This study aims to analyze the strategy of developing oil palm plantation business in Andabia Village, Anggaberi District, Konawe Regency. The number of research samples was 26 people. To answer the research objectives using SWOT analysis. The strategy implemented by farmers in developing oil palm business in Andabia Village is in quadrant 1 (one), which is a situation where oil palm farmers have internal strength and also have many opportunities. Therefore, oil palm farmers must use and utilize their internal strengths to the maximum and take advantage of existing opportunities. The right strategy is to use strength to take advantage of large long-term opportunities, namely with an aggressive strategy.

The Perintis Lake area in Bone Bolango Regency, Gorontalo Province, faces a growing conflict between tourism investment and environmental conservation. This study aims to analyze the impact of tourism infrastructure development on the lake’s ecosystem, highlight the importance of conservation, and provide strategic recommendations for sustainable tourism development. Using a qualitative-descriptive approach, the research is based on field observations, literature review, and regional policy analysis. Findings show that unregulated investment activities, particularly constructions along the lake's buffer zone, have led to environmental degradation, such as water pollution, habitat loss, and ecological imbalance. Conservation efforts remain fragmented and lack integration into broader development planning. The study recommends the implementation of sustainable spatial planning policies, stricter environmental regulations, and active community involvement. Collaborative governance between local authorities, private investors, and environmental stakeholders is essential to ensure that economic development aligns with ecological preservation. Striking a balance between investment and conservation is key to maintaining Perintis Lake as a resilient ecotourism destination for future generations.

This study aims to analyze the revenue and efficiency of the coffee powder processing industry "Cap Jempol" in Rejang Lebong Regency. The research employs a quantitative descriptive approach, focusing on revenue analysis, cost structure, and efficiency levels. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires distributed to business owners and workers in the industry. The analysis shows that the total revenue (TR) of the "Cap Jempol" coffee powder business is IDR 35,000,000 per month, with total costs (TC) amounting to IDR 21.229.542 per month. The resulting profit is IDR 13.770.458 per month, and the Revenue-Cost Ratio (R/C Ratio) is calculated at 1.65, indicating that the business is profitable and efficient. Furthermore, labor productivity is measured at 100 kg per worker per month, demonstrating an efficient production process. Several factors influencing business revenue include raw material costs, operational expenses, market demand, marketing strategies, and competition. The findings suggest that improving production efficiency, expanding market reach, and optimizing cost management could enhance business profitability.

The increase in human activities, such as industrialization, urbanization, and transportation, has led to air pollution, including heavy metal contamination such as lead (Pb). Lead originates from vehicle emissions, industrial activities, and fossil fuel combustion, which have detrimental effects on the environment and human health. One effective method for monitoring air pollution is biomonitoring using bioindicators, such as lichen. Lichen is sensitive to air quality and can absorb pollutants, including heavy metals, through its surface. This study uses a literature review to analyze the role of lichen as a bioindicator of heavy metal pollution, specifically lead. Several lichen species, such as *Xanthoparmelia xanthofarinosa* and *Canoparmelia aptata*, are known to accumulate heavy metals from the environment. The results show that the lead content in lichen varies depending on the pollution level in the location. Areas with high traffic have higher lead concentrations compared to areas with low traffic. The advantages of using lichen as a bioindicator include low cost, practicality, and its ability to provide long-term data on air quality. With this understanding, lichen data can be used for pollution mitigation and evidence-based policies to reduce the impact of air pollution. Further research is recommended to explore the potential of lichen in detecting other heavy metals, such as cadmium (Cd) and copper (Cu).
 

Land degradation due to intensive agricultural practices is a serious issue threatening food security and ecosystem balance. Monoculture farming systems often lead to soil fertility decline, increased erosion, and reduced soil biodiversity. As an alternative, agroforestry has been developed to enhance agricultural productivity without compromising soil health. Agroforestry integrates agricultural crops with trees or other woody plants in a mutually beneficial system. Several studies have shown that agroforestry improves soil organic matter content, retains soil moisture, and reduces erosion and nutrient loss. This study employs a literature review method to analyze the effectiveness of agroforestry in improving soil health and agricultural productivity. Agroforestry has been found to enhance agricultural productivity through crop diversification, efficient land use, and climate change mitigation. Diversification not only strengthens food security but also increases farmers’ income by minimizing crop failure risks and enhancing nutritional value. Additionally, agroforestry optimizes land use by improving yield per unit area and reducing environmental degradation through natural resource conservation. Agroforestry also plays a crucial role in mitigating climate change by increasing ecosystem resilience, sequestering carbon, and reducing extreme weather impacts. However, the adoption of agroforestry faces challenges, including a lack of farmers’ knowledge, limited policy support, and varying environmental conditions. Addressing these barriers through improved education, supportive policies, and sustainable resource management can accelerate agroforestry adoption. With broader implementation and strong policy support, agroforestry can drive agricultural sustainability and enhance community well-being.

One of the practical foods that can fulfill nutritional needs is flakes. Flakes that available on the market are generally made from wheat and corn. The nutritional value of corn flour-based flakes can be enhanced by combining them with other ingredients that have a relatively high protein content. One such food ingredient with a high protein content is mung beans. The development of flakes products using mung bean flour is expected to be one of the way to optimize the use of local legumes in Indonesia. The aim of this study is to obtain the best formulation of corn flour and mung bean flour in terms of the physicochemical and organoleptic characteristics of the flakes. This study uses a randomized block design with 4 treatment levels, which are the formulation ratios of corn flour to mung bean flour (60:40, 65:35, 70:30, 75:25), with each treatment repeated 6 times. The observation parameters include physicochemical characteristics such as protein, water and ash content, while sensory characteristics include aroma, taste, crispiness, color, and overall preference. The best treatment is determined by the de Garmo effectiveness index. The results of the study show that the 65% corn flour and 35% mung bean flour formulation is the best treatment based on the effectiveness index test with a score of 0.77, with physicochemical characteristics of 2.717% moisture content, 3.026% ash content, and 6.891% protein content, as well as sensory characteristics of color 4.2 (more liked), aroma 3.93 (liked), crispiness 4.26 (more liked), taste 4.23 (more liked), and overall preference 4.2 (more liked).

Pertanian modern menghadapi tantangan meningkatkan produktivitas tanpa merusak lingkungan. Salah satu solusi yang menarik adalah penggunaan pupuk organik cair dari limbah tahu yang difermentasi dengan bantuan Effective Microorganisme-4 (EM4), air kelapa, dan gula. Limbah tahu, produk sampingan industri tahu, memiliki potensi sebagai bahan baku pupuk organik. Proses fermentasi bertujuan meningkatkan kandungan nutrisi dan mengurangi dampak lingkungan limbah cair tahu. Penelitian ini fokus pada pembuatan pupuk organik cair dari limbah tahu melalui fermentasi dengan EM4, air kelapa, dan gula. Dengan mengkaji pertumbuhan tanaman cabe rawit sebagai contoh, penelitian bertujuan menguji efektivitas pupuk organik cair, mendukung pertanian berkelanjutan, menerapkan pupuk organik cair di pertanian, dan menganalisis kandungan nutrisi. Metode yang di gunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Rancangan Acak Kelompok (RAK), dengan menggunakan eksperimental tambahan air kelapa, gula, dan larutan EM4 dengan bahan utama Limbah Cair Tahu, yang kemudian di fermentasi selama 0-7 hari dan di control setiap hari. Dalam mengkaji uji efektifitas Pupuk Organik Cair ini kemudian di terapkan pada tanaman cabe rawit yaitu dengan label tanaman A(menggunakan POC) dengan perlakuan pemberian POC sebanyak 5x250ml dalam setiap perlakuan, dengan perbandingan tanaman B(tidak menggunakan POC). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa perbandingan antara tanaman A dengan tanaman B pada usia 0 – 60 hari di lihat dari tinggi batang Tanaman A mencapai 58,3 cm, sedangkan Tanaman B mencapai 30,4 cm, terdapat juga perbedaan diameter batang kedua tanaman yaitu selisih kurang lebih 1mm. Hasil penelitiaan ini menunjukkan bahwa pemberian pupuk organik cair memiliki dampak positif pada pertumbuhan tanaman cabe rawit, seperti tinggi batang, warna daun, dan diameter batang yang lebih besar. Implikasi dari penelitian ini menciptakan peluang untuk praktik pertanian yang ramah lingkungan dan berkontribusi pada pengelolaan limbah secara berkelanjutan.

Pendekatan penelitian ini adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan etnoekologi. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah menggali dan memahami sistem pengetahuan lokal masyarakat dalam mengelola ladang berpindah serta relasi mereka dengan lingkungan secara holistik. Temuan dalam penelitian ini adalah dalam perspektif etnoekologi, ladang berpindah bukanlah praktik usang atau destruktif, melainkan sistem pertanian yang kaya akan akan nilai-nilai ekologis, sosial, dan spritual. Ia mencerminkan cara hidup yang harmonis dengan alam, berbasis pengetahuan lokal yang telah terbukti adaptif dan berkelanjutan selama berabad-abad. Oleh karena itu, penting untuk mengakui, melindungi, dan mendukung praktik ladang berpindah sebagai bagian dari kekayaan budaya dan solusi alternatif terhadap krisis ekologi global. Pendekatan ini juga menegaskan bahwa pembangunan pertanian berkelanjutan harus mempertimbangkan suara dan pengalaman masyarakat adat sebagai pelaku utama dalam pelestarian bumi.

This study aims to assess the economic value and contribution of Non-Timber Forest Products (NTFP) to the income of the community in Kampung Cikupa, Desa Baru Ranji, Merbau Mataram Subdistrict, South Lampung. The population of this research consists of community members, with a total of 200 households. A sample of 36 respondents was selected using simple random sampling. Data were collected through interviews using a questionnaire. The data were analyzed quantitatively to determine the economic value of NTFP based on the market price of the products collected by the community. The research results show that the level of contribution of NTFPs to the livelihoods of the people of Cikupa Village is still very small and the use of NTFPs has not been fully optimized by the community.

Exploitation of mineral resources through mining activities in Indonesia provides significant economic benefits, but also causes various negative impacts on the environment and socio-economic life of local communities. This study aims to review the impacts of various types of mining activities such as sand, coal, and gold. Common environmental damages include deforestation, soil erosion, water, soil, and air pollution, and decreased biodiversity. Socio-economically, mining increases social conflict, health problems, and changes in people's livelihoods. Effective management efforts include law enforcement against illegal activities, implementation of reclamation and rehabilitation, application of impact mitigation technology, and active involvement of local communities in environmental management. Consistent implementation of policies and mitigation measures is key to achieving a balance between economic benefits and environmental sustainability.