Chili is one of the superior horticultural products which has quite high economic value. The demand for large red chili supplies is causes farmers to plant chilies continuously without paying attention to environmental factors. The use of kasgot fertilizer in the cultivation process can have a positive impact on plants. This research aimed to determine the effect of doses variants for the growth of Capsicum annuum L. The research method used RAL with 6 treatments K1: 150g. K2: 175g, K3: 200g, K4: 225g, K5: 250g, and K6: 275g each treatment was repeated 4 times to obtain 24 samples. Observation parameters include plant height, number of leaves, number of fruit and fruit weight. Data analysis used One Way ANOVA and continued with the Tukey test. Varying doses of kasgot fertilizer have a real influence on the growth parameters of plant height, number of leaves, number of fruit and fruit weight. Treatment with a dose of kasgot fertilizer (K1) 150g gave the highest average number of fruit (10.3 pieces) and fruit weight (82.375g). Meanwhile, a dose of 175g (K2) gave the highest average plant height (37.5 cm) and number of leaves (50.45 each). So the optimal dosage of kasgot fertilizer for the growth of large red chili plants is around 150-175g.
 
 

The agricultural sector is an important pillar of Indonesia's development, contributing to employment, food security, and economic growth. However, the sector's potential has not been fully utilized, with low agricultural productivity being a major problem. Factors such as the low interest of the younger generation to become farmers, lack of quality education, and limited agricultural technology are the main causes. Generation Z, with its proficiency in technology, has great potential to overcome these challenges through the implementation of precision farming, a model that uses modern technology to improve farming efficiency and yield. While the government has made various efforts, collaboration between the government and various parties, including Gen Z, is needed. Precision agriculture, which involves the use of technologies such as GPS and GIS, can increase productivity with real-time monitoring and more targeted input use. The implementation of precision agriculture also faces challenges, such as limited technological infrastructure and a lack of interest in agriculture among the younger generation. With an integrative approach, adequate education, and technological support, precision farming can be a solution to increase agricultural productivity in Indonesia, while attracting the younger generation to engage in the sector.

Shipbuilding industrial companies still produce a number of organic waste in the form of twigs, grass and leaves. In line with developments in the current era, organic waste that accumulates will become an issue for the environment if it is not managed properly. This activity was carried out to overcome the problem of organic waste in the shipbuilding industry, by utilizing organic waste for composting. Composting is a simple anaerobic method that can be easily carried out in the shipbuilding industry. This method turns organic waste into compost by carrying out a fermentation process. Organic waste in the form of leaves that are turned into compost can increase the nutrient content in the soil. The composting process is carried out using two different activator materials, namely using Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM 4) and Promoting Microbes (PROMI). The results of the compost research carried out have met the quality standards according to SNI 19-7030-2004. The final results of these two treatments are not too different, the pH resulting from the EM4 activator treatment is 6.9 and the pH from the PROMI activator treatment is 7. The temperature value for both does not exceed the ground water temperature, namely the final temperature of the EM4 activator treatment is 29.9oC and from PROMI activator treatment of 30oC. The observation results show that of the two activators EM4 and PROMI, the one that is more effectively used for composting is the EM4 activator because the microorganism content in EM4 has more classifications compared to the PROMI activator.
 
 

Photosynthesis is a vital process for plants in converting light energy into chemical energy stored in organic compounds. Light intensity is one of the main factors influencing the efficiency of this process. This study aims to determine the effect of different light intensities on the photosynthesis rate and growth of spinach plants (Amaranthus sp.), which is a C4 plant species.The method used was a quantitative experiment with three light intensity treatments: low (0–10 lux), medium (10–20 lux), and high (>20 lux), each replicated three times over six weeks. Observed parameters included plant height, number and length of leaves, as well as the photosynthesis rate measured using the IRGA method.The results showed that light intensity significantly affected the growth and photosynthesis rate of spinach plants. The high light treatment produced the most optimal growth, with an average plant height of 4.92 ± 0.4 cm and the highest photosynthetic activity. Conversely, the low light treatment caused symptoms of etiolation, reduced vitality, and faster plant death, averaging by the third week.In conclusion, increasing light intensity significantly enhances photosynthesis efficiency and growth in spinach plants. These results can serve as a basis for regulating light intensity in cultivation systems, both conventional and hydroponic.
 

One of the benefits of using a farmer card is to access subsidized fertilizers. Farmer cards are those programmed by the government and can function to ease all farmers' affairs in making loans, transactions, savings and regarding the acquisition of subsidized fertilizers. This research was motivated by problems in the farmer card program which according to the community was less useful for them, especially in terms of accessing fertilizer. The farmer card is expected to be able to overcome the problem of fertilizer distribution that is not on target and is expected to be able to provide welfare for every farmer owned by farmers with the fertilizer obtained, so that the farm that is run produces satisfactory production for the farmers themselves. The results showed that, on average, the number of farmers who did not understand the farmer card was 60%, while those who understood the farmer card were 37%. This is due to the lack of socialization from related agencies, causing a lack of understanding of farmers towards the farmer card program, especially given the fact there are some farmers who have not studied at all. This farmer card has also not been benefited by farmers, so farmers have difficulty getting subsidized fertilizer and have to spend expensive costs to obtain fertilizer.

This study aims to determine the partnership pattern between CV Agrowates and melon farmers and to determine the difference in income of melon farmers before and after partnering.  The research design used in this research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative analysis methods with survey research methods, sampling using saturated sampling To determine the income of farmers before and after partnering used cost analysis and farm income (profit), namely Profit (p) = Total Revenue (TR) - Total Cost (TC). To determine the difference in income of melon farmers before and after the partnership was further analyzed with the T-test.    The results showed that the partnership pattern between the CV Agrowates company was the Agribusiness Operational Cooperation (KOA) partnership pattern. The role of partner farmers as providers of land, labor, production equipment and production facilities such as fertilizers, while the company as a means of providing seeds, extension and guidance of cultivation personnel. The partnership pattern significantly shows a real difference.  Income before partnering amounted to Rp. 116,259,299.93 with R / C of 2.95 while the income of farmers after partnering amounted to 146,612,513.3 with R / C of 3.37, Partnership can increase the income of melon farmers in Wates Village by 26.11%.

This study aims to analyze the development strategy of pepper farming in Epeea Village, Abuki District, Konawe Regency. The method used to determine the number of samples is to use (Saturated Sample/Census). Saturated sample is a sampling method where all members of the population are taken 12 as sample members. The results of the IFAS (internal analysis summary) matrix calculation show that the total value of the internal factors is 3.0. The results of the EFAS (External Analysis Summary) matrix calculation show that the total value of the external factors is 2.8. Based on the results of the SWOT analysis above, the strategy that can be applied in Pepper Farming is an Aggressive strategy formed in quadrant I. Where Strength + Opportunity (1.34)> Weakness + Threats (0.65), then the Strategic factors of strength and opportunity support the achievement of a way out of the existing problems to achieve the desired goals. So that Pepper Farming in Epeea Village, Abuki District, Konawe Regency can survive and grow even bigger.

Rubber plants (Hevea brasiliensis) are one of the main commodities in the plantation industry which have high economic value. Rubber latex productivity is greatly influenced by the tapping technique applied. This research aims to examine various tapping techniques that are effective in increasing rubber latex yields and maintaining tree productivity in the long term. The method used includes comparative analysis of tapping techniques, such as angle and depth of incision, frequency of tapping, and use of latex stimulants. The research results show that tapping techniques with an angle of 30°–45° and an optimal depth that does not damage the cambium can significantly increase latex production. In addition, the use of ethefon-based stimulants has been shown to extend the latex flow period and increase yields without causing excessive physiological stress in plants. By implementing appropriate tapping techniques, rubber plantation productivity can increase sustainably without reducing the productive life of the plants.

Reducing the area of agricultural areas, especially paddy fields into palm oil plantations in the use of space in Mukomuko Regency, has raised concerns about the impact of these changes, namely the decline in rice productivity, which if allowed to drag on could lead to food insecurity due to the decreasing number of functional paddy fields. into oil palm plantations, especially in areas that are designated as agropolitan in the Mukomuko Regency spatial planning. Time and Place of Research: Research was conducted from October to November 2023 in Muko-Muko Regency, Bengkulu Province. To find out the strategy for managing land conversion, SWOT analysis is used. The results of the research show that the position of controlling the conversion of wetland agricultural land is in quadrant I, namely the position with an aggressive strategy (S-O). In this case the recommended strategy is to utilize strengths to take advantage of existing opportunities. Alternative strategies that can be implemented by policy makers, in this case the Mukomuko district government, to prevent the conversion of rice land to oil palm are clear regulations and establishing clear rice field zones in spatial plans, improving government policies in the farming sector, improving institutions in the farming sector, empowerment and socialization regarding land conversion regulations and improving agricultural facilities and infrastructure

Indonesia is known as an agricultural country, making the agricultural sector very important with the commodity most widely cultivated by the public being rice. Karangsemanding Village is a village that has extensive agricultural land but has a small productivity value compared to other villages. This research aims to determine the factors that influence the production of lowland rice farming and determine the efficiency of lowland rice farming in Menganti Hamlet. The research was conducted in Menganti Hamlet in June-September 2023. Data collection was carried out through interviews and questionnaires as well as secondary data obtained. The sampling technique was saturated sampling which involved all members of the population sampled as many as 86 farmers. Data were analyzed descriptively and in multiple linear regression analysis with the help of SPSS software. The research results show that production factors in the form of land area, seeds, fertilizer, pesticides and labor simultaneously influence rice production, while partially the variables of land area, pesticides and labor have a significant influence on production. The results of the technical efficiency analysis show a value of 0.8894 which is said to be efficient in the use of production factors because it is close to 1. Judging from the price efficiency (allocative) of lowland rice farming, it shows a value of 0.0416, this shows that lowland rice farming in Menganti Hamlet is not yet efficient economically. price. Meanwhile, the economic efficiency of lowland rice farming shows a value of 0.0370, which means lowland rice farming is economically inefficient..
 
 

The aim of this study is to determine the effect of the duration of young coconut water soaking and different growing media on the viability of Arabica coffee seeds after mechanical scarification, as well as to identify the interaction between these two factors. This research was conducted over a period of three months, from July to September 2023, at the Laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Samudra University, Langsa City. The study was designed using a completely randomized design with a factorial pattern, consisting of two factors: (1) the duration of soaking in young coconut water, which included 4 levels: L0 = Control, L1 = 3 hours, L2 = 6 hours, and L3 = 9 hours; and (2) growing media, which included 3 levels: M1 = Soil: manure, M2 = Soil: manure: rice husk, and M3 = Soil: manure: cocopeat. The parameters observed in this study were maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling height, root length, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight. The results showed that the duration of soaking in young coconut water did not have any significant effect on all observed parameters. However, different growing media had a highly significant effect on maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling height, root length, fresh weight, and dry weight of the Arabica coffee seedlings. The M1 treatment gave the best results for maximum growth potential, germination rate, seedling fresh weight, and seedling dry weight, while the M3 treatment provided the best results for seedling height and root length of Arabica coffee seeds. There was no interaction between the duration of young coconut water soaking and different growing media on all parameters of Arabica coffee seed viability.
 

Spinach (Amaranthus spp.) is a vegetable plant that is highly dependent on the availability of light and nutrients for its growth. Proper spacing plays an important role in influencing a plant's access to light and nutrients, which ultimately impacts its yield. This study examines the impact of planting distance on light and nutrient competition in spinach. Planting spacing that is too tight can lead to intense competition between plants, reduce the efficiency of photosynthesis, and increase the risk of etiolation in lower plants. On the contrary, planting spacing that is too wide reduces land use efficiency and increases the likelihood of weed growth. The ideal planting distance ranges from 15-20 cm between plants, which ensures maximum utilization of light and nutrients without resulting in excessive competition, thus supporting optimal growth and yield

This research was conducted in Ponrang Selatan District, Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi from March to September 2024. The population in this study were farmers who received benefits from the Mandiri Benih Activity. The sample in this study was 234 samples. The results of the study showed that the Mandiri Benih Padi program in Ponrang Selatan District began in 2022 and was expanded in 2023 by involving 42 farmer groups in various villages. Although this program has been running and received a positive response from farmers, there are still several aspects that are not optimal, especially in terms of certification of harvest results as seeds. The effectiveness value of 54.96 places the program in the "Quite Effective" category, indicating that this program has provided significant results but has not reached its full potential. Respondents' perceptions of the program before implementation showed quite adequate results, but after the program was implemented, there was an increase in more positive perceptions regarding seed quality, productivity, and the overall agricultural process. This indicates that the Mandiri Benih Padi Activity has had a good impact on farmers, although there is still room for increased effectiveness.

Seed plants (Spermatophyta) are a group of plants with a very high level of diversity and are widely distributed throughout the world. This group of plants is known as higher plants or Phanerogamae, namely plants that have seeds and reproduce sexually. Spermatophyta can be divided into two main groups, namely Gymnospermae or plants that have characteristics of open seeds and Angiospermae or plants that have characteristics of closed seeds. Research on the structure of internal reproductive organs of seed plants was carried out at the Instructional Laboratory 1 on Campus I UIN SGD Bandung, Cipadung Village, Cibiru District, Bandung City, West Java Province. Qualitative methods were used in this study by conducting direct observations on the objects being observed. This study aims to see and observe how the reproductive structure is in seed plants. Based on data from observations made on paper flowers (Bougainvillea), the flower has no petals, 3 crowns attached to 27 stamens, and 4 pistils with the flower formula K0 [C3 A27] G4. Meanwhile, in the study of lilies (Crinum jagus) have 5 petals, 6 crowns attached to 6 stamens, and 1 pistil with a flower formula of K5 [C6 A6 ] G1.

Research on the pattern of development of empowerment of rice farmers towards income levels was carried out in Tombang Village, Walenrang District, Luwu Regency. This research was conducted from January to March 2024. The results of the study showed that rice farming in Walenrang District was profitable with variable costs of IDR 12,442,999 and fixed costs of IDR 407,471 so that the total costs incurred were IDR 12,850,470 and the production value was IDR 44,730,181 so that the net income received by farmers was IDR 31,879,711 per ha / planting season. Based on the t-test with regression analysis, the production factors that influence rice farming income in Walenrang District, namely Land area (X1), Labor costs (X2) and Capital (X3) have a significant effect on increasing production. Based on the F test on the regression analysis of production factors, the independent variables, namely land area (X1), labor costs (X2) and capital (X3), have a significant influence on increasing production in rice farming in Walenrang sub-district, Luwu district.

The use of organic fertilizers in agriculture in Dahana Village has significant potential in improving soil fertility and crop productivity. Organic fertilizers, which are derived from natural materials such as agricultural waste and animal manure, serve to improve soil structure, increase water retention capacity, and provide nutrients needed by plants. This study explored different methods of applying organic fertilizers and their impact on plant growth and the quality of agricultural produce. Results show that organic fertilizer not only improves vegetative growth but also yield quality, making it an essential component in sustainable agricultural practices. Thus, this study emphasizes the importance of integrating the use of organic fertilizers in land management strategies to achieve optimal and sustainable agricultural yields in Dahana Village.

Moringa oleifera plants as traditional medicine used by the people of Cibeas Village, Cintaraja Village, Singaparna District, Tasikmalaya Regency. This study aims to determine the use of moringa plants as traditional medicine. The method used is descriptive qualitative and quantitative with data collection techniques through observation, semi-structured interviews, and snowball sampling. Data analysis was carried out by calculating the utility value (Use Value/UV), informant context factors (Informant Consensus Factor/ICF), and relative citation frequency (Relative Frequency of Citation/RFC). The results showed that moringa plants are used to treat 12 types of diseases, with the highest utilization for lowering hypertension (UV = 0.296). The leaves are the most frequently used part (ICF = 0.952).

Tomato (lycopersicum esculentum Mill) are a source of vitamins and minerals and have health benefits such as maintaining heart health. The denabd for tomatoes in indonesia continues to increase so it is necessary to take action to increase production by utilizing Fungi Mycorrhizal Arbuscular and manure. FMA is a fungus associated with plants where FMA binds nutrients in the soil. The aim of this research was to determine the effect of gungus mycorrhizal arbuscular and manure. This research was carried out in july – september 2023 in Siderejo village, Langsa Lama District, Langsa City. The research used a 2 factorial Randomized Block Design (RAK) with 3 replications. The first factor is the FMA dose, namely: F0 : 0 gr/plot, F1 : 20 gr/plot, F2 : 40 gr/plot, F3 : 60 gr/plot. The second factor is the dose of fertilizer P1 : 2,08 kg/plot, P2 : 5,6 kg/plot, P3 : 8,4 kg/plot. Date were analyzed using variance (F test) at the 5% and 1% levels. If the treatment has a real effect, continue with the BNJ test at the 5% level.

Chili (Capsicum annuum L.) is a high-value horticultural commodity, but its productivity is often hampered by factors such as soil conditions, climate, pests and disease. The use of plastic mulch, especially the black-silver type, can increase chili yields by 25–40% through weed control, maintaining soil temperature, and reducing evaporation. Although initial costs are relatively high, significant yield increases can offset those costs. However, the resulting plastic waste is an environmental problem, so biodegradable mulch can be a more environmentally friendly alternative. This research uses a literature review method to collect and evaluate information from various relevant sources regarding the application of plastic mulch in increasing chili productivity. With proper management, plastic mulch can support increased chili yields and agricultural sustainability.

The agriculture sector is facing unprecedented challenges as a result of climate change. As temperatures continue to rise and weather patterns change, the dynamics of plant-virus interactions change significantly, requiring innovative solutions to ensure global food security. This review article examines the relationship between climate change and the prevalence and severity of cucumber virus diseases, their impact on cucumber yield and quality, and subsequent economic implications, with a focus on the critical pathogen cucumber mosaic virus (CMV). The method in this journal article uses library research, which is a method with data collection by understanding and studying theories from various literatures related to the research. The results showed that as climate change increases, it is imperative to investigate its impact on cucumber virus management, specifically how increasing temperatures and changing rainfall patterns may affect virus epidemiology and disease resistance mechanisms. In addition, exploring integrated pest management strategies that combine traditional breeding with modern biotechnology advances is essential. The application of RNA-based technologies presents a promising avenue for effective virus control, potentially reducing the economic burden on cucumber farmers.

This study aims to explore the local wisdom of the Jambusari Village community, Cilacap, in managing plant resources, especially the practice of chewing betel nut and smoking traditional plants. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a case study design, involving 44 respondents selected through snowball sampling techniques. The results of the study indicate that the habit of chewing betel nut and smoking is an integral part of the local culture that is passed down from generation to generation. As many as 75% of respondents came from families who had the habit, with the majority stating that they had not experienced any changes in this practice. Although there are benefits perceived from both habits, such as freshness and enjoyment, there are also reports of negative impacts on health. This study highlights the importance of preserving ethnobotanical knowledge as an effort to conserve local biological and cultural resources.

Rapid urbanization has led to an increased demand for food in urban areas. At the same time, land limitations and dependence on external supplies pose significant challenges to food security. Urban agriculture is an innovative solution for producing local food using limited land and modern agricultural techniques such as hydroponics, aquaponics, vertical farming, and rooftop gardens. This approach allows urban agriculture to be more resource-efficient, reduces distribution costs, and minimizes its environmental impact by lowering its carbon footprint. In addition to environmental benefits, urban agriculture also brings social and economic benefits by raising awareness of food sustainability, creating new business opportunities, and enhancing food independence in urban communities. This research uses a literature review method to examine various articles discussing the development, obstacles, and implementation of urban agriculture in different countries. The results show that urban agriculture makes an important contribution to improving food security while also providing a sustainable alternative for the global food system. Therefore, promoting the growth of urban agriculture from the perspective of sustainable food security requires support from government institutions, the private sector, and local communities.

This study aims to explore the root growth patterns of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) cultivated in a polybag system, and examine the implications for nutrient absorption efficiency and plant survival. The method used was a systematic literature review, with narrative analysis of recent studies in the last five years. Data were analyzed to identify the relationship between root architecture, growing medium, and nutrient absorption efficiency.  The results showed that the polybag system, with its limited root growing space, promoted adaptation of root growth patterns, including an increase in lateral root density and a reduction in primary root length. Coconut fiber- and vermiculite-based growing media were shown to increase nutrient absorption capacity by up to 30%, while inoculation of rhizosphere microorganisms, such as mycorrhiza, increased phosphorus use efficiency by up to 25%. In addition, optimal root zone temperature plays an important role in supporting root metabolic activities.  The conclusion of this study confirms that optimizing root growth patterns through growing media, temperature management, and utilization of microorganisms can significantly increase the productivity of cucumber plants. These findings provide a basis for developing more efficient and sustainable cultivation strategies in modern horticultural systems. 

Organic farming is increasingly being looked at as a solution to improve soil quality and produce sustainable agriculture. This study aims to explore the impact of organic farming on soil quality and yields of wet-rice farming in Nias Islands. Based on existing research, organic farming systems are proven to provide great benefits to soil fertility, including by increasing organic matter content, boosting soil microbial activity, and improving soil structure. The use of techniques such as crop rotation, organic fertilizers and mulching have been shown to improve soil quality, increase its ability to store water and reduce erosion. In addition, more diverse and active soil microbes also contribute to more efficient nutrient cycling, reducing dependence on synthetic fertilizers and helping to control pests naturally. While the initial adoption of organic farming may result in lower yields, research shows that in the long run, yields increase as soil quality improves. Organic farming also offers better resilience to climate change, especially in terms of the soil's ability to retain water and reduce the impact of drought. Thus, organic farming in Nias Islands can not only increase agricultural productivity, but also support environmental sustainability. Therefore, the application of organic farming is the right choice to improve food security and preserve nature in Nias Islands

Using organic fertilizer can increase soil fertility, which is crucial for plant growth. Another organic material source that may be utilized as fertilizer is water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). The chemical makeup of water hyacinth was examined in this study, and the results indicated that its organic matter content was 78.47%, its organic carbon content was 21.23%, its total nitrogen content was 0.28%, its total phosphorus content was 0.0011%, and its total potassium content was 0.016%. It has been demonstrated that applying water hyacinth-based liquid organic fertilizer to corn (Zea mays) plants actually affects crop output. Utilizing water hyacinth not only improves soil fertility but also lessens pollutants in the environment caused by overgrowth in waterways. Water hyacinth can therefore be utilized as a sustainable and eco-friendly organic fertilizer option.

This study examines the main pests and diseases that attack cayenne pepper (Capsicum frutescens) plants grown in polybags. In Indonesia, this crop is in high demand for both household and industrial use. Nonetheless, farmers often face challenges from pest and disease attacks, including anthracnose, fusarium wilt and stem rot, leading to reduced yields. The methodology used was a literature review covering various sources related to cayenne pepper. Findings show that important diseases such as anthracnose can reduce yields by up to 80%, while pests such as fruit flies can cause chili fruits to drop prematurely before harvest. Effective pest and disease management is essential to increase the productivity of cayenne pepper cultivated in polybags.

This study identifies nine plant species used as herbal remedies for postpartum recovery by young mothers in Sindangreret, Bandung. The UV (Use Value) for each plant varies, reflecting their relative importance in traditional practices. Curcuma longa exhibits the highest UV (0.58), highlighting its frequent use and perceived significance in traditional formulations for wound healing, reducing inflammation, and overall health enhancement. Other notable plants include Zingiber officinale (UV 0.51) for anti-inflammatory and energy-boosting properties, and Kaempferia galanga (UV 0.29) for pain relief and stamina enhancement. Traditional usage of these plants is supported by their bioactive compounds and therapeutic potential. The study underscores the importance of preserving ethnobotanical knowledge and suggests further scientific validation and public education to optimize the benefits of these herbal remedies.

Crop rotation is one of the most effective agricultural and has significant benefits in improving soil fertility, assessing health and disease, and increasing the efficiency of natural resource utilization. Agricultural strategies that have important benefits in improving soil fertility, assessing health and disease, and increasing the efficiency of natural resource utilization. To maximize nutrient utilization and reduce the risk of certain pests associated with a crop, this practice involves reducing the types of crops grown on the same land in the relevant cycle. To maximize nutrient utilization and reduce the risk of certain pests associated with a crop, this practice involves reducing the types of crops grown on the same land in the relevant cycle. In addition, crop rotation helps improve soil structure, increase cation exchange capacity (CEC), and reduce dependence on chemicals and pests. The study employed a library analysis method by reviewing several previous studies on the impact of crop rotation on agricultural productivity and soil ecology. The results showed that crop rotation can increase nitrogen levels in the soil by up to 20%, reduce pesticide use by up to 50%, and increase air use efficiency, especially in areas with limited air supply. In addition, this practice helps create a more stable agricultural ecosystem by increasing biodiversity, such as reducing the number of natural enemies of pests. The findings of this study indicate that crop rotation is a practice that not only increases crop yields but also strengthens the principle of sustainability. With proper maintenance, crop rotation can be an effective solution to reduce land degradation, improve food security, and improve ecological balance in modern food systems. resilience, and improve ecological balance in modern agricultural systems.

Cyanobacteria play an important role in the evolution of the earth and biosphere. Cyanobacteria play a role in the oxygenation of the atmosphere and oceans that began since the great oxidation event. These living things are the main producers in the ocean in the past and present and are the ancestors of Chloroplasts. The morphology commonly used is still difficult to read for microfossil interpretation which makes the identification of cyanobacteria in the early fossil record still ambiguous. This study was conducted to review classical and new cyanobacterial biosignatures. In addition, this study will also analyze the fossil record of cyanobacteria mentioned earlier and the challenges of molecular approaches to modern cyanobacteria. The suggestions we provide are new calibration points for molecular clocks and strategies to increase insight into the timing and patterns of cyanobacteria evolution and oxygenic photosynthesis.

This article aims to observe the effect of hypertonic sucrose solution concentration on plasmolysis of epidermal cells of Rhoeo discolor leaves. Plasmolysis occurs when plant cells lose air due to the surrounding hypertonic solution, which causes the cytoplasm to shrink and the plasma membrane to detach from the cell wall. In this experiment, Rhoeo discolor leaves were immersed in sucrose solutions with different concentrations (0.14 M to 0.26 M) for 30 minutes, and the percentage of plasmolyzed cells was calculated. The results showed that the higher the sucrose concentration, the more cells underwent plasmolysis. At low concentrations (0.14 M and 0.16 M), plasmolysis occurred at a small percentage (1.77% to 7.25%), while at high concentrations (0.24 M to 0.26 M), the percentage of plasmolyzed cells increased significantly, reaching 3.03% at a concentration of 0.26 M at the 30th minute. In addition, prolonging the immersion time to 30 minutes caused a decrease in the number of plasmolyzed cells, indicating that osmotic equilibrium was reached after a certain time. Overall, this study confirms that hypertonic environmental concentration has a direct effect on plant cell plasmolysis, with the intensity increasing with higher environmental concentrations.

This study examines the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in improving the quality and yield of cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) plants through a comprehensive literature study. A systematic review was conducted on recent scientific publications that discuss various types of organic fertilizers, including chicken manure, bokashi, organic liquid fertilizer, and eco-enzyme. The research method used a literature study approach by analyzing articles from 2020-2024, focusing on the effectiveness of organic fertilizers in increasing the growth and productivity of cucumber plants.The results showed that organic fertilizers do not merely provide nutrients, but transform as agents of soil ecosystem regeneration. Each type of organic fertilizer has a unique mechanism in influencing plant growth, including increased microbiological activity, optimization of soil structure, and stimulation of the root system. Variations in plant responses depend on genotype, fertilizer composition and environmental conditions. The research resulted in practical recommendations for sustainable organic fertilization strategies, emphasizing the importance of a precision and holistic approach in cucumber crop nutrient management. The findings make a significant contribution in the development of sustainable agriculture.

One alternative to increase plant growth and improve soil quality sustainably is organic fertilizer. Based on previous studies, this study discusses how organic fertilizer affects plant growth and soil quality. The results of the study indicate that organic fertilizer can increase plant growth by providing nutrients gradually and supporting the activity of soil microorganisms responsible for decomposing organic matter. The use of organic fertilizers has also been shown to improve soil structure, increase water retention capacity, and enrich it. However, there are several obstacles when using organic fertilizers, such as longer decomposition times and inconsistent nutrient levels. Therefore, efforts to optimize the use of organic fertilizers must be carried out continuously to increase their capacity to support sustainable agriculture.
 

This study aims to determine the marketing strategy of sangkuriang catfish seeds (Clarias gariepinu var) in Tawamelewe Village, Uepai District, Konawe Regency using SWOT analysis. The respondents in this study were the owner of a catfish hatchery, Mr. Nengah Sama. The results of the analysis of the sangkuriang catfish hatchery business began in 2013 with a pond area of ??20 ares, until now in 2024 with a pond area of ??2 ha. The business capital is IDR 3,000,000-5,000,000. up to the current capital of IDR 30,000,000.-50,000,000. The monthly income of UPR Nengah Surya mina reaches IDR 6,000,000.- IDR 8,000,000. if demand is high, the monthly income reaches IDR 8,000,000.- IDR 10,000,000. The results of internal and external factors, the strength factor of the Sangkuriang Catfish Seedling Business in Tawamelewe Village, Uepai District is superior compared to its weaknesses. The opportunity factor in the current condition is quite large compared to its threats. The Sangkuriang Catfish Seedling Business in Tawamelewe Village, Uepai District is currently in Quadrant I, a company that is in quadrant I is a very profitable situation. The company has opportunities and strengths so that it can take advantage of existing opportunities. The strategy that can be done is by supporting aggressive business growth.

This study aims to identify the marketing channels of spring onions and analyze the efficiency of spring onion marketing in the research area. The population in this study were all farmers in Linonggasai Village, Wonggeduku Barat District, Konawe Regency who grow spring onions and marketing institutions, namely 10 farmers, 4 collectors and 5 retailers, farmer samples were taken by census and trader samples used the snowball sampling method. Based on the results of field research, it can be concluded that; the marketing channels for spring onions in this research area are farmers to collectors to retailers and then to consumers. The margin obtained by collectors is IDR 10,000 / kg with a profit of IDR 8,500 / kg. While the margin obtained by retailers is IDR 10,000 / kg with a profit of IDR 8,900 / kg. The efficiency value of the spring onion marketing channel in the research area is efficient with a marketing efficiency level obtained by collectors of 2.5% and retailers of 1.5%, and the farmer share received by farmers is 72%.

This research will be conducted in all sub-districts in Larompong District, namely 13 sub-districts. The results of the study indicate that the level of satisfaction of rice farmers with the quality of agricultural extension services in Larompong District, Luwu Regency is in the satisfied category based on 15 attributes of questions answered by respondent farmers where the attribute with the highest level of farmer satisfaction is that extension workers conduct field visits to meet or attend meetings with farmers and farmer groups. The level of interest and performance towards agricultural extension services in Larompong District, Luwu Regency based on the analysis of Performance and Information In general, it shows that the level of performance of agricultural extension workers in Larompong District, Luwu Regency is satisfactory. Furthermore, from the results of the calculation of the gap between interests and performance, the gap in each service attribute is positive with a difference between performance and interests of 1.10 out of 5.0. This means that the satisfaction felt by farmers is greater than the performance of extension workers towards the interests of farmers. Based on the results of multiple linear regression, the independent variables that have a significant effect on the dependent variable are the variables Age, Education and Experience on the level of farmer satisfaction with extension services.