?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ???????. ?? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????. ??? ??? 14 ?????? ?? ??? 17 ??? ????? ??? ?? ?????? ??????? (KKM). ????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ??: 1) ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ???????? 2) ?????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????.  ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? (PTK) ??? ????? ?????-??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????: ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????????? ????????. ??? ??????? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????. ????? ???????: 1) ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? 48% ?? ????? ?????? ??? 86% ?? ????? ??????. 2) ???? ????? ?????? ?? 35% ????? 49.70 ?? ????? ????? ??? 82% ????? 81.47 ?? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???????? ???????.

Psychological assessment is an essential component in the guidance and counseling process, as it serves as a tool to help counselors comprehensively understand the dynamics of an individual. Through various assessment techniques, both quantitative—such as psychological tests—and qualitative—such as interviews and observations—counselors can identify psychological factors that influence the behavior, thoughts, and emotions of the counselee. The purpose of this article is to explore how psychological assessment can be effectively used by counselors to understand an individual’s internal condition, as well as how it supports the accuracy of counseling interventions. The findings indicate that the ethical and professional use of assessments can enhance understanding of the counselee and serve as a foundation for developing personalized and effective counseling strategies.

This study aims to explore the features of Praktika application for teachers’ speaking skills and teachers’ perceptions of the feature of Praktika application. This research was conducted in September 2024. The research used descriptive qualitative method with observation, interview, and questionnaire as the instruments. The respondents English teachers. Data were gathered by observation, interview, and questionnaire. The researcher conducted the study in several stages, starting with selecting qualified participants and observing their prior knowledge of the application. Participants then practiced speaking English using the application, while data was collected through participants perceiving learning to speak English in the Pratika application as self-learning. Finally, the researcher analyzed the gathered data using existing methods. Findings indicate that the Praktika application effectively supports English teachers in improving their pronunciation, sentence structures, and confidence in speaking. Additionally, teachers expressed positive perceptions of the application, highlighting its role in increasing motivation, engagement, and technical usability. The results suggest that Praktika can be a valuable self-learning tool for teachers and a recommended resource for students.

Instilling cultural values in elementary school students is one of the important strategies in character education based on local wisdom. Local legends, such as the singocandi legend, can be integrated into learning through interesting media, one of which is digital comics. This study aims to systematically examine how local legends are used in digital comic media to instill cultural values in elementary school students. The method used is the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by following the stages of identification, screening, eligibility, and synthesis of data from relevant articles. The results of the study indicate that folklore in digital media can instill cultural values such as courage, honesty, and responsibility. In addition, the study shows that digital comics have the ability to increase student engagement and understanding of local cultural content. So, digital comics based on local legends are a good learning strategy for the younger generation.

This research aims to analyze the dynamics of the role of Indonesian language among Generation Z, with an emphasis on the use of slang language in the context of social media. Language as a means of communication holds crucial significance in social life, and its development reflects the changes in time and technology Generation Z, born between the mid-1990s and early 2010s, is a group that is highly exposed to digital media and actively engages in content creation. A descriptive qualitative method is employed to explore the impact of slang language usage on the practice of formal Indonesian language communication. The findings indicate that while slang supports the expression of identity and creativity, there is a risk of diminished understanding of formal Indonesian language. This research recommends the implementation of innovative educational campaigns and collaboration with influencers to raise awareness of the importance of proper Indonesian language usage. With the application of appropriate strategies, it is hoped that the Indonesian language can remain relevant and be effectively used by Generation Z, positioning them as agents of change in the preservation of language in the digital era.

This study aims to improve children's fine motor skills through collage activities using cotton in group B RA Al Hidayah. Fine motor skills are an important aspect in early childhood development, which involves the coordination of small muscles to support various activities, such as writing, cutting, and drawing. The research method used is classroom action research (CAR) which is carried out in two cycles, with each cycle including the planning, implementation, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects of this study were 15 children in group B at RA Al Hidayah. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, documentation, and interviews. The results of the study showed a significant increase in children's fine motor skills after participating in collage activities using cotton. Children became more skilled in controlling finger movements, tearing, sticking, and arranging cotton according to the given pattern. In addition, collage activities also increased children's creativity and concentration in completing tasks. The conclusion of this study is that collage activities using cotton media can be an effective strategy for developing fine motor skills in early childhood. The recommendation given is for teachers to integrate collage activities more often in learning, and to utilize various simple materials that are easy to find to stimulate optimal fine motor development.

The purpose of this study is to explore the application of just and civilized humanitarian principles in an effort to address the problem of socioeconomic disparities in modern urban societies. Socioeconomic disparities are an important issue that impacts people's access to education and other social services. The study identified various factors that cause imbalances in the distribution of resources, especially in the education sector, which in turn leads to increasingly stark social and economic disparities. Using a qualitative approach and descriptive methods, this study collects data from various sources such as journals, articles, and public policy. The results of the analysis show that the application of Pancasila values, especially the principles of just and civilized humanity, has a significant role in creating social justice and economic equity. From the results of the study, it is concluded that the application of fair and civilized humanitarian principles in education and social policies needs to be improved so that every individual has equal opportunities to access education. This study recommends strategies that include collaboration between sectors and increased understanding of Pancasila values to encourage a sense of collective responsibility in society. With these measures, it is hoped that they can reduce socioeconomic disparities and realize common prosperity.

In the learning process in class X of SMK majoring in Fashion Design, there are Basic Elements of Fashion Design which cover various topics. One of the topics taught is about the parts and forms of clothing. The teaching method applied is appropriate, but there needs to be development of the learning media used, namely e-modules, to make it easier for educators and students during the teaching and learning process. For this study, the Research and Development method was used by applying the ADDIE model through a series of steps, namely analysis, design, development, implementation, and evaluation. These stages are carried out to collect information about user needs, followed by development activities to create products. The findings of this study indicate that the level of validity of the e-module based on the assessment of media experts, material experts, and language experts reached an average of 3.28, falling into the very valid category. The results of classical student learning on the use of e-modules as learning media got 93.3% and were categorized as very good. Student responses to the e-module learning media regarding parts and forms of clothing recorded a score of 79.8% which was also in the very good classification. Therefore, it can be concluded that the e-module on clothing parts and forms is very valid for use in teaching because it is able to optimize student learning outcomes.

Indonesian language plays a crucial role as both a national and state language, serving as a unifying tool for the nation, a national identity, and a means of communication in various aspects of life. This paper aims to explain the functions of Indonesian as a national and state language, as well as to identify its variations based on usage context, communication media, and fields of application. The research method employed is a literature review, analyzing various sources related to the functions and variations of the Indonesian language. The findings reveal that Indonesian has dual functions: as a symbol of national pride and an official state communication tool. Additionally, the variations of Indonesian are classified into formal, non-formal, and casual based on usage context; spoken and written based on communication media; and academic, legal, literary, journalistic, and advertising based on fields of application. The implication of this research is the importance of public understanding of the functions and variations of Indonesian to ensure its appropriate use in different contexts, thereby enhancing communication effectiveness and preserving Indonesian as a national identity.

. ???? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????. ???? ??? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???????? ??????? ????????: ????????? ??????? ???????? ????????.
???? ??? ????? ??: 1) ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????. 2) ????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????.
?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????????? ???????? ????? ???????? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????. ??? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ???????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ???????.
??????????? ?? ??? ????? ??: 1) ???? ??????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????.2) ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ?????? ????? ??????? ????????. ???????? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????? ??????? (BTA) ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ???? ????????.
 ??????? ????????: ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????.