Community participation refers to the active involvement of citizens in various stages of the development process, especially at the village level. A concrete example of community participation can be seen in the case study of Bendhung Lepen, located in Mrican Village, Yogyakarta. Bendhung Lepen is an irrigation canal that stems from the Gajah Wong River. Before its revitalization, the area faced numerous environmental problems, primarily due to household waste and pollution that contaminated the waterway and negatively affected the environment and public health. In response to these issues, local residents, along with relevant stakeholders, initiated an environmental conservation program. The main goal of this initiative was to restore the ecological function of Bendhung Lepen and transform it into a clean, green, and beneficial public space for the community. This study aims to measure the level of community participation in the environmental conservation program. Data collection methods included questionnaires for quantitative analysis and in-depth interviews for qualitative insights into community involvement. The results of the study show that community members were actively involved in various phases of the program, including planning, implementation, and evaluation. Stakeholders involved in the program included community leaders, youth groups, environmental organizations, and village officials. The forms of participation extended beyond voicing aspirations to contributing labor (through mutual cooperation) and materials (such as donations or supplies). According to Arnstein’s ladder of participation, the level of community participation in this conservation program falls under the category of "delegated power," which represents a high degree of participation. This means that the community was not merely involved as passive participants but was given real authority in decision-making and program management. These findings indicate that genuine and sustained community involvement plays a crucial role in the success of local environmental conservation efforts.

Gorontalo Province is an area with a high level of disaster vulnerability, both from hydrometeorological disasters such as floods and landslides, as well as geological disasters such as earthquakes. This condition requires an integrated, modern, and sustainable disaster training facility. Unfortunately, until now Gorontalo does not have a representative disaster management education and training center to support community preparedness. This research aims to design a Disaster Management Education and Training Center that not only functions as an education and simulation place, but also integrates green architecture principles to create an environmentally friendly and energy-efficient learning environment. The method used is qualitative descriptive with primary data collection through observation, interviews with stakeholders, and field documentation. Secondary data were obtained from literature studies, disaster architectural precedents, and spatial planning regulatory studies. The design site was chosen in Limboto District with considerations of accessibility, development potential, and geographical conditions. Analysis is carried out on spatial, functional, and climatological aspects to produce an optimal zoning concept and the orientation of building masses according to the tropical climate. The design results show that an area of 19,371 m² can accommodate all space needs with the utilization of KDB of 25.4%. The application of green architecture is realized through the use of environmentally friendly local materials, natural lighting, cross ventilation, solar panels, and rainwater management systems. The simulation facilities for floods, landslides, earthquakes, and fires are designed based on experiential learning so that participants can experience disaster scenarios firsthand. This design is expected to be a model of sustainable tropical disaster architecture, replicate in other disaster-prone areas, and encourage the creation of a disaster-aware culture. This research also opens up further research opportunities related to energy performance evaluation and the application of digital technology in disaster education.

The design of Lecturer Housing for Campus 4 Gorontalo State University is a strategic necessity in line with the expansion of educational institutions and the increasing number of educators requiring adequate and proximate housing. The primary objective of this research is to produce a lecturer housing design that is not only adaptive and sustainable, but also harmonized with the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) of Bone Bolango Regency. The research methodology encompasses a comprehensive site analysis, examining aspects such as climate conditions, topography, vegetation patterns, infrastructure and utility networks, ambient noise levels, and site accessibility. Furthermore, a zoning and spatial relationship study was conducted to determine effective space allocation based on the principles of tropical architecture and green building practices. The findings of the study highlight that a north-south building orientation significantly reduces heat absorption, while the integration of cross-ventilation strategies enhances natural airflow and thermal comfort. Spatial zoning into public, semi-public, private, and service areas allows for organized layouts and promotes social interaction among residents. Sustainability is reinforced through the application of green architectural technologies, including the use of green concrete, lightweight steel frameworks, solar energy panels, as well as integrated waste-water management systems that separate black water and grey water. Landscaping elements, both softscape and hardscape, are utilized to enhance aesthetics while supporting ecological balance and rainwater absorption. This design proposal contributes to the broader discourse of sustainable tropical housing and may serve as a replicable model for future lecturer housing projects in similar regional contexts. It emphasizes the importance of environmentally responsive, cost-efficient, and socially supportive residential architecture.

An investigation into the building is carried out to determine the suitability and safety of the building and the strength of the structure. The investigations to be carried out include field and laboratory investigations. This is done to determine the feasibility and safety of existing structures. Apart from that, it is also hoped that this investigation can provide recommendations regarding repair or strengthening methods if necessary, referring to the requirements for Structural Concrete for Buildings SNI 2847:2019 and Procedures for Earthquake Resistance Planning for Building and Non-Building Structures SNI 2847:2019. From the results of structural testing using UPV and Hammer Test, it was found that the structural system is an open frame consisting of plates, beams and columns using concrete material, while the joists use steel plinths. The reinforcing steel used uses plain iron U40 as flexible reinforcement with shear reinforcement with U24. The quality of concrete obtained respectively for column f'c 25 MPa, beam f'c 22 MPa and floor slab f'c 22 MPa. Based on the results of the floor leveling survey to record the potential for building subsidence or floor sagging using a water level, it was concluded that there was no slope found in the building as a whole. The deflection that occurs is local and relatively flat. To meet the requirements, strengthening was carried out by increasing the dimensions of the columns and beams, adding plates to the steel profiles on the flange and web.

Mining roads are one of the most important facilities that greatly affect the smoothness of production and affect mining costs. Therefore, the construction of mining roads must be carried out carefully to meet technical and work safety standards. Road conditions, distance, road slope and road carrying capacity will greatly affect the production capacity of heavy equipment, especially the production capacity of transport equipment. The location of this research is at PT. Energi Cahaya Industritama, precisely in Palaran sub-district, Samarinda city, East Kalimantan province. After observations were made at the research location, it was found that the geometric conditions of the road did not comply with the standards based on the overburden transport equipment or the largest transport equipment, for example, the width of the road on bends and the slope of the road. After conducting the research, the results of the data from the geometry of the access road were obtained, namely, the actual condition of the geometry of the access road on the straight road width is divided into 6 segments with a width of 13.3 meters, 14.3 meters, 14.5 meters, 13.2 meters, 15 meters, 15.7 meters. Meanwhile, the width of the bend road is also divided into 2 segments with a width of 15.9 meters and 15.5 meters respectively. And on the slope of the road there are 2 segments with values ??of 11.1% and 14.8% respectively. Based on the results of the simulation software, the productivity of the transport equipment was obtained at 92.42 BCM/hour, which shows that productivity has increased by 12.23 BCM/hour from the actual productivity value of 80.109 BCM/hour. It has an average cycle time of 10.33 minutes, which shows a reduction in time or 6.01 minutes faster than the actual average cycle time of 16.34 minutes.

The synthetic unit hydrograph methods of Nakayasu, HEC-HMS (Snyder), SCS, ITB-1, and ITB-2 are used to calculate peak discharge and flood hydrograph shape in this Kadumalik Dam study. The maximum daily rainfall data analysis used the Thiessen Polygon and Arithmetic Mean methods. Of these two frequency analysis methods, the Thiessen Polygon method was chosen. Rainfall transformation into runoff using the FJ MOCK and NRECA methods has been applied in the Kadumalik Dam analysis. Compared to NRECA, the FJ MOCK method with the Thiessen Polygon method for frequency rainfall analysis provided a better performance rating with calibration values of 0.911 for R2, 0.627 for NSE, 0.606 for RSR, 18.141 for RMSE, and 30.764 for PBIAS. The validation values were 0.911 for R2, 0.661 for NSE, 0.582 for RSR, 16.086 for RMSE, and 34.420 for PBIAS. The Kadumalik Dam uses a side-channel spillway model with an ogee spillway crest type. Technically, it is planned based on the design flood discharge Q100 and controlled by discharging the flood discharge Q1000 and QPMF. The purpose of this study is to determine the hydraulic flow behavior that occurs in the numerical model based on CFD with ANSYS Fluent and CFX, along with Flow 3D in the diversion, regulation, and launching channels, to obtain the optimum design of the structures, where the flow classification is steady and transient. From the numerical analysis results, it was found that the water velocity streamline in the launch channel for Q100 with steady flow is 0.1644 – 0.2643 m.s-1, for Q1000 it is 0.2176 – 0.2869 m.s-1, and for QPMF it is 0.1592 – 0.2262 m.s-1. For transient flow, the water velocity streamline in the launch channel for Q100 is 0.1555 – 0.2250 m.s-1, for Q1000 it is 0.1541 – 0.2232 m.s-1, and for QPMF it is 0.1559 – 0.2255 m.s-1. Wet, normal, and dry hydraulic conditions are used in the analysis of the Kadumalik Dam operation pattern. The wet hydraulic condition before the reservoir had an average discharge of 25.51 m3/s, and after the reservoir, the average discharge was 26.89 m3/s, an increase of 5.125%. The normal hydraulic condition before the reservoir had an average discharge of 15.54 m3/s, and after the reservoir, the average discharge was 18.75 m3/s, an increase of 17.105%. The dry hydraulic condition before the reservoir had an average discharge of 1.74 m3/s, and after the reservoir, the average discharge was 7.97 m3/s, an increase of 78.157%.

Tenure conflicts in forest areas are long-standing structural issues in various regions of Indonesia, including Popayato Sub-district in Gorontalo Province. These conflicts arise from overlapping land claims between local communities, companies, and the state, directly affecting the socio-economic and ecological conditions of surrounding populations. This study aims to analyze the social and environmental impacts of tenure conflicts in Popayato's forest areas and assess the roles of stakeholders in seeking sustainable solutions. A qualitative case study approach was applied through in-depth interviews, field observations, and thematic analysis. Findings reveal that communities face restricted access to productive land and forest resources, disrupting livelihoods and local cultural sustainability. Ecologically, tenure disputes have triggered illegal land clearing and significant forest degradation. Local governments have made mediation efforts, yet face challenges in coordination and policy inconsistency. Civil society organizations play a crucial role in advocating community rights through participatory mapping and the promotion of legal recognition via social forestry schemes. This study recommends resolving tenure conflicts through collaborative approaches that uphold principles of social and ecological justice, including strengthening local institutions, participatory boundary mapping, and developing inclusive conservation-based business models. In doing so, sustainable forest management can be achieved by recognizing local rights and enhancing community participation in decision-making processes.

Sentani Kota Village as a strategic area experiences significant pressure due to population growth and economic activities, facing complex problems including the conversion of agricultural land and forests into residential and commercial areas, low public awareness about sustainable spatial planning, and weaknesses in law enforcement and supervision. This condition potentially threatens the environmental sustainability and ecosystem of Lake Sentani. This study aims to evaluate the suitability of spatial utilization in Sentani Kota Village, Sentani District, Jayapura Regency, focusing on two main issues: the level of conformity between existing spatial utilization and the Regional Spatial Plan (RTRW) guidelines, and the factors that support and hinder the effectiveness of RTRW implementation. Conducting overlay analysis of existing conditions and spatial pattern maps, complemented by field verification at 28 observation points and stakeholder interviews with the Spatial Planning Agency. The results show that 76.5% (2,759.07 hectares) of spatial utilization conforms to RTRW guidelines, while 22.9% (825.98 hectares) remains non-conforming, and 0.6% (21.66 hectares) violates regulations. Supporting factors include routine monitoring protocols, high conformity levels in designated areas, firm enforcement actions, and community leadership involvement. Conversely, hindering factors encompass low public compliance, non-conforming zones prone to violations, inconsistent enforcement responses, various types of violations, limited sanction mechanisms, and inadequate preventive measures. This study recommends targeted enforcement in critical zones, transition planning for non-conforming areas, lake buffer zone management, enhanced community participation, and systematic monitoring protocols to achieve more effective spatial utilization control.

Oil and gas industry activities have the potential to produce high carbon emissions, so Green Open Space (RTH) is needed as an effort to mitigate environmental impacts. Shrub vegetation that grows in RTH areas requires routine maintenance, but this process produces vegetation waste that has not been studied quantitatively. This study aims to analyze the generation of shrub vegetation waste using a sampling method as a basis for sustainable waste management planning. The method used is sampling on a 1 m³ cube-shaped plot in three locations with different vegetation characteristics. Cutting is done manually using simple tools, then the waste produced is put into a measuring box to calculate its volume. The results show that sample point 1 produces 1.00 m³, sample point 2 is 0.50 m³, and sample point 3 is 0.30 m³. The average volume of shrub waste generation is 0.60 m³ per square meter. This data is important for planning the capacity of equipment, labor, and temporary waste disposal locations. In addition, the characteristics of waste that is easy to dry and has a high organic content opens up the potential for reuse as compost or biomass. This method has proven to be effective and efficient in supporting environmentally friendly vegetation waste management strategies as well as part of compliance with environmental regulations such as PROPER.
 
 

In the modern construction industry, accuracy and efficiency in volume calculations are crucial aspects of project success. This study compares two methods for calculating the volume of pile caps and reinforcement: the manual method and the Building Information Modeling (BIM)-based method. The manual method has long been used but has limitations in terms of time efficiency and a higher risk of errors. In contrast, the BIM method offers more accurate and efficient calculations through software-based digital modeling. This study employs a descriptive-comparative quantitative approach by analyzing volume calculation data using both methods. The results indicate that the BIM method has a higher level of accuracy, with a concrete volume of 1,822.87 m³ and reinforcement of 148,862.80 kg, compared to the manual method, which produced a concrete volume of 1,842.17 m³ and reinforcement of 150,279.05 kg. The comparison of pile cap volume calculations shows that the BIM method achieves 98.95% effectiveness in concrete volume calculations and 99.06% effectiveness in reinforcement calculations compared to the manual method. Additionally, the BIM method has proven to be more efficient in reducing calculation time and minimizing input errors. Thus, BIM is more recommended for large-scale projects that require high accuracy and efficiency in construction volume calculations. However, the manual method remains relevant as a validation tool and for small projects with technological limitations. This study highlights the importance of adopting digital technology in the construction industry to enhance productivity and project planning effectiveness.
 
 

Public open space can provide a special identity for a city. Generally, the shape of public open spaces must be able to accommodate a variety of user activities and have characteristics that attract people to come. The purpose of this study is to determine the correlation between motivation and atmosphere characteristics in public open spaces in Palembang City. This research uses quantitative methods that are explanatory. The data collected by using the semantic-differential (SD-method) with the sample selection using snowball-non-random-sampling. The results of the latent variable analysis and Multivariate Correlation Analysis are in the form of a relationship between motivation and the atmosphere in public open spaces in Palembang City. The results of this study indicate that the motivation of the people who come to open public spaces has reasons, that are refreshment, achievement and interaction. This motivation is supported by the influence of the atmosphere in public open space which is assessed from two aspects, such as orderliness and natural environment.

Terminals serve as transportation nodes that play a vital role in supporting community mobility and urban economic activities. As the capital city of Papua Province with a population of 420,577 inhabitants, Jayapura City requires an efficient transportation system to support increasingly dynamic social and economic activities. Entrop Terminal, as a Type A Terminal and the main transportation hub of Jayapura City, serves various transportation modes ranging from inter-city inter-provincial transport, cross-border transport, intra-provincial inter-city transport, urban transport, to rural transport. However, there is a significant problem where users prefer to wait for public transportation outside the terminal due to long queues inside the terminal, creating a shadow terminal phenomenon. This research aims to evaluate the facilities available at Entrop Type A Terminal in relation to the quality of services provided to users. This evaluation is important to identify facility and service deficiencies that cause users to be reluctant to use the terminal optimally. The research results are expected to provide recommendations for facility improvements and service quality enhancement at Entrop Terminal, so that it can function optimally as the main transportation hub and reduce the shadow terminal problems occurring in Jayapura City.

The buffer zone of BJ. Habibie Grand Forest Park (Tahura) in Bihe Village, Asparaga District, plays a strategic role in balancing environmental conservation and community agricultural activities. However, the widespread practice of monoculture corn farming and land clearing through burning threatens ecosystem sustainability and accelerates environmental degradation. This study aims to analyze farmers’ perceptions of buffer zone management and to identify the challenges and potential for transitioning to sustainable agricultural systems. A descriptive qualitative and quantitative approach was used through field observations, in-depth interviews, questionnaires, and document analysis. The findings indicate that most farmers possess basic awareness of the importance of conservation areas, but there are notable knowledge gaps regarding regulations and environmentally friendly practices. Although some farmers acknowledge the negative impacts of land burning and monoculture, economic limitations, inherited customs, and lack of technological support remain significant obstacles. Nevertheless, respondents expressed a high willingness to change their farming practices if provided with training and incentives. This study recommends a participatory strategy involving government bodies, conservation institutions, and academics to build farmers’ capacity and promote the adoption of sustainable agricultural technologies. A collaborative approach that considers the socio-economic realities of local communities is essential to ensure the long-term sustainability of the BJ. Habibie buffer zone without compromising farmers’ welfare.

Time Schedule is used as a guide and control tool for work execution time and productivity of workers, work tools on the project. In terms of productivity control, there are several aspects involved in the monitoring system, such as materials, tools, resources, and scheduling of project activities. Scheduling is the arrangement of resources to complete tasks in achieving targets. by involving components of activities, and time, In order to determine the optimal scheduling and budget. in accordance with time and cost limitations, this study uses the PDM (Precedence Diagram Method) method and the Crashing method through alternative scheduling with the addition of overtime of 1 hour, 2 hours, and 3 hours and knowing the acceleration cost. for each alternative. The results of the acceleration alternative with optimal costs are, alternative 1 adding 1 hour of overtime, the total cost decreased by 0.19% to Rp 3,067,337,201, -. This means that alternative 1 saves costs of Rp 5,984,598, - and is estimated to be one day faster to 119 days.

Hiripau Village, inhabited by the Kamoro ethnic community, exhibits housing conditions that do not meet the basic infrastructure standards for livable settlements. This study aims to identify the characteristics of housing facilities and infrastructure, as well as to formulate a development strategy for the area. A qualitative descriptive method was employed, utilizing field observation, in-depth interviews with local residents and traditional leaders, and documentation of existing conditions. The findings indicate that basic infrastructure components such as neighborhood roads, clean water supply, sanitation systems, drainage, and waste management are in inadequate condition. Therefore, the study recommends an integrated planning approach for infrastructure improvement, emphasizing active community participation in the management and maintenance of the residential environment to achieve a habitable and sustainable settlement.

Remote islands in Indonesia face significant challenges in achieving sustainable electricity supply. This study analyzes the technical and economic feasibility of implementing a hybrid Solar Power Plant (PLTS) and Wind Power Plant (PLTB) system on Dudepo Island, North Gorontalo Regency. With an average solar radiation of 5.2 kWh/m²/day and wind speed of 4.8 m/s, the hybrid system is designed to supply approximately 97% of local electricity demand with an efficiency of 85%. Simulations using HOMER Pro reveal an optimal configuration of 100 kW PLTS, 60 kW PLTB, and 300 kWh battery storage. Economic analysis indicates a Levelized Cost of Energy (LCOE) of IDR 1,450/kWh, more affordable than conventional diesel generators, with an eight-year payback period. The system’s implementation has enhanced community well-being by providing stable electricity access for education, healthcare, and economic activities. Moreover, it contributes to carbon emission reduction by up to 120 tons of CO? annually. Technical challenges and local human resource capacity necessitate sustainable management strategies, including technician training and IoT-based monitoring systems. This study offers recommendations for sustainable renewable energy development on remote islands as a model for environmentally friendly energy transitions.

The selection of building materials is vital for the development of high-quality infrastructure and residential projects. The two most commonly used building materials are red bricks and lightweight bricks. This study compares the productivity and cost of red brick and lightweight brick production and installation in construction projects. Data were obtained through direct observation, worker interviews, and Value Engineering analysis on the Shopee Semanggi Housing Project, which consists of 136 houses with a total estimated budget (RAB) of Rp10.93 billion. The results show that red brick installation productivity is 3.3 m²/day, while lightweight brick installation reaches 17.9 m²/day. The installation cost for red bricks is Rp1.52 billion for 12,786.78 m², compared to Rp1.62 billion for lightweight bricks for the same area. This study provides guidance for selecting building materials based on time and cost efficiency.

This study examines how colonial power is articulated through the form, spatial layout, and symbolism of Bogor Palace, and how post-independence transformations in function and discourse shape its new identity. As a colonial architectural legacy, Bogor Palace holds historical significance and reflects power dynamics, cultural representation, and spatial acculturation in both colonial and postcolonial contexts. The research highlights the importance of reassessing colonial architecture as a medium for representing power and ideology, especially in buildings that remain national symbols. Using a qualitative approach with literature review and visual analysis, the study applies Michel Foucault’s theory of power and discourse to reveal embedded power structures, and Erwin Panofsky’s iconography and iconology to decode visual symbols and meanings. Findings show that the neoclassical European style of the palace reflects colonial dominance, yet its adaptation through local materials, construction techniques, and climate-responsive elements indicates a complex process of acculturation. Initially marginal, local culture becomes integrated into the building’s design. After independence, the palace was resemanticized from a colonial icon to a national emblem, illustrating a shift in identity and power narratives. Today, restoration efforts not only preserve its historical value but also reaffirm role as a dynamic cultural space shaping Indonesia’s collective memory.

Mangrove ecosystems play a vital role in maintaining coastal environmental balance, providing habitats for various species, and supporting local livelihoods. In Gorontalo Province, the utilization of mangrove ecosystems faces significant challenges between conservation and sustainable exploitation. This study aims to review scientific literature discussing the use, degradation, and conservation efforts of mangroves in the region. The research method employed is a literature review analyzing 10 primary sources, including journals and books published within the last decade. The findings indicate that mangrove degradation in Gorontalo is caused by land conversion, overexploitation of resources, and weak local governance and regulations. On the other hand, there are promising initiatives such as ecotourism development and community-based management approaches that show potential for ensuring ecosystem sustainability. This study concludes that mangrove management strategies in Gorontalo must strengthen community participation, cross-sector integration, and adaptive policy approaches based on local conditions. Recommendations include improving institutional capacity and developing holistic policies that balance ecological and economic aspects.

Transparency in the management of upstream oil and gas contracts in Indonesia is crucial to ensure the efficient and accountable management of natural resources. The two main contract schemes applied, Cost Recovery and Gross Split, each face challenges related to transparency. In the Cost Recovery scheme, transparency issues are related to the verification of costs submitted by contractors, while in the Gross Split scheme, transparency is needed in determining objective production-sharing parameters. Digital technology emerges as a solution to improve accountability, but its implementation requires strong regulatory support and infrastructure investment. The principle of good faith between the government and contractors is also a key factor in achieving effective transparency. Strengthening the capacity of SKK Migas as the regulatory body and ensuring information openness to the public are essential to building trust and creating sustainable management.

The Great Mosque of Tegal City is a historic building that has undergone numerous renovations since its establishment in 1825-1830. These renovations aimed not only to meet the functional and capacity needs of worshippers but also reflected modern architectural trends, occasionally compromising historical elements. This study employs a qualitative approach using documentation, observation, and literature synthesis methods to analyze the mosque's architectural changes. Using John Obert Voll's "continuity and change" theory, the research identifies the preserved original architectural elements and the modifications made. The findings reveal that while several original features, such as the mosque's core structure, remain intact, significant changes in renovations—such as the addition of floors, towers, and alterations to the gate design—have impacted the mosque's historical and aesthetic values. The study recommends the preservation of historical elements to maintain the mosque's cultural identity.

Jayapura City There is Abepura District which has supporting economic infrastructure so that economic growth in Abepura District is very rapid. The existing city forests in several locations in Abepura District need to be improved or expanded to improve their function. This study aims to see the spatial planning policy in Jayapura City related to the area of ??the Abepura District city forest, analyze the implications of the Jayapura City spatial planning policy on the area of ??the Abepura District City Forest, and Analyze the Suitability of Abepura District City Forest Land. This research method uses qualitative descriptive analysis and Spatial Analysis to obtain a picture of the area of ??the Abepura District City Forest as well as a picture of land conversion and the suitability of the Abepura District City Forest land. The results of this study are that the area of ????Approximately 997 hectares of City Forest is in Abepura District According to the 2014 Jayapura City Spatial Policy Data, the City Forest Development policy has only been carried out once in Organda over the past few years, while policies that reduce the area of ????City Forest Many are carried out in housing, building and road development activities, this is because on average the development already has a land permit and a building permit. This study provides an overview that the problem of the reduced area of ??the Abepura District City Forest occurs because the Jayapura City Government is not firm enough in implementing the Jayapura City Spatial Planning Policy in development so that it is in accordance with the Area Designation.

Noise generated by Diesel Power Plants (PLTD) is a significant environmental problem, especially in urban areas and settlements adjacent to power plant facilities. This study analyzes the noise level around the Fakfak Cotton Plant and its impact on the local community. This study uses a combination of methods, including noise level measurements using a Sound Level Meter (SLM), field observations, interviews with the community, and a SWOT analysis to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats in noise mitigation. The measurement results show that the noise level generated exceeds the threshold of 55 dBA set by the Decree of the Minister of Environment Number 48 of 1996 for residential areas. This condition has a negative impact on the comfort, health, and social interaction of the community around the PLTD location, causing sleep disturbances, stress, and decreased quality of life. The SWOT analysis shows that although the PLTD has advantages in terms of sustainable operations and professional workers, the main weaknesses lie in the lack of soundproofing and the absence of regular noise evaluations. However, there is a great opportunity in the application of noise mitigation technologies, such as the installation of soundproofing, the use of acoustic walls, and planting vegetation as a sound barrier. In addition, collaboration with local governments and increasing environmental awareness can help manage noise impacts more effectively. The main threats identified include potential social conflicts with surrounding communities, negative health impacts, and changes in environmental policies that can affect PLTD operations. With the right mitigation strategies, such as the application of soundproofing technologies, improved communication with the community, and better integration of environmental policies, the environment around PLTDs can become more comfortable and conducive for the community. This study emphasizes the importance of regulatory and technology-based approaches in managing noise in urban environments, as well as the need for sustainable mitigation measures to maintain the well-being of communities around PLTDs..

Housing in the BSB (Bukit Semarang Baru) area, located right in front of the lake, offers an architectural idea that combines the comfort of modern housing with a natural touch. In this analysis, several important architectural elements such as the use of foot plate foundations, construction time, and the use of wood planks on the building facade are explored to understand how this design combines functional and aesthetic aspects. This study aims to analyze these elements, especially in relation to spatial planning, functionality, and aesthetics, as well as how the integration between building architecture with the elements of the lake and the surrounding green space. Through a qualitative approach and direct observation, this paper offers a critical view of the concept of sustainability applied in the design of this area.

The geomorphological condition of Fakfak Regency is dominated by limestone. It makes ground water difficult to access. The clean water crisis in Fakfak Regency requires people to look for alternative sources of clean water such as rainwater. However, during the dry season, people will have great difficulty with clean water. Cloudfisher or fog catcher is a technique for collecting fog that have condensed into water. Cloudfisher's ability to catch fog or dew and produce water varies depending on the situation with an average of around 2 liters – 10 liters/m2/day. The ability of this technology to produce water depends on the net material used, the size of the net, the direction and model of the net, and the location of the net placement. In this research, the potential cloudfisher to produce water in Fakfak Regency will be examined, with the ultimate aim of seeing how effectively this technology is applied in Fakfak Regency in terms of the amount of water produced. The method used in this research is a field study by reviewing locations in Fakfak Regency with the altitude, fog conditions, temperature and humidity that are most suitable for the application of cloudfisher technology. The fog catcher was installed using a standard research model using 65% and 85% cover nets. Each fog catcher material was installed for 1 month and the amount of water captured by the tool was checked every morning at 06.30 am. The location of the fog catcher is based on several factors including altitude, air humidity, fog frequency, temperature and wind speed. The average water volume obtained in the 65% cover net was 59.6 ml while in the 85% cover net it was 26.24 ml. Factors that influence the amount of water obtained are net material, net cover, fishing area, equipment placement, and weather. The fog catcher (cloudfisher) in Fakfak Regency has the potential to be used but still requires further research regarding the design and materials used so that more water can be obtained and can be used by local communities as an alternative source of clean water

Oil and gas companies generally have large green areas as part of fulfilling environmental and aesthetic obligations in industrial areas. Routine maintenance such as grass cutting produces organic waste that needs to be managed efficiently to prevent negative environmental impacts. This study aims to calculate the generation of grass waste in oil and gas company areas by comparing two methods: direct weighing and sampling methods. The direct weighing method is carried out by collecting and weighing the results of the cutting in a limited area, while the sampling method involves taking samples from several representative points and extrapolating the results to the entire area. The results showed that the average grass waste generation was 0.286 kg/m². With an area of ??around 1,000 m², the total generation is estimated to reach 286 kg. Both methods have proven to complement each other: direct weighing provides precise data, while the sampling method allows for efficient estimation for larger areas. This data can be used as a basis for planning more adaptive, effective, and sustainable grass waste management, including the use of waste as organic compost that has economic value and is environmentally friendly.
 

Limited land in the urban area of Jayapura Regency is a major challenge in the provision of Green Open Space (RTH), even though the existence of RTH is very important to maintain ecological balance and the quality of the community's living environment. In this context, the Dosay Public Cemetery (TPU) has great potential to be optimized as an alternative green space that is multifunctional-ecological, social, and aesthetic. This study aims to assess community perceptions of the utilization of TPU Dosay as a green space, as well as to formulate a strategy for its sustainable development. The approach used was mixed methods, with data collection through a survey using a Likert scale to 35 respondents, open interviews with 9 key informants, as well as SWOT and AHP analysis. The results showed that most people support the development of TPU Dosay as a reflective green space that is comfortable and ecologically valuable. From the results of AHP analysis, policy and regulation aspects are the top priorities in the development strategy, followed by vegetation and accessibility aspects. Strategic recommendations include the preparation of adaptive vegetation zoning, strengthening the local policy framework, active involvement of indigenous communities, and cross-sector collaboration between local governments, academics and the private sector. With the right strategy, the development of TPU Dosay is expected to be an innovative solution in overcoming the shortage of green spaces in Jayapura Regency.

This study aims to assess the feasibility of facilities and infrastructure at the Dok IX Flats (Rumah Susun) located in Tanjung Ria Sub-district, North Jayapura District, Jayapura City, based on the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) 03-1733-2004, as well as residents’ perceptions. The research uses a mixed methods approach, combining quantitative and qualitative methods. Data were collected through field observations and questionnaires distributed to 43 respondents using the Likert scale. The results show that, in general, the housing complex is considered feasible, with an average score of 70 or 76.1%. Facilities such as education, health, worship, green open space, road access, and drainage are considered adequate. However, inconsistencies were found in the disaster mitigation system. Although categorized as "Feasible," field observations revealed damaged evacuation routes and the absence of essential firefighting equipment (APAR). In conclusion, the Dok IX Flats are generally suitable for habitation, but urgent improvements are needed, particularly in the disaster mitigation aspect, to ensure the safety and comfort of the residents.

Coastal areas are transitional areas between land and marine ecosystems that are very vulnerable to natural disasters, one of which is abrasion. Coastal abrasion is the process of erosion of coastal areas caused by wave activity, ocean currents, and human activities such as infrastructure development and sand mining. Ciberi Beach (Tanjung Ciberi) located in Enggros Village, Abepura District, Jayapura City, is one of the coastal areas that experiences continuous abrasion. Its strategic location and direct facing the Pacific Ocean makes this area very vulnerable to coastal erosion. Based on the author's experience while conducting Field Work Practices at the Papua River Basin Center (BWS Papua), it is known that abrasion has caused damage to public facilities and significant coastline decline since 2019 (Cepos, 2024). Strong suspicions arose from the community based on the results of interviews conducted that the construction of the Youtefa Bridge contributed to the acceleration of abrasion. Previous research also showed that the rate of abrasion in the Yos Sudarso Bay area, including Ciberi Beach, reached 0.89 meters per year. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the level of damage to Ciberi Beach due to abrasion during the period 2014–2024, and to provide recommendations for handling to reduce the impact of damage in the coastal area.

This journal examines the factors that have the potential to cause delays in the implementation of the Dempsey Hill residential housing construction project, North Citraland, Surabaya. Projects managed by CV. Tirta Kusuma has a target of completion in 10 months, but there are indications of delays that affect the schedule and costs. This study aims to identify and analyze the dominant factors causing delays, such as project management, material procurement, and human resources. The methods used include observation, questionnaire distribution, and literature study. The results of this analysis are expected to provide recommendations to improve time management, resource efficiency, and control of future construction projects. The results of data analysis in this study indicate that project delays are primarily caused by material delays and errors in work execution, as concluded based on the results of factor analysis.

This study aims to compare the level of carbon monoxide (CO) air quality in Green Open Space (GOS) and Non-Green Open Space (NGOS) along the Abepura–Sentani main road in Jayapura City. The research was conducted in two locations: the Taman Makam Pahlawan Denzipur Waena (GOS) and the front area of Mega Waena (NGOS). CO levels were measured using a CO smart sensor over a period of one week, with measurements taken in the morning, noon, and afternoon at six sampling points. The findings indicate that CO concentrations are significantly lower in GOS areas compared to NGOS areas. The presence of vegetation in GOS helps reduce CO pollution by acting as a natural filter. These results highlight the importance of maintaining and developing green open spaces in urban areas as part of efforts to reduce air pollution and improve public health.

The oil and gas sector, particularly the upstream segment involving exploration and production, plays a crucial role in contributing to Indonesia's economy. Indramayu Province, being one of the country’s oil and gas-producing areas, also experiences both direct and indirect effects from upstream oil and gas operations. This study aims to assess the influence of upstream oil and gas activities on the local economy in Indramayu Province. The research employs both qualitative and quantitative methods, incorporating secondary data analysis and interviews with relevant stakeholders. Findings indicate that upstream oil and gas operations have a substantial impact on the regional economy, notably through job creation, improved income levels, and effects on other economic sectors. However, challenges remain regarding the sustainability of natural resources and the need to better optimize the benefits for local communities. Keywords: Upstream Oil and Gas Operations, Local Economy, Indramayu Province, Economic Impact, Resource Sustainability, High-quality Oil

The aim of this research is to determine the level of service on Resident Abdul Rozak's roads in 2022 based on the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual by determining the volume of vehicles on Resident Abdul Rozak's roads, assessing the influence of side obstacles on the sections and determining the level of service on Resident Abdul Rozak's roads. This research is quantitative descriptive research. Data collection uses field observations and documentation. Data analysis uses the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual. The results of the data analysis are used to determine the traffic volume on the Resident Abdul Rozak road. The results show that the volume of traffic flow on the Resident Abdul Rozak road on Thursday, December 8 2022 in the north direction is an average of 1,426 pcu/hour and in the South direction an average of 1,640 pcu/hour, while on Saturday 24 December 2022 the North volume was an average of 1,562 pcu/hour and in the South direction an average of 1,350 pcu/hour. Side resistance is in the low category with an average value of 244, 925 where the condition of side resistance is not too influential. The level of service is in category E with a value of 0.901, where conditions on that day of the city's roads were unstable, at full capacity.

Special stopping space for motorbikes is one of the facilities for motorbikes to stop at intersections during the red phase. This special stopping space has been tested on a limited scale to support the movement of motorbikes at signalized intersections in large cities in Indonesia. This research aims to evaluate the intersection and then plan a special stopping room according to the number of motorbikes piling up during the red phase at the intersection. Intersection evaluation is carried out based on primary data and secondary data. The calculation method is guided by the 1997 Indonesian Road Capacity Manual (MKJI) and Technical Planning Guidelines for Special Stop Spaces (RHK) for Motorcycles at Signalized Intersections in Urban Areas.The traffic behavior of the existing intersection is, west approach capacity 335 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) 1,878, queue length 97 m and average delay 157 sec/pcu. East approach capacity is 342 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) is 2,295, queue length is 97 m, and average delay is 169.3 sec/pcu. North approach capacity is 600 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) is 0.546, queue length is 157 m, and average delay is 69.2 sec/pcu. South approach capacity is 941 pcu/hour, DS (Degree of Saturation) 0.987, queue length 245 m, and average delay 111.6 sec/pcu.The special stopping space design on the northern approach is 2 lanes with an approach lane and an area of ??84 m2; on the southern approach, namely 2 lanes with an approach lane and an area of ??84 m2; on the western and eastern approaches do not meet the 2012 Age Work Department Service standards in RHK planning.

Rapid technological developments encourage the banking sector to continue to innovate so as not to be left behind. Tight competition in this industry is caused by customers' freedom to choose products and services that are considered more profitable. This phenomenon is known as Customer Churn, which is a condition where customers choose not to continue subscribing to a particular company. The method applied uses a machine learning approach and customer segmentation approach. The churn analysis results show that the machine learning model, especially the random forest model, has the highest level of accuracy with an F1-Score of 91%. This model has the potential to reduce churn rates from 20.4% to 5.61%, illustrating its positive impact. Apart from that, for the clustering results, the K-Prototype model was obtained for the clustering model with the highest Silhouette Score number of 0.1557 and 4 clusters were obtained.
 
 

This study aims to analyze the impact of administering commercial probiotic bacteria on the wastewater from tofu industries on changes in Bio-logical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and Dissolved Oxygen (DO) levels. Tofu industry wastewater is known to have high BOD and low DO levels, which pose a potential environmental pollution risk. This study used a pure experimental method with variables including the ratio of tofu industry wastewater to commercial probiotics (1:1, 1:2, 1:3) with an incubation interval of 8 hours. The results showed that the administration of commercial probiotic bacteria significantly reduced BOD levels and increased DO levels in the wastewater. The 1:3 ratio of tofu industry wastewater to commercial probiotics showed the most optimal effect in increasing DO and decreasing BOD. An incubation time of 32 hours showed the most optimal effect in increasing DO and decreasing BOD. The 1:3 volume ratio between tofu wastewater and probiotics (25% tofu wastewater and 75% probiotics) proved to be the most effective, with the highest DO increase of 2.51 mg/L and the largest BOD decrease of 144.20 mg/L. In addition, incubation time also had a significant effect, the longer the incubation time, the more optimal the probiotic activity in reducing BOD levels and increasing DO levels. The conclusion of this study is that the administration of commercial probiotic bacteria at a 1:3 ratio and an incubation time of 32 hours is an effective way to improve the quality of tofu industry wastewater.

The foundation is a substructure which functions to support the loads and forces caused by the superstructure (superstructure) to the soil layer which will carry these loads and forces. Deep foundations are usually used to obtain a large enough soil bearing capacity and if the depth of the hard soil is far below the ground surface. The aim of this task is to analyze the bearing capacity of pile foundations using sondir data, standard penetration test (SPT) data, as well as the finite element method using the plaxis program. The method used in this final assignment is by studying literature, then collecting the necessary data, and after that carrying out calculation analysis using existing methods. From the results of the calculations carried out, different results were obtained. Where for sondir data at point S1 obtained Qu =115.80 tons; at point S2 obtained Qu = 104.80 tons; at point S3 obtained Qu = 105.50 tons. Meanwhile, based on SPT data at point BH-01, Qu = 398.23 tons, and using the plaxis program Qu = 425 tons

Indonesia is expected to enter the Demographic Bonus era, a condition where the population of productive age is greater than that of non-productive age. This dominant generation of productive age can also be called the Millennial Generation. According to data held by BPS regarding the increase in Indonesia's population in 2015, the percentage of the working age population was around 70%. The Demographic Bonus has the potential to spur Indonesia's economic growth. However, this condition has requirements, namely the need to provide housing facilities that can accommodate the percentage of the working age population in the range of 70%. The Demographic Bonus has the potential to spur Indonesia's economic growth so that it is hoped that it can improve the welfare of the Indonesian people. However, this condition has requirements, namely the need to provide housing facilities that can accommodate these millennials. Moreover, the current urbanization trend is encouraging the millennial generation to work in big cities in Indonesia. Providing housing facilities in areas supported by adequate transportation facilities or transit/TOD-based housing development can increase the work productivity of millennials. However, the challenges faced in housing services in TOD areas are land issues and ownership status owned by private parties because strategic locations have higher value from an economic perspective. If this happens, then residences in TOD areas will become typical residences intended for people with high incomes. On the other hand, not all millennials are high-income people. In terms of age, most millennials are still in the middle and lower category because they are still at the stage of starting their careers, so providing housing facilities for millennials does not only pay attention to location, but also to economic aspects. In this article, we discuss affordable housing in TOD areas as fulfilling housing needs for millennials along with concepts from an architectural perspective that have been implemented in Indonesia and in several countries in the world as a comparison so that they can be input for special development of affordable housing in TOD areas for millennials in Indonesia.

Soil stabilization is a common technique to improve the mechanical properties of the soil in term of increasing its strength and decreasing the associated settlement. The new sustainable materials have been emerged as alternative to the traditional binders such as the cement and the lime. These materials can be used in the shallow and deep soil mixing. This paper reviewed the mechanism of the soil stabilization, the traditional binder and the sever impacts on the environment, the new echo-friendly materials, deep soil mixing technique, and the geopolemerization. The results showed significant enhancement of the shear strength of the geopolymerized silt where the strength was increased by more than 6 times. This enhancement may be attributed to the developed geopolymer-jel NASH that filled the voids, surrounded and cemented the soil particles. Consequently, this matrix considered as a novel precursor for using in the soil injecting and grouting technique. 

This study aims to determine the influence of cost factors in determining the success of the modernisation and rehabilitation project in saddang sub unit langnga pinrang district, determine the influence of time factors in determining the success of the modernisation and rehabilitation project in saddang sub unit langnga pinrang district. determine the influence of quality factors in determining the success of the modernisation and rehabilitation project in saddang sub unit langnga pinrang district, determine the influence of health, safety and environmental factors in determining the success of the modernisation and rehabilitation project in saddang sub unit langnga pinrang district.  This research was conducted using quantitative analysis, namely through distributing questionnaires and interviews to the owner, the contractor and the consultant, Data analysis carried out on the questionnaire collected using skinative statistics, namely the percentage to determine the main factors of the success of a project using the Statistical Package for The Social Sciens program.

Incidents in water areas often pose major challenges in terms of handling victims and rescue, especially because environmental conditions are dynamic and difficult to reach. The main problem that needs to be addressed is how to provide an effective and timely response to incidents in waters, so that victims can get help quickly and the number of missing victims can be minimized. In addition, it is also important to ensure that rescued victims receive adequate care and assistance to ensure their safety and health. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to identify and in-depth analysis of methods and strategies that can be used in handling victims of incidents in water areas. This includes developing systems or procedures that are effective in providing assistance, as well as minimizing difficulties in finding missing victims. By better understanding the dynamics of incidents in water areas and the factors that influence victim safety, it is hoped that more effective strategies can be developed in dealing with emergency situations in water areas.

The development of concrete making technology has developed rapidly nowdays, the innovations in terms of material use and workmanship. The implementation of construction work carried out today pays attention to aspects of strength, rigidity, and high durability, as well as sustainability. To support these two things, research can be carried out on making concrete using granite waste. The research method used in this study is an experimental method. The concrete mix design uses variations of granite waste with successive levels of  0%, 15%, 30%, and 45%. The test specimen used for tensile strength testing is cylindrical with a diameter of 15 cm and a height of 30 cm, the test uses 12 specimens where each variation uses 3 specimens. The test is performed when the specimen has reached the age of 28 days. The test specimen tested has met the planned compressive strength requirements at a concrete life of 28 days where the results are greater than 20 MPa. Results of testing the tensile strength of concrete variations of granite waste as a partial substitution of coarse aggregate with variations of granite waste of 0%, 15%, 30%, and 45% respectively; 2.43 MPa; 2.50 MPa; 2.97 MPa; and 2.78 MPa.

This research explores the significance of field trocars in land reclamation within Karbala Governorate's Karta-10 area, caused by waterlogging and salinity. Implementing a detailed reclamation strategy, the study underscores the necessity of a 2 to 2.5 meters burial depth for trocars to prevent water and salt-related issues, aligning with industry standards. The investigation discourages reducing trocar depth to cut costs, as it can result in capillary action and salt build-up or require deeper drainage to manage seepage. Findings indicate that shallow trocars reduce water storage capacity, impacting irrigation and crop hydration, whereas deeper trocars offer better management of drainage flow and spacing efficiency. The study indorses a universal trocar depth of 2 to 2.5 meters, accommodating various crops, thus guiding optimal trocar design and placement for effective land reclamation.

Soil compaction is required to extend firmness, volume weight and diminish soil porousness at the extend area where adaptable asphalt framework will be built. The point of this inquire about is to decide the impact of soil thickness on street development utilizing the sandcone strategy and to decide the comparison of field compaction testing (Sand Cone) with research facility compaction testing (Compaction Testing) on the development of the Takkalasi-Bainange Lawo area of the Soppeng Rule street. This research was carried out within the Respectful Designing research facility of the Muhammadiyah College of Parepare for 4 months from Eminent to December 2023 utilizing the Sandcone test strategy compared to the compaction strategy. The comes about of the investigation of sandcone testing on soil thickness during the development of Jalan ruas takkalasi-bainange lawo within the locale soppeng, appeared that the thickness of dry soil within the gap was an normal of 2.368 gr/cc. and the comes about of the comparison of Field Compaction Testing (Sand Cone) with Research facility Testing (Compaction Testing) appeared that the most elevated degree of thickness was at STA 2 + 600 at 104.94 and the least degree of thickness was at STA 2 + 300 with a esteem of 101.24 and in case found the middle value of the thickness degree esteem is 101.383%. From the comes about gotten, it meets the Binamarga details, specifically a least of 90%, so the compaction on the development of the Takkalasi - Bainange Disoppeng street is classified as exceptionally compelling since it has met the least details
 
 

The high pedestrian activity and traffic flow in the education area on Jalan Raya Abepura-Sentani Jayapura City led to the provision of Pedestrian Bridges (JPO) in two locations, namely in front of the Cenderawasih University Auditorium (JPO-1) and in front of SMP YPPK Santu Paulus (JPO-2). This research was conducted to determine the suitability of the physical geometric standards of the pedestrian bridge and its level of effectiveness, as well as factors that affect pedestrian satisfaction in using the two Pedestrian Bridge (JPO) facilities. Geometric analysis was carried out using the standard of Pedestrian Bridge Planning Procedures for Urban Pedestrians (1995) and Technical Planning of Pedestrian Facilities (2023), calculation of the level of effectiveness using the volume of crossings, and analysis of service satisfaction using the Importance Performance Analysis (IPA) method. The results found that the condition of JPO-2 is better and meets the standards because it uses a slope that can be used by people with disabilities, while the slope on the steps of JPO-1 is too steep (40°) and narrow with a width of 1.4 meters, so the effectiveness level of JPO-2 is higher (67%) than JPO-1 (52%). Factors affecting user satisfaction are aspects of comfort, safety, and security.  The main obstacles in using the pedestrian bridge are dirty conditions, no lighting, the presence of people under the influence of alcohol or extortionists, and damage to the Pedestrian Bridge (JPO) facilities.

In the context of carrying out fisheries activities, the Tanjung Adikarto Fishing Port does not fully meet the requirements as a Coastal Fishing Port (Type C). Complete facilities such as cold storage, shops, ship maintenance and fishing equipment, as well as places for handling and processing fishery products are still not available, while several other facilities also do not meet adequate standards. In this section, the author will describe the actual conditions of the facilities at Tanjung Adikarto Port and their comparison with the standard facilities that a Coastal Port (Type C) should have. This is the first step to evaluate what needs to be improved in order to increase the capacity and feasibility of the port to support more optimal fishing activities. Observations of the existing condition of the port have revealed several problems that need attention. Buildings that are damaged and uninhabitable are one of the main issues that need to be addressed immediately. The aim is not only to ensure port operations run optimally, but also to align port activities with environmental sustainability, so that their contribution to the community's economy can be realized in a sustainable manner.

A slope is an area of ??morphology that has a certain geometry, namely the highest and lowest parts and has the potential for landslides if it is in an unstable condition (Wesley & Pranyoto, 2010 in Khodijah, et al, 2022). A slope can be composed of soil, rock, or both. Slope stability is influenced by slope geometry, physical and mechanical characteristics of the slope-forming material, water (hydrology and hydrogeology), rock weak plane structure (location, direction, frequency, mechanical characteristics), natural stresses in the rock mass, local stress concentrations, vibrations ( natural: earthquakes; and human actions: effects of blasting, effects of heavy equipment passing by), climate, the results of mine workers' actions, and thermic effects (Moshab, 1997 in Arif, 2016).

Utilization of new technologies in asphalt mixture production includes soaking technologies that can enhance mechanical properties of the mixture. This research aims to evaluate pavement vulnerability to water and the environmental quality impact due to waste from used rubber tires as an effort to strengthen pavements by substituting asphalt. The variables studied are variations of used rubber tire waste at 0%, 2%, 3%, and 4% replacing asphalt content in AC-BC mixtures. Testing was conducted using the Marshall method by soaking the mixtures in water for normal duration, 30 minutes, 24 hours, and 72 hours. The test results indicate that higher percentages of used rubber tire waste and longer soaking durations lead to a decrease in AC-BC mixture characteristics. The Marshall value of the AC-BC mixture with 2% used rubber tire waste was found to be superior compared to mixtures with 0%, 3%, and 4%. From the data analysis conducted, it can be concluded that water has a negative influence on the Marshall value reduction of mixtures containing used rubber tire waste, correlating with increased soaking duration.

Rock strength is the ability of a rock to maintain its strength until it breaks when a force is applied. Rock compressive strength is a very important parameter in the world of mining. The compressive strength of the rock determines the mining method that will be used. Several things that influence the compressive strength of rock include porosity, true specific gravity, and water content. With the same volume, if the porosity value is high, the true specific gravity value will be low because of the large number of pores in the rock. This allows the compressive strength value to be low because the rock will crumble more easily when pressure is applied. After testing, the highest compressive strength value was in the Pulaubalang Formation, location 2, with a value of 2.19 MPa. Meanwhile, the lowest compressive strength value was in the Kampungbaru Formation, location 1, with a value of 1.49 MPa. In accordance with the stratigraphic layers in the Kutai Basin, the Pulaubalang Formation is older than the Kampungbaru Formation.
 
 

To determine the mineral content and composition of a rock, a petrographic test is carried out using a thin section method. Petrographic test is known as an efficient test of time and energy with accurate results in obtaining the composition and mineral content of rocks. The Point Load test is an index test that has been widely used to predict the UCS value of a rock indirectly in the field. This is due to the simple test procedure, easy sample preparation and can be done in the field, so that the strength of the rock can be quickly known in the field before testing in the laboratory.

In the process of designing mine slopes, drilling or tunneling, to determine the level of strength and brittleness factors of rock on a slope, it is necessary to carry out a uniaxial compressive strength test or indirect tensile strength test of the rock. Compressive strength testing is carried out to determine how long the rock maintains its strength or elastic properties when pressure is applied. This data can be used as information to understand the analysis of factors that influence the physical properties of rocks on the compressive strength of rocks from physical properties and compressive strength testing activities. and indirect tensile strength testing is carried out to determine the stress value contained in the rock. To determine the level of rock brittleness, it can be done by comparing the uniaxial compressive strength value and the indirect tensile strength value. This data can be used as information and reference for companies that will design a mine slope, drill and tunnel, how strong the strength and level of brittleness of rocks in areas dominated by sandstone. This research uses quantitative methods, so that to obtain accurate calculation data, testing methods are used in the form of uniaxial compressive strength tests and indirect tensile strength tests, in this case tested on sandstone samples obtained from 2 rock formations including the Pulaubalang formation and the Balikpapan formation, so that accuracy The test result values ??can be obtained well. And after testing, a comparison is made between the uniaxial compressive strength test value and the indirect tensile strength test to obtain the Brittleness Index value.Based on the observation results, it can be concluded that when the brittleness of the rock becomes greater, the performance of the cutting digger increases several times.