Youth is the driving force of all civilizations born in the culture of society. The state of maturity affects the mindset and behavior. Sensitivity is very high in sniffing out various problems of the surrounding reality. The effectiveness of this sense is what drives the sensitivity to make changes to overcome various conditions. Based on this phenomenon, researchers use Benedict Anderson's Imagined Communities as a tool for analysis. Anderson said that collective imagination or imagination will bring into a shared awareness. In addition, youth are the driving force, because they have the opportunity to change the conditions of their society. This study uses a qualitative method with an ethnographic approach. This is in line with the analysis that seeks to describe and explain the reality that exists within a scope of society.

The development of technology and freedom of the press in the digital era has brought great changes in the form and manner of news delivery by the mass media. However, in reality, the media often becomes a means of spreading hate speech that has a negative impact on society and the democratic order. This article aims to examine how media coverage can contribute to the dissemination of hate speech and its impact on the application of Law No. 40/1999 on the Press. Through a qualitative research method approach with a descriptive and inductive approach, this article evaluates the media's responsibility to deliver information objectively and identifies elements in the news that can accelerate the spread of hate speech, such as provocative elements, lack of verification, and excessive news presentation. In this context, the active role of supervisory institutions such as the Press Council is needed so that press freedom continues to run in line with journalistic ethics and applicable laws, in order to maintain social cohesion and uphold democratic values in Indonesia.

The development of information and communication technology (ICT) has brought major changes to the world of education, especially in terms of the media used to support the teaching and learning process. The use of ICT-based media offers various advantages, such as fast access to information, more interesting learning materials, and a more flexible and personalized approach. This article aims to analyze the role of ICT-based media in improving student learning outcomes. In this discussion, it is explained how the use of ICT can enrich learning experiences, increase student motivation, and support more collaborative and independent learning. Even though there are various benefits, this article also identifies several challenges faced in implementing ICT-based media, such as gaps in technology access, limited infrastructure, and a lack of digital skills among teachers and students. Based on this analysis, this article concludes that although ICT-based media has great potential to improve learning outcomes, the success of its implementation is very dependent on infrastructure readiness, training for teachers, and awareness of the importance of technology integration in the education curriculum. For this reason, there needs to be a more planned strategy and support from all parties to maximize the use of ICT in education

Law Number 16 of 2001 concerning Foundations Article 18 which states (1) Changes to the Articles of Association can only be implemented based on a meeting of supervisors. (2) The Board of Trustees meeting as intended in paragraph (1) can only be held if attended by at least 2/3 of the total members of the Board of Trustees. (3) Changes to the Articles of Association as intended in paragraph (1) are carried out by notarial deed and made in Indonesian. Thus, changes to the Articles of Association do not require approval from the management, however, this often gives rise to legal problems in the future, including those of the old management who do not accept being dismissed unilaterally.The method used in this research is normative juridical research, which involves legal library studies or secondary data, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The research approach includes statutory and case approaches, with legal material collection conducted by identifying and inventorying positive legal rules, books, journals, and other legal resources. Legal material analysis is conducted using grammatical legal interpretation and legal construction methods.From the results of research on changes in foundation management without the approval of the old management, it is possible that a deed of change to the articles of association can be made even without the approval of the old board, this action can give rise to disputes and indicate a lack of preventive legal protection for the old management regarding the deed of changes to the articles of association.

This research aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of good faith in endorsement agreements between online shops and influencers. This principle requires each party to act honestly, transparently, and fulfill their obligations in accordance with the agreement. However, in practice, endorsement agreements often face obstacles, especially in meeting the agreed promotion schedule. This research uses an empirical legal method with a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were obtained from interviews with online shop owners, literature studies, and document analysis of endorsement agreements. The results showed that the implementation of the principle of good faith was not optimal, especially at the post-contract stage. Influencers postponed uploads several times without clear certainty, causing uncertainty for online shops in their marketing strategies. The absence of a penalty mechanism in the agreement left online shops without legal protection against such delays. This research emphasizes the importance of drafting more detailed agreements and ensuring transparent communication between the parties to ensure that the endorsement agreement runs in accordance with the principle of good faith. It is hoped that the results of this study can provide insights for online shops and influencers in designing endorsement agreements that are clearer and beneficial for both parties.

Law Number 5 of 1960 concerning the Basic Agrarian Principles Article 5 states that customary law in the context of land sale and purchase adheres to the principles of clarity and cash payment. Therefore, the drafting of a land sale and purchase deed is not mandatory to require full payment as long as both parties agree. However, this often leads to legal issues later, including cases where the seller commits a breach of contract (default). For this reason, the author conducted this study with the following research questions: 1. What are the legal consequences of the sale and purchase deed concerning default in land sale and purchase transactions carried out by the buyer? 2. How is the legal protection for the seller in the event of a default in a land sale and purchase transaction? The theories used to address these research questions are, first, the theory of agreements, and second, the theory of legal protection. This study employs normative legal research. The research approaches used include a legislative approach and a case approach. The legal material collection technique involves identifying and inventorying positive legal regulations, books, journals, and other legal material sources. Legal material analysis techniques are conducted through grammatical interpretation and legal construction methods. The research findings indicate that land sale and purchase transactions under the principles of clarity and cash payment allow for the drafting of sale and purchase deeds even though the transaction has not been fully paid by the buyer. This creates an opportunity for the seller to commit a breach of contract in such transactions, revealing a lack of preventive legal protection for the buyer. The legal consequence of the sale and purchase deed is that it lacks legal force if it can be proven that a breach of contract occurred during its drafting.

Illegal trafficking of protected wildlife is an activity that is a threat to the survival of wildlife, Illegal trafficking categorized as a crime against wildlife includes: intentionally capturing, storing, possessing, maintaining, transporting and trading protected animals in a living condition. The problem in this thesis is what is the basis for the judge's legal considerations in passing a verdict against the perpetrator of the crime of trafficking in protected wildlife of the Siamang species in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla? is the judge's decision in imposing the sentence in accordance with substantive justice?, The research method used is normative and empirical juridical, The data used is primary and secondary data, data collection with literature studies and interviews. While data processing through the stages of data examination, data selection, data classification, and data systematization. The data that has been presented in the form of a description, discussed and analyzed descriptively qualitatively, to then draw conclusions. Based on the results of the study, it is known that the consideration of the Judge in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla in deciding the criminal case of trade in protected wildlife species of siamang, the Judge in Decision Number: 134 / Pid.B / LH / 2023 / Pn Kla related to the criminal act of trade in siamang species of wildlife considered the legal, sociological, and philosophical aspects according to Ahmad Rifai's theory. The legal aspect includes the sufficiency of evidence and the fulfillment of the elements of Article 40 Paragraph 2 in conjunction with Article 21 Paragraph 2 of Law No. 5 of 1990 concerning the Conservation of Natural Resources and Ecosystems. Sociologically, the judge sees the impact of the defendant's actions on society and the environment. From a philosophical perspective, punishment is seen not as revenge, but an effort to educate the defendant not to repeat his actions. Finally, the judge sentenced him to 1 year and 4 months in prison and a fine of Rp25,000,000, subsidiary to 1 month in prison if the fine is not paid. The suggestion is that the government, law enforcement and stakeholders are expected to increase education to the community, especially around national parks/protected forests, not to trade in protected animals. This is important to prevent similar crimes and maintain the existence of protected animals in their habitat.
 
 

The Supreme Court (Mahkamah Agung or MA) plays a central role in upholding the principle of justice as the final stronghold in Indonesia's judicial system. This article examines the role of the MA in ensuring substantive justice, efficiency, and transparency in judicial processes, as well as its contribution to the development of law and public policy. Using a qualitative review analysis approach, the discussion explores the MA’s functions in case resolution, safeguarding integrity, improving accessibility through technologies like e-court, and addressing globalization challenges. This article also highlights the MA's protection for vulnerable groups, such as indigenous communities and victims of discrimination, and its responses to cross-border issues like cybercrimes and human rights violations. The conclusion reveals that while the MA has made significant progress in enforcing the law, challenges such as case overload, perceptions of corruption, and gaps in access to justice remain critical concerns. Continuous reforms, enhancing judges' professionalism, and technological innovation are key measures to ensure the MA remains relevant and effective in delivering substantive justice for society.

Professional legal ethics plays a crucial role in carrying out the legal profession with integrity and fairness. For Civil Servants (ASN), especially those working at the Higher Education Service Institution (LLDIKTI), the implementation of professional legal ethics becomes even more critical, considering their role as bureaucrats who must uphold legal and ethical values in every decision they make. LLDIKTI is tasked with managing, supervising, and facilitating the organization of higher education in Indonesia, requiring its ASN to always adhere to principles of transparency, justice, and accountability in performing their duties. However, the implementation of professional legal ethics in LLDIKTI faces various challenges, including potential conflicts of interest, political pressure, complex bureaucracy, and limited human resources. This study aims to analyze the implementation of professional legal ethics in LLDIKTI and identify the challenges ASN face in applying these ethics. Additionally, the study seeks to provide recommendations on the steps that should be taken to optimize the implementation of professional legal ethics within the ASN environment in LLDIKTI. This research uses a qualitative approach, referring to legal ethics theories developed by Algra (2013) and Winarta (2007), as well as regulations governing ASN, such as Law No. 5 of 2014. The findings of this study are expected to contribute to the formulation of policies and training that enhance the professionalism and integrity of ASN in LLDIKTI.

The resolution of disputes in infrastructure projects requires an effective mechanism to ensure smooth project implementation. The fraudulent bank guarantee case in the Pandaan-Malang Toll Road project revealed weaknesses in public procurement oversight, where PT Setdco submitted a falsified bank guarantee, potentially causing losses to the Ministry of Public Works (PU) amounting to IDR 26.09 billion. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of arbitration as a dispute resolution mechanism in this case. The research employs a descriptive-analytical method with a qualitative approach, utilizing primary data such as arbitration documents and contracts, and secondary data from legal literature and media reports. The findings indicate that arbitration conducted through BANI provided a fast, fair, and binding solution for the disputing parties. However, the effectiveness of arbitration relies on the supervision of award implementation and regulations supporting accountability. In conclusion, arbitration can be a reliable mechanism for resolving infrastructure disputes if supported by an adequate system.

This type of research is empirical juridical, namely the researcher obtains research data directly from related parties or agencies. The population in this study consisted of 2 Village Heads, 4 Hamlet Heads, 6 RT Heads, 4 RW Heads and 10 community members. After the data was obtained, the researcher will group the data based on the data source and analyze it to get answers to the problem formulation in this study. The results of the study indicate that (1) the implementation of the duties and authorities of the Village Head has not been running well. This is evidenced by the community who still do not feel peace and order in the environment. The Village Head must conduct more routine socialization on how to maintain peace and order to the community. (2) The inhibiting factors for the Village Head in carrying out the duties and authorities of maintaining peace and order, namely there are still many riots, fights between martial arts schools and the lack of facilities and infrastructure provided, to support the creation of peace and order in the community. The author's suggestion in this study is that the Village Head must conduct more frequent socialization and increase motivation to the community to maintain peace and order in their environment. This can be done through religious activities involving young people, thus encouraging them to do more positive activities rather than activities that disturb the peace of other communities.

Genocide is one of the most serious crimes in international law, regulated by various legal instruments such as the 1948 Genocide Convention and the 1998 Rome Statute. This crime involves the intent to destroy, in whole or in part, a group based on race, ethnicity, religion, or nationality. This study aims to analyze the role of the International Criminal Court (ICC) in enforcing genocide law and identify the obstacles in applying individual criminal responsibility. Additionally, mechanisms for resolving genocide disputes through peaceful and legal means in international law are discussed. The research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method, analyzing international legal documents and case studies. The results show that although the ICC has jurisdiction to try genocide cases, law enforcement processes often face political challenges, particularly the UN Security Council veto power and state sovereignty. In conclusion, international efforts to address genocide require stronger cross-country cooperation and enhanced legal mechanisms to overcome political and diplomatic challenges.

A Limited Liability Company (LLC) plays a pivotal role in the economic landscape, with the General Meeting of Shareholders (GMS) being one of its most vital organs. The GMS serves as a forum for making strategic decisions, overseeing company performance, and ensuring transparency and accountability. This study investigates the legal implications for companies, specifically PT. Pitala Gunawan Raya, that neglect to convene GMS as required by the Limited Liability Company Law. Using normative legal research with statute and case approaches, the study identifies gaps in the regulatory framework that need addressing to strengthen corporate governance and economic growth.

Oeletsala Village Regulation Number 3 of 2020 Oeletsala Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget for Fiscal Year 2020, Oeletsala Village Regulation Number 3 of 2021 Oeletsala Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget for Fiscal Year 2021, Oeletsala Village Regulation Number 02 of 2022 Oeletsala Village Medium-Term Development Plan (RPJM-DESA) for 2022-2027, Oeletsala Village Regulation Number 01 of 2022 Accountability Report on the Realization of the Oeletsala Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget for Fiscal Year 2021,  Oeletsala Village Regulation Number 01 of 2023 Accountability Report on the Realization of the Oeletsala Village Revenue and Expenditure Budget for the 2022 Fiscal Year. This research is an empirical legal research based on events that occur in the field and research conducted directly. The sources of research data are primary data, secondary data and tertiary data. The analysis of legal materials uses analysis to test data from specific to general which is carried out in a juridical-qualitative manner and presented in a descriptive form. The results of the study show that: (1). Community participation is the active participation of community members as individuals, groups, or communities in joint decision-making, program planning and implementation, as well as the process of community development inside and outside the community. The basics of emotional awareness and responsibility. (2). internal obstacles to community participation in the formation of Oeletsala Village Regulations, related to low knowledge and education factors and community work factors that take up a lot of time, external community participation in the formation of Village Regulations, namely related to the role of the Oletsala Village government in building relationships with the community.

The This research aims to determine and describe policy management strategies to improve public services, with a focus on community participation and policy evaluation. Increasing public expectations for fast, transparent and efficient services encourages the government to develop adaptive and innovative policies. This study uses qualitative methods to explore policy implementation in various regions. The research results show that the use of information technology has accelerated the service process and increased transparency, even though there are challenges with infrastructure gaps in several areas. In addition, active community participation in the policy-making process contributes to increasing the legitimacy and effectiveness of the policies implemented. However, unstructured policy evaluation is still an obstacle in assessing the success of public service programs. Therefore, it is important for the government to continue to innovate and adapt policies based on global changes, such as pandemics and environmental issues, to ensure more responsive and relevant public services in the future.

The enhancement of student learning outcomes is a primary goal of various innovations in teaching methods. This study systematically reviews the effectiveness of cooperative learning methods, specifically Jigsaw Learning and Numbered Heads Together (NHT), in improving student learning outcomes. Using a systematic literature review approach, the research analyzes twelve studies published between 2019 and 2025 that compare these two methods. The findings indicate that both Jigsaw Learning and NHT possess unique strengths; Jigsaw Learning fosters deep understanding through collaborative expertise, while NHT promotes active participation through structured discussions. Despite some studies showing no significant differences in effectiveness, others highlight context-dependent advantages of each method. The implications suggest that educators should consider the specific learning objectives and student characteristics when selecting or combining these methods to optimize educational outcomes.

The role of Pancasila as a source of law within the adat (customary law) system in Indonesia involves analyzing its alignment and contemporary challenges. Pancasila, as the state ideology, serves as a fundamental guide for the formulation and application of laws throughout Indonesia. However, integrating Pancasila's values into the diverse adat legal systems presents significant challenges regarding both value alignment and practical application. This study uses qualitative analysis with a case study approach to evaluate how Pancasila’s principles are implemented in adat law and assess how well these values align with existing adat norms. Findings indicate that despite efforts to reconcile Pancasila with adat law, there are several obstacles, including differences in value interpretation, resistance from indigenous communities, and difficulties in harmonizing national and adat laws. The article concludes that a more dialogic and inclusive approach is needed to align Pancasila with adat law and recommends policy reforms and enhanced understanding of Pancasila's values at the local level to ensure fair and sustainable legal enforcement.

Mass media serves as a vital communication medium that delivers crucial information to the public. In the digital era, technological advancements have facilitated easier access to news for audiences. This study aims to analyze the framing of the 2024 National Teacher’s Day coverage on the online media platforms sokoguru.id and mediaindonesia.com. Using a qualitative approach guided by Zhongdang Pan and Gerald M. Kosicki’s framing analysis model, this research uncovers how each outlet portrays the theme “Great Teachers, Strong Indonesia.” The findings reveal differing approaches: sokoguru.id focuses on tangible issues like teacher welfare and technological training, while mediaindonesia.com emphasizes symbolic tributes to teachers through celebratory narratives. Both platforms employed the inverted pyramid style in organizing their news and adhered to the 5W+1H elements. However, differences emerged in their thematic and rhetorical structures. This study highlights how media framing influences public perception of educational issues and underscores the importance of teacher welfare in building a high-quality education system.

Child abuse in Indonesia, particularly in Bintan, shows a concerning upward trend. This study aims to analyze the efforts of the Women's Empowerment, Child Protection, Population Control, and Family Planning Agency (DP3KB) in preventing and addressing cases of violence against children. The research method employed is empirical research, collecting primary data through interviews and observations, as well as secondary data from relevant literature. Findings indicate that DP3KB has implemented prevention programs that include socialization of children's rights and campaigns for reporting violence, although it still faces challenges such as limited resources and lack of inter-agency coordination. The implications of this research highlight the importance of cross-sector collaboration and increased community awareness to protect children from violence. By understanding the steps taken by DP3KB, it is hoped that this can contribute to child protection efforts and the handling of violence cases in Bintan Regency.

The 21st century presents significant challenges in education, including the need for critical thinking, creativity, communication and collaboration (4C) skills. This article explores the importance of 4C skills development in Social Science learning to prepare students for the era of globalization and the industrial revolution 4.0. Through a systematic literature review of national and international scientific articles, this research identifies the relevance of 4C skills in improving analytical ability, team collaboration, innovation, and interpersonal communication. The results show that the integration of 4C skills in social studies learning can foster social intelligence, empathy and multicultural awareness. With a holistic approach, social studies education can be an effective tool in preparing students to compete globally amid the complexity of the modern world.
 

Probative value refers to the extent to which the evidence provided is able to prove the facts being disputed. Evidence may be relevant in the sense that it relates to the case at hand, but relevance alone does not guarantee that the evidence will be well received or considered to have a significant influence. This study uses a qualitative research method with a conceptual approach. The data collection method was collected using library research, then analyzed using qualitative methods and presented descriptively. The results of the study show that the process of proof in criminal law plays a central role in upholding substantive justice. Evidence not only functions as a mechanism to test the truth of claims or accusations brought in court, but also as a tool to protect the human rights of the accused by ensuring that everyone is considered innocent until proven otherwise. Failure to assess probative value can lead to serious injustice in the form of wrongful conviction or wrongful acquittal. To address this problem, it is necessary to increase technical literacy among legal practitioners, as well as the application of more careful procedures in testing the validity and reliability of evidence.

This research explores the role of the Constitutional Court (MK) in protecting citizenship rights in Indonesia. As a constitutional judicial body, the MK holds a crucial responsibility to review laws against the 1945 Constitution (UUD 1945), ensuring that fundamental rights of citizens, such as freedom of expression, the right to education, and the right to privacy, are not violated by existing legal policies. Through the mechanism of judicial review, the MK acts as a primary guardian capable of annulling laws that are in conflict with the constitution. This study examines various significant cases where the MK has played a critical role in safeguarding citizenship rights. We also identify various challenges faced by the MK, including issues in implementing rulings and potential political pressures that may affect the independence of this institution. From a global perspective, this research compares the role of the MK with constitutional bodies in other countries to provide a broader understanding of how the MK functions in an international context. The research employs doctrinal legal research, which is a process of discovering rules, principles, and doctrines to address the issues at hand. The research is prescriptive in nature. The methodology used is normative/doctrinal/library research. The findings indicate that although the MK has successfully protected citizens' rights through significant rulings, there remains an urgent need to improve the implementation of decisions and to safeguard the institution’s independence. Recommendations for enhancing the MK’s role include expanding legal education to the public, strengthening public access to judicial review mechanisms, and fostering closer collaboration with legal academics and practitioners. With these measures, the MK is expected to continue functioning effectively as a guardian of constitutional rights in Indonesia.

The percentage of elderly people (seniors) in Indonesia is expected to continue to increase due to various factors, such as declining birth rates and improved life expectancy. Under these circumstances, the integration of seniors in development is crucial. Elderly individuals often experience health-related issues, and ideally, the state should be present to provide adequate health services for them. However, based on the research conducted, there are still many shortcomings in the legal framework to ensure the health and well-being of the elderly. Moreover, the de facto dissolution of the National Commission for the Elderly has created a gap in the entity directly responsible for advocating the development of a healthcare system for seniors. This study was conducted using the normative juridical method, with the main finding that legal reform is necessary to ensure that the current legal product, namely Law No. 13 of 1998 on Elderly Welfare, can be updated and Law No. 17 of 2023 should be revised to ensure better health and welfare for the elderly.

This study aims to find out and analyze the comparison of the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law, community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. This research is a normative judicial research using primary data obtained by conducting interviews, secondary data obtained from information sources in the form of the internet, books and other written notes. This study focuses on discussing the position of children out of wedlock according to law number 1 of 1974 concerning marriage and Islamic law and community attitudes towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency. The results of the study show that (1) Children out of wedlock in Law Number 1 of 1974 concerning Marriage are divided into two, namely legal children and children out of wedlock. The position of illegitimate children in the view of Islamic Law contained in the Compupulation of Islamic Law where an illegitimate child only has a civil or nasab relationship with his mother and his mother's family. (2) The attitude of the community towards children out of wedlock in Lohayong Village, East Solor District, East Flores Regency is known that the cause of children out of wedlock is due to religious differences, irresponsible couples and underage factors.

The implementation of the training of prisoners on the basis of the system of socialization aims to ensure that the prisoner becomes a good citizen of society, obeying the law, upholding moral, social and religious values, so as to a safe, orderly and peaceful life of the community in accordance with the Law No. 22 Year 2022 on Socialization. How is the application of the principles of women's marketing in construction at the Women's Marketing Institute of Class IIA in Bandar Lampung, how is the obstacle to the application in the Women ' s Marketing Institution of Class IIIA and how is it possible to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of the principle of women’s Marketing in construction in the women' s marketing institutions of Class IA in bandar Lampung? Data analysis using qualitative data analysis. The implementation of the principles of establishment on the construction of the Women's Marketing Institute of the IIA Class of Bandar Lampung refers to the existing procedures and has been implemented in accordance with the procedures existing, implemented the principle of establishing after passing through four stages, namely the orientation stage, the assimilation stage for the prisoners who have run less than 1/3 of the criminal period, the asimilation level for the inmates who have passed less than 1?2 of the penal period as well as the stage of integration with the community environment. The way to overcome the obstacles to the implementation of the principles of promotion in the construction of the Women's Marketing Institute of Class IIA in Bandar Lampung is by submitting the formation of additional female employees, maximizing the function of the female citizens' bloc officers, improving the quality of the staff or officers and adding the means and facilities in the building of women's citizens.

Adolescent sexual behavior can be influenced by exposure to mass media, both print and electronic. One of the efforts to improve adolescents' knowledge about sexual behavior is by providing health education.  Peers are also a significant source of information about sex in shaping adolescents' sexual knowledge, attitudes, and behavior. This study aims to determine whether or not there is an effect of Group Guidance with Peer Group Education on the Level of Knowledge about Premarital Sexual Behavior of Adolescents at Smk Bina Informatika Bogor City. This study used a pre-experimental research design of the pre-post part in one group (One-group pre-post test design). The results showed that based on the Marginal Homogeneity Test obtained (Asymp.Sig) 0.000 <0.05, Ha was accepted, meaning that there were differences before and after being given group guidance with peer group techniques about adolescent premarital sexual behavior.

Fishing using toxic hazardous materials is a criminal offense of "illegal fishing", which violates the provisions of Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries. This was also carried out by the Defendant with the initials JLLF based on the Decision of the Kupang District Court Class 1A with case number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. This research is a normative juridical research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data, and tertiary data. Primary data is obtained from several legal rules such as the Criminal Code (Criminal Code), Law Number 45 of 2009 concerning Fisheries and Court Decisions, secondary data is obtained from libraries, journals, and the internet, and tertiary data is obtained from dictionaries, wikipedia, and encyclopedias. The data were analyzed in a descriptive-qualitative manner. The results of this study show that (1) Criminal liability for fishing perpetrators using toxic hazardous materials in Article 84 paragraph (1) of Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 45 of 2009 concerning Amendments to Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 31 of 2004 concerning Fisheries is in accordance with the elements contained in the formulation of the article. (2) Basis for Judge's Consideration in the Request for Criminal Liability for the Crime of Fishing with Toxic Hazardous Materials in Decision Number: 239/Pid.Sus/2020/PN Kpg. Judging from the elements contained in the articles of indictment as well as aggravating and mitigating matters.

The process of holding elections must implement the principles of the election itself, namely: Honest, Fair, Direct, Public, Free, Secret, and Transparent. However, the implementation of general elections in Indonesia is inseparable from all forms of election violations and election disputes. One of the institutions responsible for supervising general elections in Indonesia is the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU). This type of research is empirical juridical legal research using the type of legal sociology study (Socio-legal research) which emphasizes the importance of interview steps and literature studies and qualitative descriptive analysis, namely by explaining, elucidating, and describing problems and close solutions. The results of this study show that: (1) The main functions of Bawaslu include monitoring, studying, and supervising the election process and preventing election violations. Therefore, monitoring, studying, preventing and supervising every stage of the general election in Kupang City properly and the implementation of Bawaslu's functions involves monitoring, investigating, and enforcing rules during the election process. (2) Efforts made by Bawaslu include maintaining the integrity of the election by ensuring that all processes run according to the rules, preventing and handling violations such as money politics and black campaigns. The efforts made by the Kupang City Bawaslu in overcoming Election Violations in Kupang City can be considered successful.

The difficulty of eradicating corruption today has become a challenge for law enforcement officials. The vital role of a whistleblower (reporting witness) as a witness to reveal the facts in cases of criminal acts of corruption is very necessary. Therefore, the government must provide legal protection guarantees to whistleblowers (reporting witnesses) who provide information about suspected indications of corruption. This scientific research aims to find out what steps to protect whistleblowers are provided by the Pangkalpinang City Government. This scientific study applies empirical legal research methods, by conducting a study of legal protection for whistleblowers in cases of criminal acts of corruption by the Pangkalpinang City Government. Meanwhile, the research approaches applied are the conceptual approach and the statute approach. The results of the study show that the Pangkalpinang City Government guarantees protection for whistleblowers in cases of criminal acts of corruption, this can be seen from the issuance of Mayor Regulation Number 31 of 2016 concerning General Guidelines for the Complaint Handling System (whistleblower system) for Corruption Crimes within the Pangkalpinang City Government.

The development of the modern economy, which is characterized by digital trade through various buying and selling platforms, is not free from monopolistic practices, especially price manipulation behaviour by business actors, which is detrimental to consumers and other business actors. This matter needs to receive attention from business competition institutions to maintain healthy business competition. This writing aims to determine the extent of the KPPU's role as a business competition institution in supervising price manipulation practices in digital trade. The research method used is normative juridical which is prescriptive in nature by collecting primary and secondary legal materials to answer problems. From the research results, it was found that in the development of digital trade in Indonesia, an active role from the government is needed to update regulations that regulate in detail regarding monopolistic actions in the form of price manipulation in digital trade. It is hoped that the KPPU's role as a business competition supervisory institution will dynamically be able to balance the supervision of trade monopoly practices in the digital economy era.

This research discusses the criminal act of money laundering through crypto assets and the form of criminal liability for crypto assets as an object of money laundering in Indonesia. Crypto assets function as an investment not for currency as a means of payment, but crypto assets are legally designated as digital commodity objects in the form of assets. Crypto assets have the threat of being misused as a new mode of money laundering to hide and disguise the proceeds of criminal acts. This research is structured with a statutory approach, concept approach and case approach with data collection based on literature and secondary materials.The results of the discussion of this research show that legitimate crypto assets as digital commodities can turn into illegitimate or illegal crypto assets as a result of the object of the means of criminal acts of money laundering. Money laundering through crypto assets that fulfill the elements of the criminal act of money laundering has criminal liability. The perpetrators of money laundering through crypto assets can be reached and held accountable according to the money laundering article violated in Law Number 8 Year 2010.

Sexual violence is an incident that cannot be separated from women and children. The rise in incidents of sexual violence against women and children in the city of Kupang is a fluctuating phenomenon. The Kupang City Police PPA Unit noted that, in 2021 there were 42 cases of violence against women and children, in 2022 it decreased to 39 cases, and increased in 202 to 42 cases. This research aims to determine the factors that cause sexual violence against women and children, and determine the obstacles to solving criminal acts of sexual violence against women and children in Kupang City, as well as efforts to overcome them. This research uses empirical juridical methods, with the type of data used being primary data based on the results of interviews and documentation, as well as secondary data used to complement primary data. The results of this research show that (1) The factors causing sexual violence behavior are sexual desire, lack of sex education, social and environmental factors, and misuse of technology. (2) Obstacles experienced in resolving cases of sexual violence include insufficient evidence, individual factors, and the perpetrator running away. (3) The countermeasures that have been carried out are in the form of preemptive, preventive and repressive measures.

Health is a human right and is an element of welfare because health is a community need and must be realized. One of the health supports is medicine, the function of medicine is prevention, healing, recovery, health improvement, and contraception, for humans. Based on its function and the dangerous consequences of drug consumption, its manufacture and distribution must be under the supervision of the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency, by Presidential Regulation Number 80 of 2017 concerning the Food and Drug Monitoring Agency.Under his supe rvision, illegal drugs remain widespread and consumed in inappropriate doses by the public, including hard drugs and narcotics. As a result of dependence, many drug traffickers are caught and repeat the same actions (recidivists). Drug recidivism is regulated in Law Number 5 of 2009 concerning Narcotics Article 144 paragraph (1). However, the distribution of narcotics continues to occur. From the results of this research, the author found that BPOM's efforts as a supervisory body need to be increased, not only collaborating between agencies but also inviting the community, this is also to realize Chapter XIII concerning Community Participation, Law Number 35 of 2009 concerning Narcotics. Also, apply the most severe sanctions to create a deterrent effect so that there is no repetition of criminal acts of narcotics trafficking.
 
 

Health services are a critical aspect that requires coordination and cooperation from various parties, including patients, families, communities and medical personnel. Therefore, this research aims to analyze the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel in disaster health services. The method used is literature study. Google and Google Schoolar are used as the main sources of the database used from 2020 to 2024 to extract research via publish or perish software. From the research that has been conducted, disaster health services are a very complex and challenging aspect of the health system, which requires a multi-disciplinary and collaborative approach. A deep understanding of the rights and obligations of patients, families, communities and medical personnel is a strong basis for building a health care system that is fair, effective and sustainable. Cooperation between governments, international organizations, non-governmental organizations, local communities and individuals is essential to ensure that disaster response and recovery efforts can be carried out in a coordinated and effective manner. The development of supportive policies and regulations, as well as adequate funding, are also critical to strengthening disaster health services.

Changes in the behavior of drug users have a negative impact if the substance enters the user's body. So that the addictive behavior must be. This research was conducted at the Sakinah Harakah Bhakti Foundation, South Tangerang, to help addicts gradually change their addictive behavior using an eclectic approach, namely combining various therapeutic methods such as MI, CBT, and 12 steps of recovery. This study used a qualitative method with a purposive sampling technique in selecting informants. The results in this study indicate that changes in the behavior of clients undergoing rehabilitation occur in the ready to change phase, namely from the preparation stage to action using CBT therapy through topic sessions and 12 steps through JFT meetings. As for the initial phase when the client is still not ready to change, namely precontemplation using MI therapy through giving affirmations; and when the client starts to become aware but doesn't want to change yet, namely contemplation through giving MI open questions; the maintenance phase uses 12 steps through follow-up instructions regarding NA; and the ending phase of termination using MI through providing motivation when the client has successfully undergone a series of therapies.
 
 
 

As an international language, English is widely used in many countries for communication. This widespread use makes English important for many aspects of life including education. Consequently, English is a mandatory subject in schools, studied from elementary levels through to university. It leads to the point of how important the mastery of English for all the students. Furthermore, the ultimategoal of English instruction is emphasized on developing students' communicative competence. This research use pre-experimental design with a quantitative approach to collect data. Quantitative methods involve gathering, analyzing, interpreting, and reporting results. The research utilized an experimental approach to evaluate students' achievement differences after receiving treatment. The Story Face strategy was used to teach students. They were given a pre-test before the treatment and a post-test after to measure any differences in reading comprehension. The specific design used was a one-group pre-test and post-test. The researchers concluded that the Story Face strategy significantly improved reading comprehension among female students in class XI at SMA Misykat Al-Anwar Kwaron Jombang. This conclusion is substantiated by the quantitative data, showing a dramatic increase in reading comprehension scores from the pre-test to the post-test. Specifically, the average score improved from a "Poor" category (33.64) to a "Very Good" category (80.91), highlighting the strategy's effectiveness

President Jokowi has announced plans to transfer the nation's capital to the Timur Province. This needs to be carefully considered since it has the potential to be risky but can also provide positive effects. The goal of this endeavor is to stabilize Jakarta's position as a hub for business and government that has long been in decline, as well as to lessen economic tensions between the main island of Java and its neighboring islands. This article will analyze the economic climate as well as the risks that the government must address in this particular endeavor. Qualitative research method is a research method that is carried out with a type of descriptive approach The results of the research obtained are the positive impact as well as the risk of the transfer of IKN to Central Kalimantan on the economy in Indonesia. Even if there are potential for PDB growth and inflation that is moderate, there are risks associated with renovation that should be considered, such as working together with the government to mitigate the risk of exceeding budget while building new infrastructure and cities. In addition, there is a potential inflation rate that is higher than expected due to the change in exchange rates, which is attributed to the DPR RI.

Law No. 19 of 2013 on the Protection and Empowerment of Farmers aims to improve farmers' welfare through various programs, including fertilizer subsidies. However, the distribution of subsidized fertilizers often faces issues such as misallocation, delays, and misuse. The Farmer Card (Kartu Tani), an innovation to facilitate the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, has significant potential to address these problems. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of the Farmer Card in the distribution of subsidized fertilizers, identify the challenges faced by farmers in its use, and propose solutions for the optimization of the Farmer Card. Using a descriptive qualitative approach through literature review, this study finds that the main challenges include technical issues, lack of socialization, bureaucratic hurdles, and farmers' distrust of new technology. Proposed solutions include enhancing technological infrastructure, providing intensive training for farmers, and simplifying administrative procedures. The study's results indicate that improvements in these aspects can enhance the effectiveness and transparency of subsidized fertilizer distribution through the Farmer Card.

Overall, Nasi Village can be seen from the topography of the hilly and mountainous area with a height of 726 km and an average rainfall of 15-20% per year. Some of the community's livelihoods are as farmers and livestock breeders with a land area of ??670 ha/family. East Nusa Tenggara has a variety of cultures, such as traditional ceremonies, which of course differ from one region to another. The main problems in this research are (1) What are the marriage procedures for the North Timor Amanatun traditional tribe and the values ??contained therein according to Law no. 16 of 2019? (2) What efforts have traditional leaders made to preserve the marriage procedures of the North Timorese Amanatun tribe in accordance with Law no. 16 of 2019? (3) What is the impact of marriages from the Timorese traditional tribe (North Amanatun) which are not in accordance with Law no. 16 of 2019?  This research is empirical research, so the data sources used are primary data sources obtained from the field and secondary data sources obtained from the literature. The results of this research show that (1) Traditional marriage procedures in Amanatun are meeting to eat betel nut (mahine or makahina), marriage proposal (Tam Hen Tote), marriage blessing (Leutus), (2) Efforts to preserve traditional marriages in the North Amanatun Tribe (Timor) By maintaining the culture in the village of Nasi, the traditional elders do not allow other cultures to enter the village of Nasi, let alone take part in the implementation of customs. (3) The impact of traditional tribal marriages is that unexpected events occur such as "lasi maten" or death, or also the occurrence of "kan muifa ana" not having children. So the conclusion is that if you do a traditional marriage wrong, mystical things can happen.

This paper examines the evolution of regional governance in Indonesia since the reform era, beginning with the replacement of Law Number 5 of 1974 by Law Number 22 of 1999, and its subsequent revision into Law Number 32 of 2004. These legal reforms reflect the nation's efforts to balance centralization and decentralization, with the principle of checks and balances as a foundational element. The article highlights the central role of the Regional People's Representative Council (DPRD) in the formation of regional regulations (Perda), oversight functions, and budget determination. Through literature research, this paper demonstrates that the DPRD holds strategic authority in regional legislation, involving the planning, drafting, discussion, and ratification of Perda. In conclusion, the DPRD plays a crucial role in establishing a democratic and accountable regional governance system in Indonesia.

To become the halal centre of the world, the government requires the implementation of halal certification for all products circulating in Indonesia, one of which is food and beverage products. The halal certification obligation has been carried out from 17 October 2019 to October 2024. The government has prepared strategies to improve the quality and quantity of assistants and simplify the halal certificate registration process. The Sukabumi City Diskumindag has helped facilitate MSMEs in Sukabumi City to register for free halal certification. However, there are still many MSMEs in Sukabumi City that do not have halal certificates. This is certainly detrimental to the community because it does not protect the right to safety and comfort when consuming or using a product. If until 18 October 2024 MSMEs are not halal certified, they will be subject to sanctions in accordance with Article 24 of the Law on Halal. This study aims to examine how the implementation of halal certification is viewed from Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee for MSME players in Sukabumi City as well as the role of Diskumindag Sukabumi City and what obstacles are faced during the implementation of the Law. The research used in this study is normative juridical which deductively reviews articles and legislation to examine how these regulations are applied in practice. Problems in the implementation of Law Number 33 of 2014 concerning Halal Product Guarantee in Sukabumi.
 

This article discusses the efforts of the Indonesian Financial Audit Agency (BPK) in preventing and eradicating corruption, reviewing the BPK's main role in auditing state financial management to achieve transparency, accountability and integrity in the use of public budgets. The BPK is also involved in eradicating corruption by conducting investigative audits of suspected corruption cases and revealing facts related to the perpetrators, modus operandi and state losses. In carrying out its duties, the BPK must pay attention to the Human Rights (HAM) perspective to ensure that its efforts do not violate individual rights guaranteed by the constitution and statutory regulations. This article explores how the BPK maintains its independence to carry out objective audits and provide recommendations based on valid data. With a deeper understanding of the role of the BPK, it is hoped that this article will increase appreciation of the importance of cooperation between the BPK, government and society in overcoming corruption which undermines development and human rights principles.

Corrections are activities that provide guidance for Correctional Inmates (WBP) which are carried out by correctional institutions in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 22 of 2022. Carrying out prison guidance also contributes to the reintegration of Inmates into society. The goal is for inmates to become better people when they are free. The aim of this research is to see how the program for fostering children's independence is used to prevent crime, especially at the Batam Class II Special Children's Penitentiary. This research was conducted there using a normative juridical approach. To do this, literature studies, observations and interviews were carried out. Data sources include structured interviews, the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, and laws relating to the development of child prisoners. The research results show that Law Number 22 of 2022 and other laws that complement it can function as a legal basis for fostering the independence of child prisoners. This will enable the implementation of fostering independence for child prisoners to be clearer so that the determination process can run as it should.

The rapid development of the current era has given rise to various advances in the world of technology, one of which is marked by the presence of crypto assets. Crypto assets themselves have been widely used for various purposes in various countries, including Indonesia. However, of all the regulations regarding activities related to crypto assets, there is not a single regulation that explains the actual status of the property rights of these crypto assets. The purpose of writing this article is to determine the status of property rights and the acquisition of property rights from crypto assets. The type of research used is normative research by examining legal materials consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. Based on the results of this research, it was found that crypto assets can be said to be objects, in this case specifically intangible objects, movable objects, and some are consumable objects and non-consumable objects. According to the Civil Code, the method of obtaining the right is divided into several ways, namely claim, handover, inheritance, expiration, and withdrawal.
 

The banking industry has a crucial role in maintaining the balance of development and economic integrity of a country. Banks act as depositories and distributors of liquidity funds which are essential for the sustainability of economic activities. To carry out this function effectively, strict regulations and supervision are needed. As well as guaranteeing customer deposits to ensure healthy and sustainable bank operations. The financial crisis that occurred in 1997 in Indonesia showed structural weaknesses in the banking system, including ineffective supervision and weak bank management. The government responded with a Banking Guarantee program (Blanket Guarenteen), but this program faced various problems and was not continued. As a solution, the Deposit Insurance Corporation (LPS) was formed through Law Number 24 of 2004, which aims to increase public confidence in the banking system and maintain financial system stability. This research aims to analyze the role of LPS in dealing with failed banks and the effectiveness of banking regulations in preventing future financial crises. The results of the analysis are expected to provide policy recommendations to strengthen the stability of the banking system.

This research examines the liability of notaries for authentic deeds under the UUJN. While the UUJN does not specifically regulate criminal sanctions for notaries, the Criminal Code can be applied. Violations by notaries can lead to lawsuits against the Ministry of Law and Human Rights. The UUJN regulates the guidance and supervision of notaries by the Notary Supervisory Council and MKN. The primary focus of this research is the final decision of the Regional Notary Supervisory Council regarding administrative sanctions as outlined in Article 73 of the UUJN. The research methodology employed is a normative juridical legal research approach. The legal materials utilized in this research include primary legal materials, secondary legal materials, and tertiary legal materials. The results of the research indicate that the legal protection efforts of the community, particularly those who feel harmed by notaries in the context of notarial acts that indicate criminal acts, are carried out through a form of reactive protection, namely the filing of complaints with the Notary Supervisory Panel. The evidence presented to the Regional Notary Supervisory Panel, the district courts in civil cases for compensation and law enforcement officials (Police) in criminal cases, demonstrates the existence of evidence that can be used to support claims of criminal acts by Notaries. However, the Decision of the Regional Notary Supervisory Panel only imposes Administrative Decisions on Notaries who indicate criminal acts with verbal or written warnings.

Land grabbing is a form of unlawful act, namely an act of abuse of authority over land ownership rights. Acts of encroachment can take the form of occupying land, installing fences, or eviction of land owners and so on. The act of illegally grabbing land is an unlawful act, which can be classified as a criminal act as stated in the provisions of the Criminal Code. The problem approach used in this writing is the normative juridical method. Primary data collection techniques are obtained by conducting searches, inventories and reviewing regulations using literature studies including statutory regulations, books and articles in journals and scientific works. Deductive analysis techniques are used to analyze data with a starting point or based on general rules, then a specific conclusion is drawn. The mechanism for resolving land grabbing cases that occur in the community can be carried out through deliberation or mediation, litigation, non-litigation, through the role of law enforcement officials, resolution through arbitration institutions. As for the role of the prosecutor's office in implementing court decisions in cases of land grabbing, the main role of the prosecutor's office in this context is as the implementer of court decisions that have permanent legal force. The prosecutor's office is responsible for ensuring that the implementation of these decisions is carried out. The government's suggestion is to provide information to the public by means of outreach, appeals and information, especially about land ownership and the prosecutor's office as the implementer of court decisions can provide protection to people who have land rights.

This research examines the pattern of recruitment of women in political parties to meet the threshold of 30% of Legislative Members in Indonesia, starting from regulations governing the rights and obligations of political parties as regulated in law, and specifications related to the recruitment process from political parties contained in in the AD/ART of political parties. This research is classified as normative empirical research with a statutory approach and a case approach. Research material was collected through interviews and document studies and then analyzed from a perspective. The results of the research show that the recruitment process for each political party is different and by stating the party's interests, there is no reference process regulated in statutory regulations. The researcher provides recommendations in this research related to the formation of statutory regulations for the recruitment process so that they become a reference for each party. politics, as well as providing political education to women in stages as well as evaluations that become material for party development.

This research aims to determine the position of restorative justice in the criminal justice system in Indonesia and to determine the application of restorative justice in the criminal justice system. This type of research uses empirical legal research, empirical legal research is a legal research method that functions to see the law in real terms and examine how law works in society. The position of restorative justice in the criminal justice system in Indonesia can provide justice that focuses on the needs of the victims, perpetrators of crimes, and also involves community participation, and does not merely fulfill legal provisions or merely impose criminal penalties. In this case, the victim is also involved in the process, while the perpetrator of the crime is also encouraged to take responsibility for his actions, namely by correcting the mistakes he has made. The implementation of restorative justice in the criminal justice system can be seen from various policies and laws and regulations currently in force, but in reality there are inconsistencies between enforcement officials in implementing restorative justice in a case. In fact, many cases ignore restorative justice and result in the criminal being convicted.

The use of cryptocurrency assets in Indonesia is still prohibited as a means of payment but as an investment instrument it can be included as a commodity that can be traded on a term exchange as regulated in the regulation of Law No. 10 of 2011 concerning amendments to Law No. 32 of 1997. The positive impact of cryptocurrencies in consumer protection such as cryptocurrency financial access can provide access to the traditional banking system, thereby increasing financial inclusion. There are also negative impacts to consider in consumer protection: security risks associated with theft or hacking of cryptocurrency exchange platforms and digital wallets can threaten the security of consumer funds. This study aims to analyze about consumer protection of cryptocurrencies in the digital age. This research uses normative research methods and uses qualitative data types. The results of this study show that consumer protection in cryptocurrency in the digital era, among others, preventively, in cryptocurrency trading transactions as assets is also strengthened by the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 9 of 2019 concerning Amendments to the Regulation of the Commodity Futures Trading Supervisory Agency Number 5 of 2019 concerning Textile Arrangements for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on Futures Exchanges. Meanwhile, if repressively to protect what is given after a dispute arises in the form of sanctions, fines, imprisonment, and penalties imposed a dispute occurs, regulated in Article 22 of PerBappeti Number 5 of 2019 concerning Technical Provisions for the Implementation of the Physical Market of Cryptocurrency Assets on the Futures Exchange, that dispute resolution is carried out by deliberation to reach consensus if it does not reach consensus the parties can resolve through the Futures Trading Arbitration Agency Commodity (BAKTI) and the State Court as stated in the agreement between the parties. Bank Indonesia reaffirms the ban on the use of virtual currencies in cryptocurrency, both in the form of selling, buying, and trading with these currencies. 

In criminal cases, particularly corruption cases, judges have the absolute authority and duty to decide and follow up on these matters. The background of this writing is that corruption is an extraordinary crime that hinders national development and must be prosecuted according to applicable regulations. The issue with this decision is that the judges were not meticulous enough, as they acquitted the defendant despite the defendant's actions causing state losses. An acquittal (Onslag Van Vervolging) means that the suspect or defendant in a corruption case is not subjected to any punishment or sanction.The analysis focuses on the verdict No. 56/Pid.Sus-Tpk/2017/Pn.Kpg, highlighting specific details that deserve further scrutiny. The juridical analysis of this decision will address the formulated issues, namely the basis for the judge's consideration in issuing an acquittal and how the judge should have ruled. The judge's considerations encompass three aspects: Philosophical, Juridical, and Sociological. This juridical analysis will include an understanding of the arguments presented, the legal basis used, and the factors influencing the court's decision to acquit the defendant of all charges. Therefore, in ruling on this case, the judge must ensure the utility aspect so that the defendant is penalized according to the applicable regulations.The method used in this journal is the normative juridical method, employing legislative and conceptual methodologies, providing an analytical perspective on problem-solving from the standpoint of the underlying legal concepts, utilizing data from literature and the internet as sources.Top of FormBottom of Form

This article aims to examine the Role and Responsibility of Notary Related to Disclosing Beneficial Owner Information in Company Establishment. This research is a prescriptive normative legal research, using the statutory approach method and conceptual approach. The legal materials used consist of primary and secondary legal sources, which are analyzed through literature study of documents or library materials, and interpreted using deductive reasoning techniques and syllogism. The result to be achieved is that the notary is responsible for recording and identifying the beneficial owner. The notary is responsible in this capacity for ascertaining the identity of the beneficial owners and ensuring that all information related to them is correctly and accurately recorded in the company's official documents. In addition to ensuring recording accuracy, notaries are also responsible for reporting beneficial owner information to the Ministry of Law and Human Rights through online reporting systems such as AHU Online and the Administration System for Legal Entities (SABH).

Humans are essentially social creatures who need help from other people in meeting their daily needs, especially those related to economic problems. The economy is fundamentally related to agreements, as these agreements are created to ensure that both parties comply with and fulfill their obligations. However, in fact, currently there are still many default disputes due to debtor negligence so that the legal consequences are cancellation of previously agreed agreements, transfer of risk, as well as compensation for costs, losses and interest. Apart from that, resolving default disputes can also be done by filing a lawsuit by creditors in district court as in case number 59/Pdt.G/2022/PN Mkd. After going through considerations, the case was decided by the judge and granted in part because there was one of the arguments of the lawsuit which was not in accordance with positive law in Indonesia.

This research aims to determine the legal responsibilities of coal companies in fulfilling their achievements due to the export ban. This legal writing is included in the type of normative legal research using a legislative approach including primary legal materials and secondary legal materials collected through document study and analyzed using deductive legal material analysis using the syllogism method. This research examines the implementation of the Decree of the Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources Number 139.K/HK.02/MEM.B/2021 regarding the fulfillment and prioritization of domestic coal needs. The failure to fulfill the Domestic Market Obligation then gave rise to an export ban by the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources through the issuance of Circular Letter from the Directorate General of Minerals and Coal, Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources Number B-605/MB.05/DJB.B/2021. The export ban then causes coal entrepreneurs to be unable to fulfill agreements with foreign companies. Non-fulfillment of achievements due to changes in Government policy in the form of an export ban is analyzed and categorized as force majeure so that non-performance, compensation or cancellation of the agreement cannot be sued. The legal responsibility that can be carried out by coal entrepreneurs in the event of an export ban is to submit a force majeure situation and prove that their party has been in good faith from the beginning until the agreement is in progress.

This research aims to find out how law enforcement is carried out against perpetrators of recidivist criminal acts of theft. The research method used is juridical-normative which is analyzed qualitatively. The research results show that recidivism is the repetition of a criminal act by the same perpetrator, where the criminal act committed previously has been sentenced to a criminal sentence and has permanent legal force, and the repetition occurs within a certain period of time. When imposing a sentence, the judge does not mention the amount of additional prison sentence of 1/3 (one third) of the main criminal threat (the presence of a criminal aggravation due to recidivism reasons), because the judge will basically immediately impose a long sentence on the defendant. Crime prevention is a variety of proactive and reactive activities directed at perpetrators and victims, and in the social and physical environment, carried out before and after a crime occurs. There are two ways of dealing with recidivist crimes, namely, preventive and repressive.

A traffic violation is an act or action carried out by a person driving a motorized vehicle or a pedestrian which is contrary to the laws and regulations in the field of traffic and road transportation. Therefore, traffic management and engineering is needed so that every motorized vehicle user has regulations in traffic so that they understand the use of road directions and lanes and the law is a guide to the rules and regulations of a society and must be obeyed. The main problems in this research are: (1) What is the process for resolving traffic violation cases committed by TNI-AD soldiers in the Legal Area of ??Military Court III-15 Kupang? (2) How are criminal sanctions imposed on TNI-AD soldiers who commit traffic violations in the Legal Area of ??Military Court III-15 Kupang?. This research is empirical normative research, so the data sources used are primary data sources, secondary data and tertiary data. Primary data was obtained from interviews, secondary data was obtained from libraries, journals and the internet, and tertiary data was obtained from dictionaries, Wikipedia and encyclopedias. Data were analyzed descriptively-qualitatively. The results of this research show that (1) The process of resolving cases of road traffic violations committed by the TNI-AD was examined using a rapid examination process based on Law Number 31 of 1997 concerning Military Justice and Law Number 22 of 2009 concerning Traffic and Transport Roads. (2) The criminal sanctions imposed on the TNI-AD who commit traffic violations are fines and imprisonment.

This research aims to determine the position and role of music aggregators in the digital music industry and the legal liabilities of music aggregators towards the copyright of music creators. This is a normative legal research of a prescriptive nature with a statutory approach. The legal materials used are primary and secondary legal materials, through literature study, and the technical analysis of legal materials using syllogism with a deductive thinking pattern. Based on the research results and discussions, it can be seen that music aggregators have a position as partial copyright holders of music that has been entrusted to them and play a role as distributors and managers of music royalties that have been entrusted to them. Meanwhile, the legal liabilities of music aggregators as stipulated in the Copyright Law are the recording of licensing agreements, determination of royalties in accordance with prevailing industry practices and fairness, and other liabilities that arise along with licensing agreements.
 
 

This research aims to determine whether actio pauliana is an appropriate legal remedy in providing legal protection for creditors in bankruptcy cases. It also aims to determine the basis of the judge's considerations in Verdict No. 06/Pdt.Sus.Gugatan Lain-lain-AP/2020/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. Jo. No. 27/Pdt-Sus-PKPU/2015/PN.Niaga.Jkt.Pst. This research is a normative legal research with statutory and case approach. The type of data used is secondary data. The technique used in collecting legal materials in this research is literature study. This research uses syllogism analysis technique and deductive thinking pattern, using major premises and minor premises which then these premises can produce conclusions. Based on this research, it is found that actio pauliana is an appropriate legal remedy in providing legal protection for creditors who are harmed by debtors in bankruptcy cases because there is internal legal protection and external legal protection in accordance with Isnaeni's legal protection theory used as an analysis. The basis of the judge's consideration used as the curator's right to file an actio pauliana lawsuit is Article 47 paragraph (1) and Explanation of Article 3 paragraph (1) of the Bankruptcy Law, then in deciding the case used as the analysis material, the judge uses Article 41 and Article 42 of the Bankruptcy Law.

Development and supervision of regional government is an important aspect in realizing good and accountable governance. In Bandung Regency, guidance and supervision is carried out by various parties, including the central government, regional government and the community. This research aims to analyze the effectiveness of government guidance and supervision in the Bandung Regency area. The research method used is a literature study by examining various data sources, such as statutory regulations, reports on the results of coaching and supervision, and related research journals. The research results show that government development and supervision in the Bandung Regency area still has several weaknesses, such as lack of coordination between stakeholders, limited human resources, and not yet optimal use of information technology.Based on the research results, several steps are recommended to increase the effectiveness of government guidance and supervision in the Bandung Regency area, such as: Strengthen coordination between stakeholder, Improve the quality of human resources, Optimizing the use of information technology, Increase community participation in government development and supervision

Plastic waste is a global problem that is increasing every year because it is difficult to decompose. This article discusses the growth in waste volume in Indonesia which is triggered by population growth, urbanization, and changes in consumption patterns, as well as the main challenges in waste management at the Bantargebang TPST. Through a qualitative approach and case studies, this article highlights the need for a comprehensive approach to waste management, including the establishment of waste banks and increasing public awareness. The main challenges at the Bantargebang TPST include decreasing capacity and difficulties in handling single-use plastic waste. The proposed solutions include expanding TPST capacity, implementing environmentally friendly technology, increasing public awareness, developing adequate infrastructure, and greater funding allocation. Collaboration between the government, the private sector and the community is the key to overcoming this challenge and building a sustainable and environmentally friendly waste management system at the Bantargebang TPST.

This legal writing aims to examine and analyze the inconsistency of the Supreme Court in providing protection for well-known brands in Indonesia. This research is normative legal research that is prescriptive in nature. The approaches used in this research are the statutory approach, case approach, comparative approach and conceptual approach. This research uses primary legal materials, statutory regulations and Supreme Court decisions relating to well-known trademark disputes as well as secondary legal materials in the form of research results discussing trademark disputes. The results of this research are that the Supreme Court decisions studied in this research conclude that there is inconsistency in the Supreme Court in providing protection for well-known brands. The Supreme Court has not been able to provide an appropriate protection mechanism in dealing with the legal vacuum regarding the definition of a Famous Mark. This has implications for various interpretations in considering the popularity of a brand. The considerations given by the Supreme Court have not shown justice and continuity with the ratification of international agreements regarding the legal protection of well-known marks. Where judges should be able to refer to jurisprudence in resolving famous brand disputes, this research concludes that there are inconsistencies in this matter so that legal certainty has not been created regarding the protection of famous brands.

Notaries play an important role in the tax system by being required to report Taxpayer (WP) transactions to the Directorate General of Taxes (DJP). This obligation is regulated in Law Number 28 of 2007 concerning Income Tax (UU PPh) and Minister of Finance Regulation Number 31/PMK.03/2016. The main objective of this reporting is to improve taxpayer compliance, the accuracy of tax data, and the effectiveness of DGT supervision. Notaries are required to report various types of transactions, such as buying and selling land, grants, inheritances, and the granting of power of attorney regarding land and buildings. Reporting is carried out through a Research Certificate (SKP) Format of Proof of Fulfillment of the Obligation to Deposit Income Tax (PPh) Specifically for Notaries/Land Deed Making Officials (PPAT), either online via e-SPT PPh or manually at the Tax Service Office (KPP). Notaries who do not comply may be subject to sanctions, such as written warnings, fines, and even revocation of permits. Implementing this reporting obligation has benefits for notaries, such as increasing credibility and professionalism, streamlining the process of obtaining business permits, and making it easier to make deeds. Factors that influence notary compliance in reporting taxpayer transactions include knowledge and understanding of regulations, awareness and commitment, ease of reporting system, effectiveness of law enforcement, socialization and education, as well as a culture of tax compliance. Efforts to increase notary compliance require synergy from various parties, including the DJP, notary professional organizations, and the government in creating a culture of high tax compliance.

The DPD RI Inspectorate is tasked with overseeing the implementation of government affairs. However, there are several problems in the DPD RI Inspectorate such as the limited number of auditors, suboptimal budget, and low transparency in managing audit reports. The purpose of this study is to analyze the performance of the Inspectorate in the supervisory function at the General Secretariat of DPD RI. The research method used is descriptive with qualitative analysis. Data was collected through interviews, documentation, and observation. This research uses Agus Dwiyanto's theory (2006: 50) as follows: 1) Productivity, 2) Service quality, 3) Responsiveness, 4) Responsibility, 5) Accountability. The results showed that the performance of the Inspectorate was quite good in general, although not optimal due to constraints such as insufficient human resources and insufficient budget. The suggestion of this research is to increase the number of human resources and conduct socialization about applications that can be used by the Inspectorate..

This article discusses the dynamics of corruption and its impact on national development. Through a comprehensive review of the factors that influence the spread and intensity of corruption, as well as its impact on various development sectors, this article illustrates the complexity of the problem of corruption in the context of national development. The negative impact of corruption is not only limited to economic losses, but also damages social order, harms public trust in the government, and hinders sustainable economic growth. By understanding the dynamics of corruption thoroughly, it is hoped that effective strategies can be formulated to combat corruption and encourage sustainable and inclusive national development.

Fenomena green consumers di Indonesia masih terus berkembang seiring dengan peningkatan kesadaran dan edukasi terkait isu-isu lingkungan. Salah satu produk yang green product yaitu produk The Body Shop. The Body Shop melakukan konstruksi pengetahuannya terhadap beauty activists sehingga beauty activists juga melakukan konstruksi pengetahuannya kepada lingkungan sosialnya.  Adapun tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui bagaimana konstruksi pengetahuan yang dibangun oleh beauty activists terkait green product yang ada di Kota Batam. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode peneltian kualitatif dengan informan sebanyak 10 orang yang didalamnya terdapat manager dari The Body Shop dan beauty activists yang tergabung ke dalam customer The Body Shop. Penelitian ini menggunakan teknik dan alat pengumpulan data berupa observasi, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa di dalam penelitian ini konstruksi beauty activists  sudah terbangun yaitu dengan berupa pengetahuan-pengetahuan baru untuk meciptakan adanya pengetahuan, kesadaran, kepedulian dan peningkatan rasa kepemilikan dari beauty activists terhadap produk The Body Shop. Beauty activists juga sudah melakukan konstruksi kepada lingkungan sosialnya dan beauty activists juga sudah memahami green product ini karena mereka sudah menunjukkan bahwa produk yang mereka pilih dan gunakan sudah memberikan dampak dan adanya pengetahuan-pengetahun baru yang juga disampaikan dari The Body Shop.

Law No. 12 of 2022 concerning the Prevention and Handling of Sexual Violence Crimes has become a significant milestone in the effort to combat sexual violence, especially against women, in Indonesia. In this context, this article explores the impact and implications of the law, as well as the challenges faced in its implementation. Through qualitative analysis of various sources of information, including the text of the law, official reports, and related literature, this article provides a comprehensive understanding of how the law affects the protection of victims of sexual violence. The results of the analysis indicate that Law No. 12 of 2022 has increased public awareness, strengthened victim protection, and marked a cultural shift towards sexual violence.

The promotion of online gambling through social media such as Instagram and WhatsApp is increasingly attracting public interest, even though it violates the law in accordance with Article 27 Paragraph (2) of Law Number 19 of 2016. Case at the Tanjung Karang District Court (Number 892/Pid.Sus/2023/PN .TJK) revealed that online gambling promotion is a criminal offense with the threat of prison sentences and fines. What is the criminal liability of perpetrators who promote online gambling products and what is the basis for the judge's considerations in imposing criminal penalties on perpetrators who promote online gambling products? Data analysis uses qualitative data analysis. The judge's decision is in accordance with applicable law, taking into account legal, sociological and philosophical aspects. In this case the judge placed more emphasis on the sociological and philosophical aspects. Hakim used Mackenzie's theory, emphasizing balance, artistry, intuition, and a scientific approach. Criminal liability must be strictly legally necessary to protect society from the negative impacts of online gambling. The criminal liability contained in decision number 892/Pid.Sus/2023/PN.TJK regarding online gambling promotion involves several defendants. This decision emphasizes the importance of law enforcement in maintaining justice and public security, and shows the appropriate application of the law to punish the promotion of illegal gambling.

Vocational training in Indonesia is organised based on cooperation or mutual agreement between educational institutions and companies. This research highlights the unavailability of legal regulations that specifically protect vocational trainees. The lack of specific regulations causes the implementation of existing labour regulations to be limited to companies where vocational training is held. Through this normative jurisprudence research, it can be seen that the vacuum legis condition, namely the existence of a vacuum of specific legal rules, has begun to have a solution. The Indonesian government has actually started to improve the quality of human resources through vocational education and training by making three new regulations related to vocational training. There are three new regulations that have been issued, namely: Presidential Regulation No. 68 of 2033 concerning Revitalisation of Vocational Education and Vocational Training issued on 27 April 2022. Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture Regulation No. 5 of 2022 governing the Organisation and Working Procedures of the National Coordination Team for Revitalising Vocational Education and Vocational Training, promulgated on 14 September 2022. Coordinating Minister for Human Development and Culture Regulation No. 6 of 2022 on the National Strategy for Vocational Education and Vocational Training, also promulgated on 14 September 2022. It is expected that these regulations can be implemented to protect the individual rights of prospective workers in vocational training in Indonesia.

This article explores the comparison between money politics and cost politics in the context of the political process and its influence on democratic integrity. Money politics reflects corrupt practices in which wealth is used to manipulate election outcomes or political decisions, while cost politics includes costs related to campaigns, regulations, and citizen participation in the political process. In distinguishing these two concepts, this article highlights their role in shaping the strengths and weaknesses of democracy and the challenges in strengthening political integrity. By analyzing case studies and theoretical concepts, this article aims to present a clearer understanding of the differences between money politics and cost politics, as well as promote efforts to address corruption and increase transparency in the political process.

Developments in the realm of health law develop in line with advances in health science. Currently, health law has become a very important element in dealing with various legal problems and issues in the health sector. On the other hand, with the development of increasingly sophisticated technology, the issue of traditional medicine has received less attention. However, in the context of efforts to fulfill the right to health in Indonesia, traditional medicine should be an alternative that is important to pay attention to. This is supported by Indonesia's natural conditions which have rich biodiversity, including various plant species that have the potential to be used as raw materials for traditional medicine. Thus, legal protection of traditional medicines from the perspective of health law and intellectual property law becomes very important. The research method used in this research is a normative research method which is conceptualized in legislation or conceptualized as norms or rules that serve as the basis for human behavior. The aim of this research is to analyze the legal protection of traditional medicines from the perspective of health law and intellectual property law in Indonesia. The results of this research concluded that related to traditional medicine, Law no. 17 of 2023 does not explicitly mention it as a traditional medicine. However, the definition of traditional medicine is equated with the term "Natural Medicine." In Article 321 paragraph (1), natural medicines are divided into several categories, including herbal medicines, standardized herbal medicines, phytopharmaca, and other natural medicines. Legal protection for traditional medicines or natural medicines is regulated in Articles 324-325 of Law no. 17 of 2023 concerning Health. On the other hand, in the context of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR), legal protection for traditional medicines is included in the patent system, as regulated in Article 26 of Law Number 13 of 2016 concerning Patents.

This research aims to identify and analyze the factors that cause the sense of justice not to be fulfilled in decision Number: 9/Pid.Pra.Pradilan/2018/Pn.Gto at the Class IA Gorontalo District Court. This research is classified as empirical research using descriptive analysis methods. Data was obtained through the study of court decision documents, analysis of legal literature, and interviews with legal experts and judicial practitioners. This research allows researchers to get a comprehensive picture of the issues faced in this case. The results of this research show that several important factors cause a sense of justice to be fulfilled in a judge's decision.

In today's digital age, cybersecurity resilience is an urgent need. Organizations around the world face increasingly complex and rapidly changing threats. Given these challenges, it can damage national values. Risk-based security management has emerged as an effective way to improve cybersecurity resilience. The purpose of this study is to investigate how the implementation of risk-based security controls can improve cybersecurity resilience in the Company's environment based on the perspective of the 1945 Constitution.This study employs content analysis method to investigate policies, security practices, and incidents that occur at Valve Corporation in the context of cyber security. The research findings indicate that Valve Corporation has adopted various security strategies and technologies to protect their data and infrastructure from cyberattacks. However, there are still challenges such as evolving security threats and the complexity of global networks that require continuous updates in their security strategies.From the perspective of the 1945 Constitution, cyber security at Valve Corporation is also related to the protection of individual rights, information openness, and national technological independence. Therefore, companies need to consider national values in designing their security policies to ensure effective data protection while complying with relevant regulations.This research makes a valuable contribution to the understanding of the importance of risk-based security management in improving cyber security resilience, as well as providing practical guidance for organizations looking to improve their security strategies based on nationality values in the face of evolving threats in the digital world.

Implementation of the principles of the rule of law and Pancasila democracy in the context of protecting the rights of every human being in Indonesia. The values associated with Pancasila, in protecting one's rights, are very diverse. The first value of Pancasila, if it is related to the rights that every human being has, means affirming recognition of God the Creator. The second value is that humans have equal dignity and rights that must be respected by each other. The values of Pancasila must be put forward in order to unite the Indonesian nation, so that the Indonesian state becomes one united nation. The fourth principle, if related to the rights possessed by humans, emphasizes the importance of fair distribution of resources and opportunities, as well as being able to overcome all forms of injustice in society. Finally, the fifth principle is related to the rights possessed by every human being, meaning that the value of Pancasila places greater emphasis on the importance of democratic governance, by providing space for participation for citizens to be active in society.

Addressing air pollution in DKI Jakarta requires fulfilling the right to access environmental information, increasing public awareness, and fostering active participation as part of a holistic solution. Despite challenges in transparency of information and availability of data on air pollution, efforts have been made to improve accessibility of information for the public. Lack of awareness among the public about their rights to environmental information and low literacy rates pose barriers to increasing awareness. However, through advocacy campaigns, education, and providing training to the public, it is hoped that their awareness will improve. Active participation of the public in addressing air pollution can be enhanced through participatory forums and public consultation mechanisms. With the involvement of government, civil society organizations, the private sector, and the public at large, these efforts are expected to create a cleaner, healthier, and more sustainable environment for all residents of DKI Jakarta. In conclusion, fulfilling the right to access environmental information, increasing public awareness, and fostering active participation are key components in maintaining better air and environmental quality in densely populated urban areas like DKI Jakarta.

One of the problems facing Indonesia is the increasing drug propaganda. Drugs are a serious threat to society, health and state security. Drug use can cause physical, mental and social damage to individuals and have a negative impact on families and society at large. The Indonesian government has taken various steps to overcome the drug problem. One of them is the enactment of strict laws related to drug propaganda.Pohuwato Regency, as the entry point to Gorontalo Province, is rife with cases of narcotics and illegal drugs, both by land route and distributed through dealers outside the area and local dealers. Users are also targeted at various groups, both upper middle class and lower middle class. The difficulty in uncovering cases can be due to the large area, modus operandi and advances in the field of communications, so that more progressive steps are needed in uncovering narcotics crime cases.

Elections are a means to determine the fate of the nation for the next five years. For this reason, it is necessary to provide understanding through political education to the public, especially students who are classified as beginner voters with the aim of building student participation to participate in elections. As educators who have an important role in providing education in the field of politics to students, this research will analyze the role of political education in building student participation in elections. The aim of this research is to find out the role of political education in increasing student participation in the 2024 elections. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The respondents or samples for this research were 120 FISIPOL UGN students. Based on the research results, it was concluded that students' understanding and knowledge of elections is still lacking due to the lack of political education provided. Student participation in taking part in the upcoming elections is in the good category, but still needs improvement because students' awareness of election participation is still limited to exercising their right to vote. Good education and students' low political attitudes will influence students' mindsets about things that can be followed in the implementation of elections.

This case study investigates the implementation of Occupational Health and Safety (K3) in the PT Gunbuster Nickel Industry area. Through in-depth analysis of policies, practices, challenges, strategies and impacts of K3 implementation, this research aims to provide comprehensive insight into the company's efforts to ensure a safe and healthy work environment for its workers. The research results show that PT Gunbuster Nickel Industry has adopted various comprehensive K3 policies and practices, including routine K3 training, work environment monitoring, and safety campaigns. However, several challenges such as employee resistance and complex working conditions remain obstacles in implementing K3. To overcome these challenges, the company has implemented proactive strategies, including increasing K3 communication and awareness, regular evaluation of working environment conditions, and active involvement of employees in efforts to prevent work-related accidents and diseases. The impact of implementing effective K3 policies at PT Gunbuster Nickel Industry includes reducing the number of work accidents, increasing productivity, and improving the company's image. This research makes an important contribution to the understanding of best practices in K3 management in the industrial sector, as well as becoming a reference for other companies in their efforts to create a safe and healthy work environment.

Freedom of religion is still very low in Indonesia. This clearly violates human rights stipulated in Article 22 of Human Rights Law Number 39 of 1999. This research aims to show why violations of freedom of religion continue to occur or discriminatory and intolerant behavior that is often anarchic. This research uses normative juridical with qualitative approach, which means collecting and using information relevant to the research subject. For this research, the nature is descriptive analysis. Secondary data is the data source. The fact that discrimination cases continue to occur shows that the Indonesian government must make improvements and evaluations in the law enforcement sector and government apparatus, as well as provide guidance to the community.

This research aims to analyze the indicators of the principle of abuse of circumstances in the consideration of judges who give rise to legal consequences of the existence of abuse of circumstances in economic excellence in an agreement. The research method in this journal is normative legal research. The nature of research in this journal is prescriptive. The research approach used is the legislation approach and case approach. Primary legal materials in this journal, namely the Civil Code, jurisprudence, and court decisions. As for secondary legal materials, namely book literature, legal journals, and other relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that the case in Supreme Court Decision Number 1395 K/Pdt/2017 has proven that there is an abuse of circumstances in economic excellence.

This article discusses the importance of witness testimony in the criminal justice process in Indonesia, particularly in cases of violent theft. This research focuses on the decision of the Sumbawa Besar District Court Number: 142/Pid.B/2023/PN.Sbw. The method used is normative legal research, which analyzes primary and secondary legal documents to understand how testimony is used in court despite the absence of the victim. This study finds that witness testimony is crucial in proving criminal acts. However, in this case, most of the testimony provided was testimonium de auditu, based on hearing from others rather than direct experience. This raises issues concerning the validity of such testimony as legitimate evidence. The conclusion of this research indicates that although witness testimony is important, caution must be exercised in assessing its validity, especially when the testimony does not originate from the direct experience of the witness. This is important to ensure a fair trial process in accordance with applicable legal principles.

Kemiren Village Banyuwangi is a traditional Osing village because it still adheres to its customs. One of the things that regulates customary law is marriage. Marriage according to customary law is one of the most important events in people's lives. Because according to indigenous peoples, marriage does not only involve a man and a woman as potential brides, but also binds the two families together. The success of a household in realizing a happy life, especially in indigenous peoples, is largely determined by the intervention of relatives and family, which starts when they are about to get married or when there is a conflict in the household. In this case, it is very dependent on the rituals that were usually performed beforehand and asked for the opinion of the traditional leader. The research focuses on this namely the cosmology of marriage in the view of the Osing tribe of Banyuwangi. This research was conducted with the objectives to analyze the cosmology of marriage in the perspective of the Banyuwangi Osing tribe, The research method used in this research is empirical research using descriptive qualitative, meaning that this research seeks to describe, record, analyze and interpret what is being studied, through observation, interviews and studying documentation. The research approach used in this study is the sociological approach. The sociological approach is an approach used to describe the state of society complete with structures, layers and various other interrelated social phenomena. Based on the results of the research that has been done, the researcher concludes that; First, marriage is a sacred bond to unite two people who have a relationship or a sense of love as a gift to be grateful for. Kemiren Banyuwangi Village is a district that has a diverse community and has a different culture for each region and tribe, one of which is the tradition of marriage. Second, family. Second, in living a household life, of course there are times when there are disputes between husband and wife. In the customary community of the Osing Tribe when there is a conflict or even a divorce, they resolve it according to customary law, because in each customary law there is a pattern of settlement when a problem occurs.

Narcotics abuse is a very dangerous thing, because in addition to having an impact on the user's personal self, he will become addicted and his life will depend on narcotic substances, which if not prevented (treated), the type of narcotics that will be used will become stronger. and the larger the dose. Recidivism is the behavior of a person who repeats criminal acts after being sentenced by a judge's decision which has permanent legal force because of criminal acts that have been committed previously. The problem approach used is an empirical juridical method supported by a normative juridical approach. The data collection technique is that primary data is obtained through interviews with research subjects and secondary data is collected by reviewing through literature studies such as statutory regulations, books or literature, and journals. Data analysis uses qualitative data analysis. The factors that cause recidivism in narcotics abuse crimes are internal factors and external factors. Internal factors consist of uncontrollable desires, behavior, diligent praise, easily frustrated, and the character itself. External factors that cause someone to repeat the crime of narcotics abuse include environmental and social factors, economics, information and communication technology, and family factors. Efforts to overcome the recidivism of narcotics abuse that can be carried out are pre-emptive efforts, preventive efforts and repressive efforts.

Every citizen who wants to set up a business must of course comply with the applicable rules and regulations, so that in the future the business will not have a negative impact on society and damage the environment. This research examines administrative law enforcement against violations to protect the environment. The research method used is a normativeempirical research method, which is research that examines the implementation or implementation of positive legal provisions (legislation) and written documents (factually) on each particular legal event that occurs in society. The research results explain that any company that violates applicable regulations and has a negative impact on society, such as impacting public health and impacting the environment, such as environmental pollution, will receive administrative sanctions as stated in government regulations.

Pancasila as the legal basis for realizing social justice in Indonesia.  Pancasila is also the basis of the State in Indonesia, which contains the values ??of justice, democratic unity and social welfare. Social justice is a fundamental principle in the legal system in Indonesia which aims to create equality, balance and prosperity for all citizens. Pancasila is the basis for the formation of legal regulations oriented towards social justice, as well as how to implement Pancasila values ??in social and political life in Indonesia. Through legal analysis and literature review, it is hoped that this journal will provide a deeper understanding of the relationship between Pancasila and realizing social justice in the legal context in Indonesia.

This research aims to determine and analyze empirical juridical analysis of divorce due to domestic violence in the Gorontalo Religious Court and the factors causing divorce due to domestic violence in the Gorontalo Religious Court. This research discusses problems regarding divorce due to domestic violence in the Gorontalo Religious Court. This type of research is empirical juridical research or what is called field research.
The results of this research explain that the empirical juridical analysis of divorce in the Gorontalo Religious Courts is caused by domestic violence, especially violence against wives, caused by various problems that are interrelated and influence each other, causing continuous disputes and quarrels. These problems include: economic conditions, lack of understanding of religion, infidelity, jealousy, drunkenness and gambling, husbands are easily emotional and are caused by the presence of one of the parents on both sides taking part in the household which can lead to a household crisis. In this case, the wife becomes vulnerable to violence because of her unequal position in society and the institution of marriage, both emotionally, socially and emotionally. This research shows that domestic violence is a significant factor in triggering divorce cases filed in the Religious Courts. And the factors that cause divorce due to domestic violence in the Gorontalo Religious Court are the dominant factors that cause divorce due to domestic violence, namely: that there is a lack of religious understanding, behavioral factors, social factors, drunkards and gamblers, disputes or quarrels and other factors. domestic violence.

This study describes and examines the issue of the legal responsibility of online gambling promoters to people who lose due to influencers, considering the situation and conditions that are in need, of course, people will be tempted to obtain instant wealth. This study aims as an effort so that victims get proportionate attention in fulfilling their rights as victims to apply for restitution against online gambling influencers who advertise by providing false or untrue reviews. This research is a normative legal research that is perscriptive. Secondary data types include primary and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials is carried out by literature study, then the analytical technique used is the deductive method. The results of this study show that victims can hold criminal and civil liability contained in Article 27 paragraph (2) jo. Article 45 paragraph (3) of Law number 1 of 2024 concerning online gambling, Law, Law 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection, Article 1365 of the Civil Code concerning PMH, Article 1320 of the Civil Code concerning the legal terms of the agreement, and the Witness and Victim Protection Agency (LPSK).
 
 

Sexual violence is a serious problem that causes physical and psychological harm to the victims. In efforts to prevent and address sexual violence, cooperation from all elements of society is very much needed, including through community-based service provider organizations as a form of community participation. This is regulated in Indonesian Law on Sexual Violence, Undang-Undang Nomor 12 Tahun 2022 tentang Tindak Pidana Kekerasan Seksual (UU TPKS) Article 85 regarding Community Participation, both in prevention and victim recovery. The Solidarity Foundation for Women's Humanity and Human Rights (SPEK-HAM) in Kota Surakarta is one of the community-based service provider organizations that play an important role in providing various prevention and victim recovery programs in accordance with the mandate of Indonesian Law on Sexual Violence (UU TPKS). However, in its implementation, SPEK-HAM faces various internal and external obstacles in fulfilling its role as a community-based service provider organization. This study uses the empirical legal research method to analyze SPEK-HAM's participation in implementing the mandate of the Indonesian Law on Sexual Violence in efforts to prevent and recover victims of sexual violence, as well as the challenges it faces. The findings of this research indicate that SPEK-HAM carries out several prevention and victim recovery programs by conducting awareness-raising activities and collaborating with relevant stakeholders. The obstacles encountered in these efforts include internal obstacles from within the organizers of sexual violence prevention and handling, as well as external obstacles which come from the outside.

Handling rape cases requires effective forensic evidence collection to ensure justice for victims and truth disclosure in court. This study aims to evaluate protocols for collecting forensic evidence in rape cases, focusing on enhancing evidence quality and perpetrator identification accuracy. The evaluation method involves analyzing the implementation of existing protocols, including procedures for collecting and analyzing relevant physical, biological, and digital evidence in the context of sexual crimes. The study's findings indicate that increasing training and awareness of updated protocols can significantly improve the quality of collected evidence and the accuracy of perpetrator identification. These findings highlight the importance of collaboration among investigators, forensic experts, and other authorities in improving and implementing effective protocols for handling rape cases. This research provides a foundation for ongoing improvements in forensic procedures to enhance justice for victims of sexual crimes and overall community safety.