A certificate serves as strong evidence of land ownership rights. In line with technological advancements, the government, through the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, has introduced a legal product in the form of an Electronic Certificate. This Electronic Certificate, also known as e-Certificate, is issued as a result of an electronic land registration process. As a legal product of the Ministry of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/National Land Agency, the Electronic Certificate constitutes valid and strong evidence of land ownership rights. However, in the process of land registration leading to the issuance of the Electronic Certificate, as well as in other related aspects, errors may occur, resulting in administrative and/or juridical defects. Moreover, the Electronic Certificate may also become an object of a court decision. Consequently, the Electronic Certificate can be subject to cancellation, which may be processed based on the Regulation of the Minister of Agrarian Affairs and Spatial Planning/Head of the National Land Agency of the Republic of Indonesia Number 21 of 2020 on the Handling and Resolution of Land Cases. This study employs a normative juridical research method, utilizing a statute approach as its legal analysis framework.

This study conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of one-tier board supervision mechanisms across Indonesia, Malaysia, and Singapore, examining the effectiveness of corporate governance frameworks in emerging market contexts. The research employs a doctrinal normative legal methodology, analyzing statutory instruments including Indonesia's Job Creation Law No. 6 of 2023, Malaysia's Companies Act 2016, and Singapore's Companies Act 1967. The introduction of Indonesia's Individual Limited Liability Company (PT Perseorangan) represents a significant paradigmatic shift from traditional two-tier governance structures, necessitating examination of supervisory adequacy within simplified corporate frameworks. The comparative analysis reveals fundamental disparities in regulatory sophistication, with Malaysia and Singapore demonstrating comprehensive fiduciary duty frameworks, mandatory company secretary requirements, and graduated enforcement mechanisms. In contrast, Indonesia's PT Perseorangan exhibits critical institutional deficiencies, including normative conflicts between statutory provisions, limited directorial responsibility regulation, and inadequate enforcement responsiveness. The findings demonstrate that effective one-tier governance systems require sophisticated institutional support mechanisms extending beyond regulatory simplification. Malaysia's stringent Section 213 fiduciary duty provisions and Singapore's technology-enabled enforcement approach provide robust oversight despite absent traditional supervisory boards. The research establishes that successful governance transitions require institutional preparation rather than mere regulatory amendment, with Indonesia's framework requiring substantial reform incorporating company secretary mandates, comprehensive fiduciary duty provisions, and graduated enforcement systems. These findings contribute to institutional theory literature by demonstrating context-dependent governance effectiveness and provide practical recommendations for enhancing corporate accountability in simplified governance structures within emerging market jurisdictions.

This study examines the legal protection of the owner of the means of transportation in cases of unlawful acts (PMH) related to state deprivation, based on the Study of Decision Number 27/Pdt.G/2019/Pn.Tbk. The main focus of this study is to analyze the legal position of the owner of the transportation facilities who are not directly involved in the crime, but suffer losses due to acts of confiscation by the state. The research method used is empirical normative with a case study approach. The results of the study show that the court in the decision did not provide adequate protection for the civil rights of the owner of the means of transport, even though there was no evidence of direct involvement in the crime. This decision indicates the weak legal protection for third parties in good faith and the importance of strengthening the principle of due process of law in the process of confiscation by the state so as not to violate legitimate civil rights. This study recommends the need for a clearer regulation of the mechanism of objection and restoration of rights for parties aggrieved by acts of state deprivation.

Health is a basic right guaranteed by the Indonesian constitution, as stipulated in Article 28H of the 1945 Constitution and Article 34 paragraph (3), which states that the state is responsible for the provision of adequate health care facilities for all citizens. Nonetheless, challenges in the provision of health services in remote areas are still significant, especially related to the limitations of facilities, medical personnel, and service quality. The development of technology, particularly telemedicine, has opened up new opportunities in the delivery of health services, which can overcome geographical limitations and improve community access to medical services. The type of research in this study is normative juridical. The research results in this discussion are the protection of doctors and the regulation of telemedicine policies in Indonesia, by reviewing Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health regarding the implementation of telemedicine between health service facilities. Although telemedicine can expand access to health, the risks associated with remote diagnosis and treatment require special attention in terms of legal protection of health workers. Therefore, adaptive legal tools are needed to accommodate the growing development of health technology and provide legal protection for the parties involved in the implementation of online-based health services.

This study examines the role of law in regulating business competition to develop the economy is needed. The purpose of this research is to find out and reveal the role of law in developing the economy. This research method uses normative legal research method, it is intended to identify and reveal the role of law in economic development. The results of this study indicate that the role of law in regulating business competition to develop the economy is very much needed so that business competition runs orderly and does not violate the rights of fellow business actors. The role of this law is manifested in government policies required by developing countries far beyond the needs of the developed industrial countries which have been established. The developed countries already have legal mechanisms in place to accommodate changes in their societies. Meanwhile, developing countries are not like that. In fact, the hopes and desires of people in developing countries for the realization of changes that bring about a greater improvement in living standards exceed the expectations needed by people in developed countries. The growth and economic development of the Indonesian state and in the world will be much influenced by fair business competition among business actors, both now and in the future. While, the healthy competition will be determined by legal policies in economic development; legal policies in business competition; politics of law formation and decision-making processes in the formation of business competition law

In Aceh, the provision of guidance is regulated in Articles 5 and 6 of Gubenur Regulation Number 139 of 2016, which states that the main task and function of the Civil Service Police Unit and Wilayatul Hisbah Aceh is the guidance function. Article 1 point 14 of Qanun Number 7 Year 2013 on Jinayat Procedure Law states that the function of Wilayatul Hisbah (WH) is to socialise, supervise, enforce, and foster the implementation of Islamic Sharia. Therefore, there is a problem of interpreting the authority of coaching carried out by Satpol PP and WH of Lhokseumawe City. This study aims to determine the legal basis for the coaching of suspected jarimah violators by Satpol PP and WH of Lhokseumawe City and the legal consequences of coaching suspected jarimah violators without going through the judicial process carried out by Satpol PP and WH of Lhokseumawe City. The research method used is empirical juridical. Data sources are obtained through interviews with respondents and informants. The results of this study indicate that the coaching carried out by Satpol PP and WH of Lhokseumawe city against suspected jarimah violators does not have a clear legal basis. The coaching carried out is only based on a statement signed by the alleged jarimah violator during the investigation and the legal consequences of coaching against jarimah offenders by Satpol PP and WH of Lhoseumawe City without going through the judicial process is carried out without a legal basis which results in serious legal consequences such as the coaching is not legally valid (can be cancelled), violates human rights, and can be sued civilly or criminally prosecuted and reduces public confidence in Sharia law.

The emergence of Artificial Intelligence presents a challenge in Copyright law in the context of visual artworks, as various Artificial Intelligence systems are currently available to create images. Based on this, the research aims to examine the legal regulations regarding the use of Artistic Image Works in Artificial Intelligence training data according to the Copyright Laws of Indonesia and Singapore, as well as how Copyright regulations can be developed to address these legal issues. This study uses a normative legal research method with a descriptive nature, employing statutory and comparative approaches. The data consists of secondary legal materials, collected through library research and analyzed using a syllogistic method with deductive reasoning. The findings and discussion of this research reveal that there is currently no clear legal basis for the use of Artistic Image Works in Artificial Intelligence training data under Law Number 28 of 2014 on Copyright in Indonesia, whereas the Singapore Copyright Act 2021 has accommodated this issue through provisions on Fair Use and Computational Data Analysis. Therefore, a reformulation of regulations is needed regarding several aspects such as Use, Reproduction, and the role of Collective Management Organizations.

This research aims to reveal stability Friedrich Carl Von Savigny’s thoughts on the existence of annual sale and purchase customary love establishment. This research uses legal research methods, namely research carried out on legal norms that develop in society. The approach used is a conceptual and historical approach. The types and sources of data used in this research are primary and secondary data. The results of this research show that the teachings of the historical school initiated by Von Savigny emphasize that law is a reflection of the soul of the people that grows together with the people’s growth of the people and becomes strong together with the people’s strength. Furthermore, in the end, it dies if the nation loses its nationality. Thus, adherents of the historical school reject the view that law is made by an authorized institution, such as by making laws. Meanwhile, customary law that exists in Madurese society as the customary law of the Madurese people in some villages, such as “annual purchase and sale,” as the customary law of the community is maintained in the practice of annual purchase and sale of a plot of land that is perhaps not found in other areas in Indonesia. It is similar to the historical school, namely that law grows together with the growth of society and becomes strong together with the strength of society. Furthermore, in the end, it dies if the nation loses its nationality. This condition is recognized as existing by the constitution of the Indonesian legal state as regulated in Article 18B paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia.

The dispute case between Gakoptas and PT Torus Ganda caused problems. PT Torganda illegally controlled Gakoptas land which caused a conflict, as a result a farmer was injured. This study aims to determine the causal factors and resolution strategies in the dispute case between Gakoptas and PT Torganda. This study uses a normative juridical method with the sources of materials used in the form of secondary, primary and tertiary sources. The results of this study state that the causal factors of the conflict are due to the land administration system, inequality in the distribution of land ownership, legality of land ownership and economic motives. The resolution strategy can be carried out by executing the Supreme Court's decision, land redistribution through agrarian reform, land controlled by PT Torganda is returned to Gakoptas, economic recovery and sanctions.

The aim of this comparative study is to identify the criminal responsibility for extremism through electronic means in modern legislation for which the researcher used the comparative analytical method. The research problem is centred on the statement of the objective provisions of criminal responsibility for the crime of extremism through electronic means in both Iraqi law and comparative laws. The study relied on a number of primary and secondary references both past and present to collect legal information. The study concluded a number of the most important results, namely that extremism using electronic means is the aggression emanating from pirates using electronic means with the aim of disrupting security and public order and extorting the authorities by seizing public and private funds and damaging property. Results also show that the competent court in considering the crime of extremism using electronic means is the State Security Court in Iraqi law, and we see the Iraqi legislator in the Iraqi Constitution of 2005 was unique in reducing the penalty until amnesty for those who provide information about cyber attacks. The study recommended that there should be a clear text for the crime to define the electronic means as per the Iraqi legislator, while the modern legislations came in conjunction and close to the Jordanian legislator, as well as the French law, the Algerian and Egyptian legislator. The study also recommends that the Iraqi legislator follow the example of the Jordanian legislator in issuing a special law for electronic crimes and contain the text of criminalising the crime of cyber extremism. The study also stresses the need for judges to have sufficient knowledge of electronic means and the Internet in order to consider cases in this regard by preparing courses for them and all those working in the field of combating cyber extremism crimes. This is particularly true since the threat is carried out through the Internet and electronic means.