of establishment on the construction of the Women's Marketing Institute of the IIA Class of Bandar Lampung refers to the existing procedures and has been implemented in accordance with the procedures existing, implemented the principle of establishing after passing through four stages, namely the orientation stage, the assimilation stage for the prisoners who have run less than 1/3 of the criminal period, the asimilation level for the inmates who have passed less than 1?2 of the penal period as well as the stage of integration with the community environment. The way to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of the principles of promotion in the construction of the Women's Marketing Institute of Class IIA in Bandar Lampung is by submitting the formation of additional female employees, maximizing the function of the female citizens' bloc officers, improving the quality of the staff or officers and adding the means and facilities in the building of women's citizens.

Adolescent sexual behavior can be influenced by exposure to mass media, both print and electronic. One of the efforts to improve adolescents' knowledge about sexual behavior is by providing health education.  Peers are also a significant source of information about sex in shaping adolescents' sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an effect of Group Guidance with Peer Group Education on the Level of Knowledge about Premarital Sexual Behavior of Adolescents at Smk Bina Informatika Bogor City. This study used a pre-experimental research design of the pre-post part in one group (One-group pre-post test design). The results showed that based on the Marginal Homogeneity Test obtained (Asymp.Sig) 0.000 <0.05, Ha was accepted, meaning that there were differences before and after being given group guidance with peer group techniques about adolescent premarital sexual behavior.

Fishing using toxic hazardous materials is a criminal offense of "illegal fishing", which violates the provisions of Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries. This was also carried out by the Defendant with the initials JLLF based on the Decision of the Kupang District Court Class 1A with case number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. This research is a normative juridical research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data, and tertiary data. Primary data is obtained from several legal rules such as the Criminal Code (Criminal Code), Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and Court Decisions, secondary data is obtained from libraries, journals, and the internet, and tertiary data is obtained from dictionaries, wikipedia, and encyclopedias. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of this study show that (1) Criminal liability for fishing perpetrators using toxic hazardous materials in Article 84 paragraph (1) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries is in accordance with the elements contained in the formulation of the article. (2) Basis for Judge's Consideration in the Request for Criminal Liability for the Crime of Fishing with Toxic Hazardous Materials in Decision Number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. Judging from the elements contained in the articles of indictment as well as aggravating and mitigating matters.

The percentage of elderly people (seniors) in Indonesia is expected to continue to increase due to various factors, such as declining birth rates and improved life expectancy. Under these circumstances, the integration of seniors in development is crucial. Elderly individuals often experience health-related issues, and ideally, the state should be present to provide adequate health services for them. However, based on the research conducted, there are still many shortcomings in the legal framework to ensure the health and well-being of the elderly. Moreover, the de facto dissolution of the National Commission for the Elderly has created a gap in the entity directly responsible for advocating the development of a healthcare system for seniors. This study was conducted using the normative juridical method, with the main finding that legal reform is necessary to ensure that the current legal product, namely Law No. 13 of 1998 on Elderly Welfare, can be updated and Law No. 17 of 2023 should be revised to ensure better health and welfare for the elderly.

The process of holding elections must implement the principles of the election itself, namely: Honest, Fair, Direct, Public, Free, Secret, and Transparent. However, the implementation of general elections in Indonesia is inseparable from all forms of election violations and election disputes. One of the institutions responsible for supervising general elections in Indonesia is the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU). This type of research is empirical juridical legal research using the type of legal sociology study (Socio-legal research) which emphasizes the importance of interview steps and literature studies and qualitative descriptive analysis, namely by explaining, elucidating, and describing problems and close solutions. The results of this study show that: (1) The main functions of Bawaslu include monitoring, studying, and supervising the election process and preventing election violations. Therefore, monitoring, studying, preventing and supervising every stage of the general election in Kupang City properly and the implementation of Bawaslu's functions involves monitoring, investigating, and enforcing rules during the election process. (2) Efforts made by Bawaslu include maintaining the integrity of the election by ensuring that all processes run according to the rules, preventing and handling violations such as money politics and black campaigns. The efforts made by the Kupang City Bawaslu in overcoming Election Violations in Kupang City can be considered successful.