The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the duration of young coconut water soaking and different growing media on the viability of Arabica coffee seeds after mechanical scarification, as well as to identify the interaction between these two factors. This research was conducted over a period of three months, from July to September 2023, at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Samudra University, Langsa City. The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern, consisting of two factors: (1) the duration of soaking in young coconut water, which included 4 levels: L0 = Control, L1 = 3 hours, L2 = 6 hours, and L3 = 9 hours; and (2) growing media, which included 3 levels: M1 = Soil: manure, M2 = Soil: manure: rice husk, and M3 = Soil: manure: cocopeat. The parameters observed in this study were maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling height, root length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight. The results showed that the duration of soaking in young coconut water did not have any significant effect on all observed parameters. However, different growing media had a highly significant effect on maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the Arabica coffee seedlings. The M1 treatment gave the best results for maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight, while the M3 treatment provided the best results for seedling height and root length of Arabica coffee seeds. There was no interaction between the duration of young coconut water soaking and different growing media on all parameters of Arabica coffee seed viability.
 

Spinach (Amaranthus spp.) is a vegetable plant that is highly dependent on the availability of light and nutrients for its growth. Proper spacing plays an important role in influencing a plant's access to light and nutrients, which ultimately impacts its yield. This study examines the impact of planting distance on light and nutrient competition in spinach. Planting spacing that is too tight can lead to intense competition between plants, reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis, and increase the risk of etiolation in lower plants. On the contrary, planting spacing that is too wide reduces land use efficiency and increases the likelihood of weed growth. The ideal planting distance ranges from 15-20 cm between plants, which ensures maximum utilization of light and nutrients without resulting in excessive competition, thus supporting optimal growth and yield

This research was conducted in Ponrang Selatan District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi from March to September 2024. The population in this study were farmers who received benefits from the Mandiri Benih Activity. The sample in this study was 234 samples. The results of the study showed that the Mandiri Benih Padi program in Ponrang Selatan District began in 2022 and was expanded in 2023 by involving 42 farmer groups in various villages. Although this program has been running and received a positive response from farmers, there are still several aspects that are not optimal, especially in terms of certification of harvest results as seeds. The effectiveness value of 54.96 places the program in the "Quite Effective" category, indicating that this program has provided significant results but has not reached its full potential. Respondents' perceptions of the program before implementation showed quite adequate results, but after the program was implemented, there was an increase in more positive perceptions regarding seed quality, productivity, and the overall agricultural process. This indicates that the Mandiri Benih Padi Activity has had a good impact on farmers, although there is still room for increased effectiveness.

Seed plants (Spermatophyta) are a group of plants with a very high level of diversity and are widely distributed throughout the world. This group of plants is known as higher plants or Phanerogamae, namely plants that have seeds and reproduce sexually. Spermatophyta can be divided into two main groups, namely Gymnospermae or plants that have characteristics of open seeds and Angiospermae or plants that have characteristics of closed seeds. Research on the structure of internal reproductive organs of seed plants was carried out at the Instructional Laboratory 1 on Campus I UIN SGD Bandung, Cipadung Village, Cibiru District, Bandung City, West Java Province. Qualitative methods were used in this study by conducting direct observations on the objects being observed. This study aims to see and observe how the reproductive structure is in seed plants. Based on data from observations made on paper flowers (Bougainvillea), the flower has no petals, 3 crowns attached to 27 stamens, and 4 pistils with the flower formula K0 [C3 A27] G4. Meanwhile, in the study of lilies (Crinum jagus) have 5 petals, 6 crowns attached to 6 stamens, and 1 pistil with a flower formula of K5 [C6 A6 ] G1.

Research on the pattern of development of empowerment of rice farmers towards income levels was carried out in Tombang Village, Walenrang District, Luwu Regency. This research was conducted from January to March 2024. The results of the study showed that rice farming in Walenrang District was profitable with variable costs of IDR 12,442,999 and fixed costs of IDR 407,471 so that the total costs incurred were IDR 12,850,470 and the production value was IDR 44,730,181 so that the net income received by farmers was IDR 31,879,711 per ha / planting season. Based on the t-test with regression analysis, the production factors that influence rice farming income in Walenrang District, namely Land area (X1), Labor costs (X2) and Capital (X3) have a significant effect on increasing production. Based on the F test on the regression analysis of production factors, the independent variables, namely land area (X1), labor costs (X2) and capital (X3), have a significant influence on increasing production in rice farming in Walenrang sub-district, Luwu district.

The use of organic fertilizers in agriculture in Dahana Village has significant potential in improving soil fertility and crop productivity. Organic fertilizers, which are derived from natural materials such as agricultural waste and animal manure, serve to improve soil structure, increase water retention capacity, and provide nutrients needed by plants. This study explored different methods of applying organic fertilizers and their impact on plant growth and the quality of agricultural produce. Results show that organic fertilizer not only improves vegetative growth but also yield quality, making it an essential component in sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating the use of organic fertilizers in land management strategies to achieve optimal and sustainable agricultural yields in Dahana Village.

Moringa oleifera plants as traditional medicine used by the people of Cibeas Village, Cintaraja Village, Singaparna District, Tasikmalaya Regency. This study aims to determine the use of moringa plants as traditional medicine. The method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative with data collection techniques through observation, semi-structured interviews, and snowball sampling. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the utility value (Use Value/UV), informant context factors (Informant Consensus Factor/ICF), and relative citation frequency (Relative Frequency of Citation/RFC). The results showed that moringa plants are used to treat 12 types of diseases, with the highest utilization for lowering hypertension (UV = 0.296). The leaves are the most frequently used part (ICF = 0.952).

Tomato (lycopersicum esculentum Mill) are a source of vitamins and minerals and have health benefits such as maintaining heart health. The denabd for tomatoes in indonesia continues to increase so it is necessary to take action to increase production by utilizing Fungi Mycorrhizal Arbuscular and manure. FMA is a fungus associated with plants where FMA binds nutrients in the soil. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of gungus mycorrhizal arbuscular and manure. This research was carried out in july – september 2023 in Siderejo village, Langsa Lama District, Langsa City. The research used a 2 factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 3 replications. The first factor is the FMA dose, namely: F0 : 0 gr/plot, F1 : 20 gr/plot, F2 : 40 gr/plot, F3 : 60 gr/plot. The second factor is the dose of fertilizer P1 : 2,08 kg/plot, P2 : 5,6 kg/plot, P3 : 8,4 kg/plot. Date were analyzed using variance (F test) at the 5% and 1% levels. If the treatment has a real effect, continue with the BNJ test at the 5% level.

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high-value horticultural commodity, but its productivity is often hampered by factors such as soil conditions, climate, pests and disease. The use of plastic mulch, especially the black-silver type, can increase chili yields by 25–40% through weed control, maintaining soil temperature, and reducing evaporation. Although initial costs are relatively high, significant yield increases can offset those costs. However, the resulting plastic waste is an environmental problem, so biodegradable mulch can be a more environmentally friendly alternative. This research uses a literature review method to collect and evaluate information from various relevant sources regarding the application of plastic mulch in increasing chili productivity. With proper management, plastic mulch can support increased chili yields and agricultural sustainability.

The agriculture sector is facing unprecedented challenges as a result of climate change. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns change, the dynamics of plant-virus interactions change significantly, requiring innovative solutions to ensure global food security. This review article examines the relationship between climate change and the prevalence and severity of cucumber virus diseases, their impact on cucumber yield and quality, and subsequent economic implications, with a focus on the critical pathogen cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The method in this journal article uses library research, which is a method with data collection by understanding and studying theories from various literatures related to the research. The results showed that as climate change increases, it is imperative to investigate its impact on cucumber virus management, specifically how increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns may affect virus epidemiology and disease resistance mechanisms. In addition, exploring integrated pest management strategies that combine traditional breeding with modern biotechnology advances is essential. The application of RNA-based technologies presents a promising avenue for effective virus control, potentially reducing the economic burden on cucumber farmers.