Piping systems are critical components across various industrial sectors, including agriculture. The 90° elbow plays a key role in directing fluid flow; however, abrupt changes in flow direction within the elbow often lead to pressure losses and vortex formation, particularly in configurations with small curvature radii. This study aims to analyze the fluid flow characteristics within a 90° elbow under different curvature radii (extreme, R30 mm, and R50 mm) and various valve opening conditions, using numerical simulation based on Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in ANSYS Fluent 2019 R3. The simulation results show that increasing the curvature radius leads to a more uniform pressure distribution along the bend and a reduction in vortex formation. Although larger valve openings increase flow velocity and Reynolds number, the pressure and velocity contours do not exhibit significant changes in flow patterns. This study confirms that elbow geometry design greatly influences the hydrodynamic efficiency of piping systems and can help minimize the risk of damage due to uneven pressure distribution
