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Latar Belakang: Cedera ankle adalah permasalahan dalam yang sering terjadi pada kalangan umum khususnya pada kelompok atlet. Pada kondisi ceder aini sering kali tidak ditangani dengan baik sehingga dapat menyebabkan gejala lanjutan, seperti nyeri,ketidakstabilan,kelemahan, dan cedera berulang. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui Apakah terdapat Pengaruh kombinasi pemberian strengthening exercise dan heel kicking exercise terhadap tingkat keseimbangan pada cedera ankle. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan metode quasi eksperimental dengan rancangan penelitian one group pre test -post test design. Sampel dalam penelitian ini adalah atlet di Jaguar Basketball Club yang berjumlah 38 orang. Dengan memberikan perlakukan strengthening exercise dan Heel kicking exercise. Pengambilan sampel menggunakan metode purposive sampling. Tingkat keseimbangan di ukur menggunakan Y – Balance Test. Penelitian ini dilakuakn selama 4 minggu di Jaguar Basketball Club. Hasil: Berdasarkan hasil uji pengaruh menggunakan paired sample test, Pada kelompok I diperoleh 0,001 yang memiliki arti p < 0,005 sehingga dapat dikatakan terdapat pengaruh nilai Y – Balance Test yang bermakna sebelum dan sesudah diberikan intervensi strengthening exercise dan heel kicking exercise. Kesimpulan: Terdapat pengaruh pemberian strengthening exercise dan heel kicking exercise terhadap tingkat keseimbangan ankle pada atlet basket. 

Latar Belakang: De Quervain Syndrome merupakan gangguan tendon ibu jari akibat gerakan repetitif yang sering dialami gamer sehingga menimbulkan nyeri dan keterbatasan Range of Motion (ROM). Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi kinesiology taping dan terapi latihan terhadap penurunan nyeri dan peningkatan ROM pada kasus De Quervain Syndrome di komunitas gamer. Metode: Penelitian menggunakan desain quasi experimental dengan rancangan one group pre-test and post-test. Sampel berjumlah 30 responden dengan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran nyeri menggunakan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) dan ROM menggunakan goniometer. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Hasil: Hasil uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan nilai Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed) pada variabel NRS sebesar p<0,001, fleksi p<0,001 dan abduksi p<0,001. Hasil tersebut menunjukkan adanya pengaruh signifikan kombinasi kinesiology taping dan terapi latihan terhadap penurunan nyeri dan peningkatan ROM. Kesimpulan: Ada pengaruh Kombinasi kinesiology taping dan terapi latihan terhadap penurunan nyeri dan peningkatan ROM pada kasus De Quervain Syndrome di komunitas gamer.

Latar Belakang: Non-spesific Low Back Pain merupakan salah satu gangguan muskuloskeletal yang sering terjadi pada mahasiswa akibat aktivitas sedentari, posisi duduk statis yang berkepanjangan, serta penggunaan perangkat digital dengan postur yang kurang ergonomis. Penatalaksanaan non-spesific Low Back Pain dapat dilakukan melalui kombinasi intervensi non-farmakologis seperti McGill exercise dan kompres daun kubis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) yang memiliki efek antiinflamasi dan penurunan nyeri. Tujuan: Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi kompres daun kubis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) dan McGill exercise terhadap penurunan nyeri pada kasus non-spesific Low Back Pain. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain experimental dengan pendekatan one group pre-test and post-test design. Sampel penelitian merupakan mahasiswa yang mengalami non-spesific Low Back Pain. Pengukuran tingkat nyeri dilakukan menggunakan Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) sebelum dan sesudah pemberian intervensi kombinasi kompres daun kubis dan McGill exercise. Data dianalisis menggunakan aplikasi IBM SPSS Statistics. Hasil: Hasil penelitian menunjukkan Hasil uji pengaruh Wilxocon menunjukkan nilai p-value (<0.001) yang berarti terdapat pengaruh signifikan kombinasi kompres daun kubis dan McGill exercise terhadap penurunan nyeri pada mahasiswa dengan non-spesific Low Back Pain. Nilai rata-rata nyeri mengalami penurunan dari 2,38 sebelum intervensi menjadi 2,05 setelah intervensi, yang menunjukkan adanya pengaruh terhadap penurunan nyeri pada kasus non-spesific Low Back Pain. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi kompres daun kubis (Brassica oleracea var. capitata) dan McGill exercise berpengaruh terhadap penurunan nyeri pada kasus non-spesific Low Back Pain pada mahasiswa.

Latar Belakang: Forward Head Posture (FHP) merupakan gangguan postur yang sering terjadi akibat aktivitas statis berkepanjangan dan penggunaan perangkat digital yang berlebihan. Kondisi ini dapat menyebabkan ketidakseimbangan otot, peningkatan beban pada tulang servikal, serta menimbulkan nyeri leher dan gangguan fungsi. Scapular Stabilization Exercise (SSE) dan Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening Exercise (DCFSE) merupakan latihan yang bertujuan memperbaiki keseimbangan otot, mengurangi nyeri, dan memperbaiki postur leher. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh kombinasi Scapular Stabilization Exercise dan Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening Exercise terhadap penurunan nyeri leher dan perbaikan Forward Head Posture pada pasien di Puskesmas Bulu Kabupaten Sukoharjo. Metode: Penelitian ini menggunakan desain quasi experimental dengan pendekatan one group pre-test and post-test design. Sampel penelitian berjumlah 30 responden yang dipilih menggunakan teknik purposive sampling. Pengukuran nyeri dilakukan menggunakan Visual Analog Scale (VAS) dan pengukuran Forward Head Posture menggunakan Craniovertebral Angle (CVA). Intervensi berupa kombinasi Scapular Stabilization Exercise dan Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening Exercise diberikan selama 4 minggu. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. Hasil: Hasil analisis menunjukkan terdapat pengaruh yang signifikan pemberian kombinasi Scapular Stabilization Exercise dan Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening Exercise terhadap penurunan nyeri leher dan perbaikan Forward Head Posture dengan nilai p-value = 0,000 (p < 0,05). Hasil ini menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang bermakna antara kondisi sebelum dan sesudah pemberian intervensi. Kesimpulan: Kombinasi Scapular Stabilization Exercise dan Deep Cervical Flexor Strengthening Exercise efektif dalam menurunkan nyeri leher dan memperbaiki Forward Head Posture pada pasien dengan gangguan postur kepala maju ke depan.

This community service activity aims to improve knowledge and prevent low back pain (LBP) in order to support productivity among members of the Sutik Nganggur Women Farmers Group, who are also engaged in small-scale food production (UMKM). The program was conducted in Gadingsari Village, Bantul, through health promotion sessions and physiotherapy exercise demonstrations involving 20 participants. Educational materials covered the definition, causes, risk factors, symptoms, ergonomic working postures, and preventive strategies for LBP. Participants also received practical training on stretching exercises and proper body mechanics that could be applied during farming and food production activities. The results indicated a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of LBP prevention and ergonomic practices. Participants demonstrated the ability to perform the recommended exercises correctly and showed increased awareness of maintaining safe working postures in their daily activities. This program is expected to reduce the risk of LBP, improve physical well-being, and enhance work productivity. Furthermore, the activity highlights the importance of integrating health education and physiotherapy interventions into community empowerment programs to support sustainable economic activities and improve occupational health among rural workers.

Background: Labor is a physiological process that is commonly accompanied by pain, causing discomfort, anxiety, and fear that may interfere with maternal well-being and labor progress. Effleurage massage is a complementary, non-pharmacological intervention used to reduce labor pain. Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of effleurage massage in reducing pain intensity during the first stage of labor. Method: A literature review was conducted using articles retrieved from Google Scholar. An initial search identified 45 articles, and after screening based on publication year (2021–2026), relevance, and inclusion criteria, 10 research articles were included for analysis. Data were extracted and synthesized descriptively. Results: The findings consistently showed that effleurage massage reduced labor pain by promoting relaxation, decreasing muscle tension, improving blood circulation, and stimulating endorphin release through the gate control mechanism. Most studies also reported improved maternal comfort during labor. Conclusion: In conclusion, effleurage massage is an effective, safe, affordable, and easy-to-apply complementary therapy that can be integrated into midwifery care to reduce labor pain and enhance maternal comfort.  

Joint pain is one of the most common health problems among older adults and may reduce mobility and quality of life. Community self-survey data in Cepoko Village indicated that 55% of residents, particularly older adults, experienced joint pain complaints. One non-pharmacological intervention that can be applied is warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy known as SEHATI (Serai Hangat untuk Kaki). This community service activity aimed to improve elderly knowledge regarding self-management of joint pain and demonstrate warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy as a complementary treatment. The methods included health education, demonstration of warm lemongrass preparation, direct practice by participants, and evaluation through discussion and question-answer sessions. The participants were elderly individuals experiencing joint pain in Cepoko Village, Panekan District, Magetan Regency. The results showed that participants actively engaged in all activities, were able to explain the preparation steps of SEHATI, and understood the benefits of warm lemongrass foot soaking therapy for reducing joint pain. This program provides an easy, affordable, safe, and home-based complementary therapy alternative for elderly people.

- Background: The rate of cesarean section (CS) deliveries continues to increase in Indonesia. Bali Province ranks first nationally, with a cesarean delivery rate of 53.2%. Cesarean section results in surgical wounds that cause pain in postpartum mothers. One non-pharmacological intervention to reduce pain is early mobilization through video media. Objective: This study aimed to determine the differences in pain intensity among post-cesarean mothers before and after receiving early mobilization through video media. Methods: This study employed a quantitative approach with a pre-experimental one-group pretest-posttest design. The study population consisted of post-cesarean mothers at Singasana Regional General Hospital. A total of 26 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited. Pain intensity was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. The intervention consisted of early mobilization delivered through a 3-minute and 23-second video, accompanied by healthcare personnel. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. Results: Most respondents were aged 20–35 years, multiparous, had completed senior high school, and were employed. The median pain intensity decreased from 5.00 before the intervention to 3.00 after the intervention. The Wilcoxon test showed a p-value of 0.000 (p < 0.05), indicating a significant difference in pain intensity before and after the intervention. Conclusion: Early mobilization through video media was effective in reducing pain intensity among post-cesarean mothers. Video media can be utilized as an educational tool to support the implementation of early mobilization in healthcare settings..

Asam urat merupakan penyakit metabolik yang ditandai dengan peningkatan kadar asam urat dalam darah, yaitu >7,0 mg/dL pada laki-laki dan >6,0 mg/dL pada perempuan. Kondisi ini sering dialami lansia akibat penumpukan kristal urat yang dapat menimbulkan nyeri dan gangguan mobilitas. Salah satu upaya nonfarmakologis yang dapat dilakukan adalah senam ergonomik berbasis budaya. Penelitian ini bertujuan menganalisis efektivitas inovasi senam ergonomik berbasis budaya terhadap kadar asam urat pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pakis, Kabupaten Malang. Penelitian menggunakan desain quasi-experimental dengan two-group pretest-posttest control group design. Sampel berjumlah 20 responden yang dibagi menjadi kelompok intervensi (10 responden) dan kelompok kontrol (10 responden). Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon untuk mengetahui perubahan sebelum dan sesudah intervensi pada masing-masing kelompok serta uji Mann–Whitney untuk membandingkan hasil antar kelompok. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya penurunan kadar asam urat yang signifikan pada kelompok intervensi (p=0,046; p<0,05), sedangkan kelompok kontrol tidak mengalami perubahan bermakna (p=0,317; p>0,05). Perbandingan kadar asam urat pascaintervensi antara kedua kelompok juga menunjukkan perbedaan yang signifikan (p=0,001; p<0,05). Dengan demikian, inovasi senam ergonomik berbasis budaya yang dilakukan sebanyak empat kali selama dua minggu terbukti efektif dalam menurunkan kadar asam urat pada lansia di wilayah kerja Puskesmas Pakis, Kabupaten Malang.

Low Back Pain (LBP) secara terminologi medis, merupakan gejala ketidaknyamanan yang dialami oleh seseorang akibat nyeri pada punggung bagian bawah. Kabupaten Muna Barat menempati urutan ke 11 dari 15 Kabupaten setelah kabupaten Kolaka Utara tertinggi di Sulawesi Tenggara yang menunjukan prevalensi Low Back Pain (LBP). Berdasarkan diagnosis dokter, penduduk umur ?15 tahun mengalami penyakit Low Back Pain (LBP) sebesar 2,15% dari 440 jiwa yang mengalami gangguan kesehatan.Tujuan dari peneliti ini adalah untuk mengetahui Faktor yang Berhubungan dengan Keluhan Low Back Pain pada Pekerja Pembuat Batu Bata di Kecamatan Kusambi Tahun 2026. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan Cross Sectional dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 125 orang yang diambil menggunakan teknik Alokasi Propostional. Analisis yang dilakukan meliputi analisis univariat untuk mendeskripsikan distribusi frekuensi variabel dan analisis bivariat menggunakan metode chi-square. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa ada hubungan antara usia dengan keluhan LBP (p-value=0,000), tidak ada hubungan antara jenis kelamin dengan keluhan LBP (p-value=0,276), ada hubungan antara posisi kerja dengan keluhan LBP (p-value=0,000), tidak ada hubungan antara durasi kerja dengan keluhan LBP (p-value=0,648), ada hubungan antara beban kerja dengan keluhan LBP (p-value=0,012).Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini yaitu faktor yang berhubungan dengan keluhan low back pain yaitu variabel usia, posisi kerja dan beban kerja, sedangkan varibel jenis kelamin dan durasi kerja tidak berhubungan.

Nyeri punggung bawah merupakan keluhan umum pada ibu hamil, terutama trimester III, akibat perubahan fisiologis, peningkatan beban janin, dan relaksasi ligamen panggul. Intervensi non-farmakologis, seperti herbal kompres ball, dianggap efektif dan aman untuk menurunkan nyeri. Tujuan: Mengetahui pengaruh herbal compres ball terhadap penurunan nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu hamil trimester III. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kuantitatif dengan jenis Quasi Experimental Design, rancangan one group pretest-posttest. Sampel sebanyak 35 ibu hamil trimester III di Semarang Barat dipilih dengan purposive sampling. Data nyeri dikumpulkan menggunakan kuesioner skala nyeri sebelum dan sesudah intervensi. Analisis data menggunakan uji Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test untuk mengetahui perbedaan signifikan nyeri pretest dan posttest. Sebelum intervensi, mayoritas responden mengalami nyeri sedang sebanyak 29 orang (82,9%), sedangkan setelah intervensi, mayoritas mengalami nyeri ringan sebanyak 29 orang (82,9%) dan sebagian kecil tidak merasakan nyeri 2 orang (5,7%). Uji Wilcoxon menunjukkan Z = -5,014; p = 0,000, menandakan adanya penurunan nyeri yang signifikan setelah intervensi herbal compres ball. Herbal kompres ball efektif menurunkan nyeri punggung bawah pada ibu hamil trimester III. Intervensi ini dapat menjadi metode non-farmakologis yang aman, praktis, dan efektif.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) merupakan gangguan saluran pencernaan di mana isi lambung berulang kali kembali ke kerongkongan, menyebabkan berbagai gejala dan komplikasi. Prevalensi GERD di Indonesia pada tahun 2023 dilaporkan sebesar 42,3% dengan 274.396 kasus. Data rekam medis RSUD Banyumas menunjukkan peningkatan kasus GERD dari 71 kasus (2023) menjadi 118 kasus (2024). Tujuan: Mendeskripsikan penerapan asuhan keperawatan pada pasien Nn. S dengan Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) di Ruang Melati RSUD Banyumas. Metode: Studi kasus deskriptif dengan pendekatan proses asuhan keperawatan, dilakukan pada tanggal 27–28 Januari 2026 di Ruang Melati RSUD Banyumas melalui wawancara, observasi, pemeriksaan fisik, studi dokumentasi, dan studi literatur. Hasil: Diagnosis keperawatan yang muncul adalah nyeri akut berhubungan dengan agen pencedera fisiologis (D.0077), nausea berhubungan dengan gangguan pada esofagus (D.0076), dan defisit pengetahuan berhubungan dengan kurang terpapar informasi (D.0111). Intervensi yang dilakukan meliputi manajemen nyeri, manajemen mual, dan edukasi kesehatan. Kesimpulan: Setelah dilakukan implementasi keperawatan selama 2 hari, diagnosis nyeri akut dan nausea teratasi sebagian, sedangkan diagnosis defisit pengetahuan teratasi penuh. Discharge planning dilakukan dengan menganjurkan teknik relaksasi napas dalam, aromaterapi minyak kayu putih, serta modifikasi pola hidup sehat.

 Background: Perineal pain due to episiotomy is a common complaint experienced by postpartum mothers and can affect patient comfort, mobility, and recovery. Nonpharmacological pain management is needed to help reduce discomfort with minimal risk of side effects. Objective: This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of applying cold compresses using ice packs in reducing perineal pain intensity in postpartum mothers with episiotomy. Methods: The study used a descriptive case study design in three vaginal postpartum patients with episiotomy who were treated in the postpartum ward. The intervention involved applying cold compresses using ice packs to the perineal area for 10–15 minutes, as per nursing procedures. Pain was measured using the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) before and after the intervention. Findings: The results showed a decrease in pain intensity in all patients after the application of cold compresses. Patient P1 experienced a decrease in pain score from 5 to 4, patient P2 from 6 to 5, and patient P3 from 5 to 4, with an average decrease of 1 point. Implications: Cold compresses using ice packs have the potential to be an effective non-pharmacological nursing intervention to help reduce perineal pain and improve the comfort of postpartum mothers with episiotomies during the care period.

Postoperative pain following Sectio Caesarea (SC) is a common clinical problem, reported within the first 24 hours in approximately 50-85% of patients. This postoperative pain can affect maternal comfort, early mobilization, and the recovery process. Theoretically, post-SC pain is associated with tissue trauma and nociceptive responses. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is an increasingly implemented method because it is considered capable of accelerating postoperative recovery and reducing pain intensity after surgical procedures. This study aimed to describe the distribution of post-Sectio Caesarea pain intensity based on patient characteristics. This research employed a descriptive quantitative design with an observational approach. Data were collected using a total sampling technique from all post-SC patients managed with the ERAS method at RSI Fatimah over a one-month period, with a total of 50 respondents. The research instrument used was the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed univariately in the form of frequency and percentage distributions. The results showed that the majority of respondents were in early adulthood (26-35 years), accounting for 40 respondents (80.0%), multiparous women totaled 30 respondents (60.0%), maternal indications were found in 33 respondents (66.0%), and 27 respondents (54.0%) had no previous history of SC. Within the first 2 hours after SC, most mothers experienced mild pain (scale 1-3), totaling 31 respondents (62.0%). At 8 hours after analgesic administration, mild pain remained predominant, with 36 respondents (72.0%). In conclusion, most mothers who underwent Sectio Caesarea using the ERAS method experienced mild pain during the early postoperative period.

Postoperative pain following Sectio Caesarea (SC) is a common clinical problem, reported within the first 24 hours in approximately 50-85% of patients. This postoperative pain can affect maternal comfort, early mobilization, and the recovery process. Theoretically, post-SC pain is associated with tissue trauma and nociceptive responses. Enhanced Recovery After Surgery (ERAS) is an increasingly implemented method because it is considered capable of accelerating postoperative recovery and reducing pain intensity after surgical procedures. This study aimed to describe the distribution of post-Sectio Caesarea pain intensity based on patient characteristics. This research employed a descriptive quantitative design with an observational approach. Data were collected using a total sampling technique from all post-SC patients managed with the ERAS method at RSI Fatimah over a one-month period, with a total of 50 respondents. The research instrument used was the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS). Data were analyzed univariately in the form of frequency and percentage distributions. The results showed that the majority of respondents were in early adulthood (26-35 years), accounting for 40 respondents (80.0%), multiparous women totaled 30 respondents (60.0%), maternal indications were found in 33 respondents (66.0%), and 27 respondents (54.0%) had no previous history of SC. Within the first 2 hours after SC, most mothers experienced mild pain (scale 1-3), totaling 31 respondents (62.0%). At 8 hours after analgesic administration, mild pain remained predominant, with 36 respondents (72.0%). In conclusion, most mothers who underwent Sectio Caesarea using the ERAS method experienced mild pain during the early postoperative period.

Appendisitis merupakan salah satu kasus kegawatdaruratan bedah yang sering memerlukan tindakan appendektomi dan berpotensi menimbulkan nyeri pasca operasi. Nyeri yang muncul setelah efek anestesi berkurang dapat memengaruhi kenyamanan serta proses pemulihan pasien, sehingga diperlukan manajemen nyeri yang efektif. Salah satu terapi nonfarmakologis yang dapat digunakan sebagai terapi pendamping adalah teknik relaksasi Benson. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui efektivitas teknik relaksasi Benson terhadap penurunan skala nyeri pada pasien pasca operasi appendektomi di ruang Rawat Inap VIP RSUD Boven Digoel. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain studi kasus dengan pendekatan deskriptif. Pengambilan sampel dilakukan secara purposive sampling sesuai dengan kriteria inklusi yang telah ditetapkan, dengan jumlah sampel sebanyak 1 pasien pasca operasi appendektomi. Pengumpulan data dilakukan melalui observasi dan wawancara selama 4 hari. Intervensi berupa teknik relaksasi Benson diberikan untuk membantu mengurangi intensitas nyeri pasien. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa penerapan teknik relaksasi Benson efektif dalam menurunkan skala nyeri pada pasien pasca operasi appendektomi. Setelah dilakukan intervensi, pasien mengalami penurunan intensitas nyeri secara bertahap sehingga memberikan rasa nyaman selama masa perawatan. Berdasarkan hasil penelitian, teknik relaksasi Benson dapat dijadikan sebagai salah satu terapi nonfarmakologis alternatif dalam manajemen nyeri pasien pasca operasi appendektomi. Diharapkan institusi pelayanan kesehatan, institusi pendidikan, perawat pelaksana, dan peneliti selanjutnya dapat menerapkan dan mengembangkan intervensi ini sebagai bagian dari asuhan keperawatan yang komprehensif.

Laparotomy is a major surgical procedure associated with a high risk of acute postoperative pain. According to Gan (2017), if pain is not properly managed, it can progress to chronic pain. (Toro et al., 2018) reported that severe pain on the first postoperative day is still commonly found in laparotomy patients, while (Small & Laycock, 2020) indicated that moderate to severe pain within the first 24 hours following major surgery remains a significant clinical issue. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of pharmacological pain management following laparotomy under general anesthesia, specifically to identify the types of opioid analgesics used, analyze their effectiveness in reducing pain intensity, identify side effects, and examine administration techniques and routes. This study employed a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method following the PRISMA guidelines. Literature searches were conducted in the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and SpringerLink databases covering the years 2015–2026. The included studies comprised randomized controlled trials (RCTs), cohort studies, and retrospective studies addressing opioid pharmacological pain management in adult patients following laparotomy under general anesthesia. Study quality assessment was performed using the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) instrument. A total of 11 studies met the inclusion criteria. The results of the systematic literature review indicate that opioids are effective in reducing postoperative pain following laparotomy under general anesthesia. The most commonly used opioids are morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone. Of all the opioids reviewed, oxycodone provided the best pain control, while intrathecal morphine was most effective in reducing the need for supplemental opioids during the early postoperative period. Other opioids, such as extended-release dinalbuphine sebacate and tegileridine, are also effective, but the number of studies is still limited. The most common side effects are nausea, vomiting, pruritus, sedation, and dizziness. Pharmacological pain management using opioids is effective in reducing the intensity of postoperative pain following laparotomy under general anesthesia. Morphine, fentanyl, and oxycodone are the most commonly used opioids. Oxycodone and intrathecal morphine have shown good results in improving pain control and reducing the need for supplemental opioids. The selection of opioid type, dosage, and administration technique must be tailored to the patient’s clinical condition to achieve optimal analgesia with minimal side effects.

Fracture is a condition characterized by the disruption of bone continuity that often causes acute pain, especially in patients following Open Reduction and Internal Fixation (ORIF). Effective pain management is essential to support the recovery process and improve patient comfort during hospitalization. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of cold compress therapy (cryotherapy) in reducing pain intensity in post-ORIF patients. This study used a case study method on a patient diagnosed with a right humerus fracture at PKU Muhammadiyah Bantul Hospital. Data were collected through interviews, interventions, and documentation using the PQRST method. Cryotherapy was administered once daily for three consecutive days using an ice bag applied to the painful area. The results showed a gradual decrease in pain intensity from scale 7 to 6 on the first day, 5 on the second day, and 4 on the third day. The patient also reported increased comfort after the intervention. These findings indicate that cryotherapy is effective as a non-pharmacological intervention in reducing postoperative pain and improving patient comfort.

Gastritis is an inflammation of the gastric mucosa that often causes pain in the epigastric area, which can reduce patient comfort and quality of life. This condition requires treatment that is not only pharmacological, but can also be supported by non-pharmacological interventions such as warm compresses that function to provide a relaxing effect and improve blood circulation. This study aims to determine the effect of warm compresses on reducing pain intensity in gastritis patients. The research method used was descriptive with a case study approach on one patient treated in the inpatient ward. Data collection was carried out through interviews, observation, and documentation using the PQRST method to assess pain. The intervention in the form of warm compresses was given for three days with a frequency of once a day for ± 15–20 minutes in the epigastric area. The results showed a gradual decrease in pain intensity from a scale of 6 to a scale of 2 after the intervention, as well as an increase in patient comfort. The implications of this study indicate that warm compresses can be used as an effective, safe, and easy-to-implement independent nursing intervention to help reduce pain in gastritis patients and improve the quality of nursing care.

Blood sampling is a mildly invasive medical procedure aimed at detecting diseases, assessing organ function, and evaluating the patient's overall health. It often causes pain, which can affect patient comfort. Pain perception during this procedure is influenced by both physiological and psychological factors. Therefore, safe and easily implemented non-pharmacological interventions are essential to alleviate pain intensity, and one such intervention is deep breathing relaxation. This descriptive observational study employed a quantitative one-shot case study design with a posttest-only approach. Pain intensity was measured after the deep breathing relaxation intervention was given, without any pretest. The findings revealed that after the deep breathing relaxation intervention, most respondents experienced mild pain (84 people, 70.6%), moderate pain (32 people, 26.9%), and severe pain (2 people, 1.7%). The results indicate that deep breathing relaxation significantly reduces pain intensity during blood sampling and can be effectively used as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance patient comfort during medical procedures.