Publication Search

95,605 articles from 887 journals · 2,123 citations tracked

Showing 1-20 of 60

Analytics

Luthfiyyah Nabilah; Erna Budi Setiawati; Rahimatul Faradila; Nazwa Isfalana Idris

Jurnal Arjuna : Publikasi Ilmu Pendidikan, Bahasa dan Matematika 2026 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Indonesia

This study aims to examine the role of community participation in supporting cleanliness programs to create a clean and healthy residential environment in Baru Village, Pasar Rebo District, East Jakarta. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving local residents and the neighborhood head (RT). The collected data were analyzed descriptively to identify the forms of community participation and the factors influencing it. The findings indicate that community participation plays an important role in supporting the success of environmental cleanliness programs. Such participation is reflected in regular community service activities, drainage cleaning, household waste management, proper waste disposal, environmental greening, and maintaining the cleanliness of homes and surrounding areas. Factors influencing community participation include residents’ awareness, support from neighborhood heads and community leaders, cooperation among residents, the availability of sanitation facilities, and the regular implementation of cleanliness activities. Community participation also provides positive impacts, including a cleaner and healthier environment, reduced risk of water stagnation, improved environmental comfort, and stronger social relationships among residents. Therefore, community participation needs to be continuously enhanced to ensure the sustainability of cleanliness programs and the ongoing realization of a clean and healthy residential environment.

Donata Peni; Mariana Marta Towe

Faedah : Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2026 FKIP, Universitas Palangka Raya

Environmental cleanliness is an important aspect in supporting the quality of life of the community, one of which is influenced by the availability of adequate waste management facilities. The problem faced by the community in Lewolaga Village, East Flores Regency is the limited waste disposal facilities so that the habit of littering still often occurs. This activity aims to provide trash bins and increase public awareness in maintaining environmental cleanliness. The implementation method includes the stages of observation, planning, implementation, socialization and handover. The activity took place in April 2026 with the local community. The results of the activity show that the presence of trash bins makes it easier for the community to manage waste and contributes to improving environmental cleanliness. In addition, counseling regarding the sorting of organic and non-organic waste can increase understanding and shape community behavior to be more orderly in disposing of waste. Overall, this program has a positive impact in creating a clean and healthy environment.

Wahyu Ningsih; Syech Adiwijaya Latief; Abdul Wahid; Anin Asnidar; Ratnawati Ratnawati +6 more

Faedah : Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2026 FKIP, Universitas Palangka Raya

This community service program is an international initiative aimed at increasing public awareness of the importance of language politeness in environmental campaigns, particularly in efforts to reduce plastic waste. The program was carried out through collaboration between Universitas Muhammadiyah Makassar, Politeknik Besut Terengganu Malaysia, and the Geng Plastik Ija Terengganu community. The activities were conducted at Bukit Keluang Beach using a participatory approach that actively involved community members in the planning, implementation, and evaluation stages of the program. The activities included training on polite communication, simulations of persuasive language use in environmental campaigns, and direct practice of plastic waste reduction campaigns for the surrounding community. Through these activities, participants gained a better understanding of the importance of using polite and effective language in delivering environmental messages to society. The results showed an improvement in participants’ communication skills in environmental advocacy, increased public awareness regarding plastic waste reduction, and greater community participation in maintaining environmental cleanliness. Furthermore, this international collaboration also strengthened cross-cultural communication competencies and institutional cooperation in implementing community service activities oriented toward environmental sustainability.

Donal Syafrianto; Mila Fitria Amanda; Amellia Zahratul Syahlu; Iznillah Lutifyah Husna; Jeffry Juliana +1 more

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Waste management has become a critical environmental issue at both global and national levels due to increasing population and changing consumption patterns. In Indonesia, waste generation exceeds 60 million tons annually, with a significant portion consisting of plastic waste that requires hundreds of years to decompose. One of the main challenges in addressing this issue is the low level of public awareness and understanding regarding waste types and their decomposition time. This community service program conducted by students of Universitas Negeri Padang aims to improve environmental awareness through environmental education and community empowerment using an innovative visual medium in the form of waste decomposition time educational boards. The activity was implemented in Pasar Hilir Hamlet, Lumindai Village, using a participatory approach involving observation, socialization, board design, production, and installation. The results indicate that the program successfully enhanced community knowledge regarding the differences between organic and inorganic waste and their environmental impacts. The educational boards, placed in strategic locations near waste disposal areas, function as effective visual tools that continuously deliver information and reinforce environmentally responsible behavior. In addition, this program contributes to improving environmental cleanliness, strengthening community participation, and increasing environmental literacy. Therefore, the innovation of waste decomposition time educational boards serves not only as an informative medium but also as a sustainable educational tool to promote long-term behavioral change toward environmental awareness.

Sidabutar, Desi Marlina; Faiz Muhammad Zacky; Juni Kristiani Meliala; Peter Patiangbanua Purba; Suci Rohani br Panjaitan +1 more

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Kemitraan Masyarakat (ALKHIDMAH) 2026 LP3M INSTITUT KH YAZID KARIMULLAH

This study aims to determine community participation and identify obstacles in the implementation of waste management policies in Medan Sunggal District, specifically the Pinang Baris area. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques including observation, interviews, and documentation. Informants in this study consisted of local residents and Medan City Environmental Agency employees who were deemed to have relevant information related to the issues being studied. The data obtained were then analyzed inductively through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The results of the study indicate that community participation in the implementation of waste management policies is still relatively low and inconsistent. This is evident in the community's irregular involvement in community-based activities, suboptimal household waste management practices, and low awareness of maintaining environmental cleanliness. Furthermore, the community still tends to mix waste and has not implemented sustainable waste sorting. This situation indicates that public awareness is actually starting to develop, but has not yet been matched by strong habits and commitment in daily practice. Furthermore, this study found several obstacles to the implementation of waste management policies, namely low public awareness, limited supporting facilities such as adequate trash bins, indiscriminate waste disposal, and a lack of public awareness campaigns. Therefore, the successful implementation of waste management policies depends not only on public participation but also requires adequate facilities and a sustained increase in the intensity of education and outreach from the government.

Muhammad Fadli Brahmana; Siti Aisyah; Hasbi Fauzan Insyirah; Muhammad Yuga Syahputra; Farhan Abdillah Panjaitan

Nusantara: Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2026 Pusat Riset dan Inovasi Nasional

Plastic waste management in rural areas, particularly in tourism villages, remains an environmental challenge that requires sustainable solutions. Negeri Tongging Village, as a tourism area around Lake Toba, has experienced an increase in household plastic waste that has not been managed optimally, potentially affecting environmental quality and community well-being. This community service activity aimed to enhance community awareness and capacity in plastic waste management through the implementation of a circular economy approach based on a waste exchange program and ecobrick production. A participatory approach was employed by actively involving the community in all stages of the activity, including socialization, program implementation, and evaluation. The program was carried out during the 2025 Community Service Program of Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara, consisting of circular economy socialization, collection of plastic waste through an exchange scheme with basic necessities, training on ecobrick production, and the provision of supporting facilities for environmental cleanliness. The results indicate an increase in community participation and environmental awareness, a reduction in improperly disposed plastic waste, and an improvement in community skills in processing plastic waste into useful products. In addition, the activity strengthened mutual cooperation and environmental responsibility among community members. In conclusion, the application of a circular economy approach through ecobrick-based activities can serve as an effective alternative solution for plastic waste management while simultaneously supporting sustainable community empowerment in rural tourism areas.

Andi Zulitsnayarti Mardhani Syam; Thamrin Tahir; Alfiana Damasinta; Muhammad Ilyas Thamrin Tahir; Nurwahida Nurwahida

JTI : Jurnal Teknologi dan Informatika 2026 STMIK Pesat Nabire

Waste management problems in schools remain a significant challenge that requires educational and participatory approaches. Students’ low awareness of 3R-based waste management (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) can negatively affect the cleanliness and environmental quality of the school environment. This community service program aimed to improve students’ environmental awareness through the implementation of a 3R-based waste management program integrated with digital education at SMP Integral Luqman Al-Hakim. The implementation method employed educational and participatory approaches through several stages, including preliminary observation, development of digital educational media, material presentation, practical activities on 3R-based waste management, and program evaluation. The digital media utilized included interactive presentations, educational videos, and digital posters to enhance students’ interest and participation. The results showed an improvement in students’ understanding and environmental awareness, as reflected in their habits of disposing of waste properly, sorting organic and inorganic waste, and actively participating in simple recycling activities. Furthermore, the implementation of the 3R-based waste management program through digital education successfully fostered a culture of environmental awareness within the school and dormitory environment. Therefore, this program can serve as an educational effort to sustainably enhance students’ environmental awareness.

Ilham Achmad Fakhrezi; Sherly Putri Revika; Ega Trianingsih Aksana; Siti Maysarah

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Perubahan Sosial 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Health education at the elementary school level represents a long-term investment in developing a stronger and more capable generation. By fostering a proper understanding from an early age, children are expected to build a resilient defense against various health threats. This community service program aims to broaden the knowledge and awareness of students at SDN 054945 Dogang Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra, regarding Clean and Healthy Living Behavior (known as PHBS). As a promotive and preventive strategy, PHBS is essential to instill from childhood to cultivate healthy habits and prevent various health disorders. This study utilizes a qualitative approach, applying the Miles and Huberman interactive analysis model. The activity, conducted on July 20, 2024, involved 77 fourth and fifth-grade students and followed three main stages: preparation, implementation, and evaluation. Socialization was carried out interactively through handwashing tutorial videos, physical exercises, PHBS-themed songs and rhythmic clapping, and Q&A sessions. The results indicated an improvement in students' understanding of various PHBS indicators, including handwashing habits, waste management, healthy food consumption, physical activity, growth monitoring, avoiding tobacco smoke, maintaining toilet cleanliness, and eradicating mosquito larvae. The active participation shown by the students reflects a heightened awareness of practicing PHBS within the school environment. In conclusion, this educational initiative has delivered a positive impact on student knowledge and holds the potential to foster a sustainable culture of clean and healthy living, both at school and in their daily lives.

Dian Tangkeallo; Theresyam Kabanga; Ferdi Ferdi

Bumi: Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Sosialisasi Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2026 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

This community service activity aims to improve street cleanliness and encourage the use of home gardens to support a clean, healthy, and sustainable environment. The main problems faced by the community include low awareness of environmental cleanliness, the persistence of trash along the roads, and underutilized yards. The activity implemented a qualitative approach through field observations, community interviews, outreach, and direct mentoring. The community service activities included the Clean Friday program, the construction of neighborhood gates, the creation of flower pots from recycled materials, and the use of home gardens for vegetable cultivation. The results of the activities showed a significant improvement in street cleanliness, increased use of home gardens as productive spaces, and growing awareness and active participation of the community, particularly the younger generation, in environmental protection. Furthermore, this activity also strengthened the values of mutual cooperation and local wisdom, which align with the Tana Toraja Masero concept of clean, healthy, independent, and sustainable development. Thus, this community service activity contributes positively to creating a sustainable environment and improving the community's quality of life in a sustainable manner

Andres M. Ginting; Asnewastri Asnewastri; Ahmad Fakhri Hutauruk; Jalatua H. Hasugian; Satria Chandra +3 more

Jurnal Pengabdian dan Keberlanjutan Masyarakat 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Muara Takus Temple is a valuable historical heritage in Riau Province and a testament to the glory of ancient civilization in the Indonesian archipelago. However, the environment around the temple often faces problems such as litter, vegetation damage, and declining public awareness. Clean-up and environmental preservation activities in this area demonstrate the involvement of the younger generation and the community in preserving the historic site. Through a participatory approach, this community service program aims to describe the process, results, and social impact of preservation activities in the Muara Takus Temple area. The results of the community service program demonstrate increased public awareness, the formation of cross-institutional collaboration, and the strengthening of the value of mutual cooperation in preserving cultural heritage and the environment. The results demonstrate that the involvement of the community, students, and site managers has successfully raised collective awareness of the importance of maintaining cleanliness and preserving cultural heritage. Furthermore, this activity strengthened the synergy between historical and environmental preservation through tree planting, waste management, and the provision of educational boards. This activity demonstrates that cultural heritage preservation can be revitalized through active participation and cross-generational collaboration.

Ovi Soviya; Lina Eta Safitri; Musmulyadin Musmulyadin

Jurnal Inovasi Sosial dan Pengabdian 2026 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Environmental pollution in coastal areas continues to be a critical issue, particularly in regions with high tourism activity such as Pantai Baru Seliper Ate in Sumbawa. The increasing accumulation of plastic waste and the lack of environmental awareness among visitors and local communities highlight the need for educational and practical interventions. This community service program aimed to strengthen students’ understanding of environmental cleanliness through Islamic values and participatory actions. The method consisted of short religious-based environmental education, a collaborative beach-cleaning activity, and a reflective session designed to reinforce ecological and spiritual awareness. The results showed a significant increase in students’ knowledge of environmental ethics, Islamic principles related to cleanliness, and practical skills in waste identification and sorting. The program also succeeded in improving the physical condition of the beach and fostering collective responsibility among participants. These findings indicate that integrating environmental education with Islamic values and hands-on activities can effectively enhance environmental awareness and support sustainable behavior among young people.

alvionita, vivi; Hermansyah; Rajamemang

Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi Negara 2025 Universitas Mbojo Bima

Sustainable Waste Management System at the Department of Environment and Forestry of Sinjai Regency, supervised by Hermansyah (Supervisor I) and Rajamemang (Supervisor II). The Department of Environment and Forestry (DLHK) of Sinjai Regency plays a crucial role in the waste management system in the region. This study aims to analyze the waste management system implemented by DLHK and identify the supporting and inhibiting factors in achieving sustainable waste management. This research employed a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis. The analysis focused on five main aspects: operational technical, institutional, financing, legal, and community participation. Research shows that the waste management system in Sinjai Regency still faces several challenges. In terms of operational technical aspects, there is a limited number of waste collection vehicles and TPS 3R facilities that are not functioning properly. In terms of institutional structure, the organization is in place but lacks expert staff and training. Regarding funding, the allocated budget tends to decrease every year and is not enough to cover all waste management activities. From a legal perspective, there are regulations in place, but their implementation is not consistent. On the community participation side, awareness and involvement in sorting waste and maintaining cleanliness remain low. However, there are some supporting factors such as leadership commitment, the existence of local regulations, and the government's efforts in providing basic facilities. This study recommends strengthening waste management policies, increasing human resource capacity, and encouraging community participation to establish a sustainable waste management system.

Ghaly Fathur Rahman; Muhammad Ikhsan Fadhilah; Pramudya Gandara

Jurnal Kewirausahaan Cerdas dan Digital 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Population density plays a critical role in shaping public health outcomes and environmental quality, particularly in rapidly urbanizing regions. This study aims to analyze the relationship between high population density and its impacts on sanitation conditions, air quality, access to clean water, and the incidence of various diseases in densely populated areas. The research adopts a qualitative descriptive approach by combining a comprehensive literature review with field observations conducted in several urban areas characterized by high population concentration. The findings reveal that increased population density is closely associated with environmental degradation, including inadequate sanitation systems, reduced air quality due to pollution, and limited availability of clean water. These environmental challenges contribute directly to a higher prevalence of health problems, such as respiratory infections, waterborne diseases, and other communicable illnesses. Overcrowded living conditions also intensify the spread of diseases, placing additional pressure on public health infrastructure. Furthermore, the study highlights that insufficient public facilities and poor environmental management exacerbate the negative effects of population density on both health and the environment. To address these challenges, effective strategies are required, including population growth control, improved urban planning, and enhanced investment in public health and environmental sanitation facilities. Strengthening community awareness and participation in maintaining environmental cleanliness is also essential. Overall, this study emphasizes the need for integrated policies that balance population management with sustainable environmental and public health development.  

Rusdiyatun Nur Annisa; Nadilla Lisa Safitri; Ivana Azaria Widy; Sardjito Eko Windarso; Ghulamin Khalim Subagiyo

Karya Nyata : Jurnal Pengabdian kepada Masyarakat 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The issue of inorganic waste such as plastic and used paper in industrial environments remains an important issue that affects the cleanliness and aesthetics of work areas. PT Pertamina Patra Niaga Fuel Terminal Rewulu faces challenges in managing non-hazardous solid waste due to limited sorting systems and waste transportation frequency. This Community Service activity aims to improve workers' understanding and skills through socialization and training in making ecobricks as a solution for utilizing inorganic waste. The methods used include pre-activity stages, socialization and hands-on practice, and evaluation through pre-tests and post-tests. The results of the activity showed a significant increase in participants' knowledge after the training, proving the effectiveness of interactive methods in strengthening understanding of the 3R (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) concept. In addition to reducing waste volume, this activity also fostered awareness and participation among workers in creating a clean and sustainable work environment. The results of this community service are important as a first step in building a culture of independent waste management in industrial environments and can be replicated in other locations with a similar approach. Keywords: Implementation of Pancasila values, bullying prevention, character education, primary school, SDN 1 Jatisela, school environment, student behaviour.

Rifky Lana Rahardian; Andi Pratama; Siti Azizah

Marsialapari: Jurnal Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat 2025 Yayasan Baitul Hikmah al-Zain

This community service program aims to empower village communities through the establishment of waste banks as a solution for sustainable waste management. The background of the activity is the increasing volume of unmanaged household waste, which has led to environmental and health problems in the village. The waste bank was chosen as an instrument because it can integrate environmental, social, and economic aspects simultaneously. The service method is carried out using a participatory approach, including outreach, technical training on waste sorting, waste bank administration management, and mentoring community groups. The results of the activity show an increase in community awareness of the importance of waste management starting from the household level. The community has become accustomed to sorting organic and inorganic waste and submitting it to the waste bank. The collected waste is then processed or resold, generating economic value for the community. In addition to impacting environmental cleanliness, this program also creates a circular economic system in the village, where waste is viewed as a resource, not a burden. The waste bank has proven to be an effective instrument for empowering village communities, strengthening community participation, and supporting environmentally friendly sustainable development.

Nabila Ardini; Riyan Pradesyah

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Terapan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

Effective waste management is a crucial challenge in maintaining environmental cleanliness and sustainability, especially in rural areas. This study aims to analyze the development of waste banks as a sustainable waste management solution in Jl Sosro GG 1001 Village. The research method used is qualitative descriptive with data collection techniques through field observations, in-depth interviews with residents and waste bank managers, and documentation of activities. The results of the study show that the existence of waste banks is able to increase public awareness in sorting and managing household waste. In addition, the social and economic impacts caused are quite significant, such as the formation of work groups, increased additional income, and strengthening the value of mutual cooperation. However, there are a number of challenges that hinder program optimization, including limited operational facilities, lack of continuity of community participation, and lack of technical support from local governments. To overcome this, a capacity building strategy is needed through continuous training, provision of supporting facilities, and cross-sector collaboration. The waste bank in Jl Sosro GG 1001 Village has great potential to be used as a model of sustainable community-based waste management, if supported by a joint commitment between residents, the government, and other stakeholders.

Fitri Dewi Inayah Nasution; Ahmad afandi surbakti

Jurnal Hasil Kegiatan Bersama Masyarakat 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study examines the Green Village Movement as a form of community empowerment in environmental conservation at Jl. Sosro Gg. Amban, Bandar Selamat Subdistrict. The increasing environmental degradation has encouraged local community-based initiatives to sustain environmental preservation. The Green Village Movement integrates active participation of residents in activities such as greening, waste management, and natural resource conservation through a bottom-up approach. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with data collected through interviews, participatory observation, and document studies. The results indicate that the movement effectively empowers the community to actively maintain cleanliness and environmental beauty, while enhancing social solidarity. Despite challenges such as limited funding and awareness, the Green Village Movement positively impacts environmental quality and social life. This study concludes that the community empowerment model based on the Green Village Movement can be replicated as an effective sustainable rural development strategy.

Adhita Naya

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The community service activity themed “Efforts of the GG. Subur, Bandar Selamat Residents in Maintaining Environmental Cleanliness” was carried out to increase public awareness in maintaining the cleanliness of the surrounding environment, as well as to encourage active participation in preserving environmental sustainability. This program includes household waste management, street park cleaning, and mosque cleanliness. The methods used were socialization about the importance of maintaining environmental cleanliness, mutual cooperation in cleaning the environment, and interactive discussions with local residents to explore ideas on efficient waste management methods. The results of the activity showed a positive response from the community, with active involvement in every stage of the activity, as well as the emergence of initiatives to continue the cleanliness program independently through a mutually agreed upon routine schedule of gotong royong. This program not only increases awareness about the importance of cleanliness but also strengthens social relationships among residents and fosters a sense of ownership over the environment. In conclusion, this activity successfully raised the community’s awareness of environmental cleanliness and is expected to continue as a sustainable community-based environmental management model.

Sri Wulandari; Rifal Pamuji; Saat Mubarrok

Jurnal Inovasi Sosial dan Pengabdian 2025 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

The POSEIDON 2025 program is a community service initiative focused on enhancing environmental resilience and improving the welfare of coastal communities in Kalijaga Hamlet. The program began with a series of surveys aimed at identifying environmental conditions, social dynamics, and the main issues faced by local residents. The survey results revealed rapid sedimentation, accumulated waste along the coastline, and seawater intrusion that rendered groundwater unfit for consumption. Based on these findings, several solution-oriented activities were designed, including the installation of a water filter in the mosque, seminars and socialization on the functions and conservation of mangroves, the planting of 100 mangrove seedlings, the restoration of the Community Hall with the addition of an environmental-themed reading corner, and a beach clean-up activity. The program was carried out over three days with the involvement of local residents, students, academics, and social organizations. The implementation results showed an increase in public awareness of the importance of protecting mangrove ecosystems and coastal cleanliness, improved access to clean water, and enhanced environmental literacy among children. This program demonstrates that interdisciplinary collaboration and active community participation play a vital role in achieving sustainable and resilient coastal development.

Arweni Arweni; Oktavia Triyani; Wawan Kristanto; Ernanda Laura Herben; Andi Kristandi

SAFARI :Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia 2025 BADAN PENERBIT STIEPARI PRESS

Community Service Program (KKN) is a student service activity aimed at applying the knowledge and skills acquired during college to real community problems. This KKN was conducted in Desa Rasau Jaya Satu, Kecamatan Rasau Jaya, Kabupaten Kubu Raya for a duration of four weeks in August 2025. The program involved comprehensive activities, including identifying key village issues and potentials, as well as implementing various development programs focused on improving infrastructure, education, agricultural productivity, and environmental cleanliness. The methods used during this KKN included direct observation, in-depth interviews with community leaders and members, community counseling sessions, and active participation of local residents in all stages of the program. As a result, students successfully accomplished multiple work programs such as the creation and installation of street name signs and cemetery markers, socialization campaigns addressing bullying prevention and environmental awareness, and technical assistance in resident data input for better governance. These efforts collectively contributed to positive impacts on the social, educational, environmental, institutional, and economic conditions of Desa Rasau Jaya Satu. Furthermore, this KKN has enhanced the awareness and sensitivity of participating students regarding the importance of community engagement and empowerment, as well as reinforced their practical skills in interdisciplinary collaboration. The integrated approach of this program supports sustainable village development and exemplifies the role of higher education institutions in fostering community welfare and student personal growth.