Public-Private Partnerships (PPPs) have emerged as a strategic approach to addressing the challenges of public sector development, particularly in the context of budget constraints and the demand for sustainability. Although numerous studies have explored the potential of PPPs, there remains a gap in understanding how this approach can simultaneously enhance operational efficiency and project sustainability. This research aims to evaluate the contribution of PPPs to operational efficiency and sustainability through case studies from five key sectors: transportation, energy, health, education, and clean water. The research employs a qualitative approach, utilizing thematic analysis based on primary data from semi-structured interviews with stakeholders and secondary data from project documents and official reports. The findings reveal that PPPs can improve cost efficiency by up to 20% in transportation projects through the application of technology and innovative management. In the energy sector, a 40% reduction in carbon emissions was achieved due to the integration of environmentally friendly technologies. Moreover, in the health sector, project completion times were reduced by 15%, while patient satisfaction rates increased by 30%. The study also highlights that the success of PPPs depends on balanced risk-sharing, contract transparency, and effective collaboration between the public and private sectors. This research contributes to strengthening empirical evidence on the relevance of PPPs as a strategic solution for enhancing operational efficiency and sustainability in the public sector. These findings are expected to serve as a guide for policymakers in designing more adaptive PPP contracts that support sustainable development. Thus, this study reinforces the role of PPPs as a key instrument in addressing modern development challenges

Agrarian disputes are a crucial issue in Indonesia, particularly in areas that serve as the centers of indigenous communities, where conflicts often arise between customary law and formal law. This study aims to analyze and compare customary and formal law's effectiveness in resolving agrarian disputes, focusing on indigenous regions with strong customary norms. The methodology employed includes semi-structured in-depth interviews and an analysis of customary legal documents, aimed at exploring respondents' perspectives and collecting data from relevant documents. The findings reveal that customary law often proves more responsive to the needs of local communities and creates fairer resolutions, whereas formal law tends to operate within a more universal framework and often overlooks local cultural values. The conclusion of this study underscores the importance of collaboration between customary law and formal law to enhance the effectiveness of agrarian dispute resolution and provides policy recommendations for the government to strengthen harmony between these two legal systems.

GlaxoSmithKline is an intermediary that transports products from manufacturers to retailers. After a product is produced by the factory, the product is sold to the distributor PT. GlaxoSmithKline namely PT. Anugerah Pharmindo Lestari (APL), PT. This APL will distribute to Minimarket Distributors, and distribute to Supermarkets, Hypermarkets. PT.GlaxoSmithKline assigned Sales Promotion Girl (SPG) and Merchandiser (MD) in supervising or monitoring stock at outlets.This study discusses the problems of the stock monitoring management information system owned by PT. GlaxoSmithKline Semarang. Stock monitoring management is an important problem faced by companies, especially supervision of developing outlets such as Indomaret and Alfamart. In meeting the smoothness of trade as well as the fulfillment of consumer demand, PT. GlaxoSmithKline should make every effort to establish stock availability at these outlets. In carrying out stock availability information, the technique used is still manual so that the company's performance is slow. Each outlet experiences stock changes from time to time, therefore a stock monitoring management information system is needed. The stock monitoring process is carried out by merchandisers who can move within the web network. This can make it easier for companies to monitor existing stock at outlets. This study tries to develop an information system for stock control and web-based prototype development. The development of a web-based prototype is expected to be able to carry out the stock control function including available goods, and out of stock (OOS) items at each outlet.Keywords:   Information system, Stock monitoring, Web.
 

The presence of ojek-online in Banyumas Regency turned out to be able to provide satisfaction for its customers, especially in Banyumas Regency. many as ojek-online in the Banyumas Regency and surrounding areas so that very many unemployed and already working residents are now working as ojek-online because in addition to the benefits achieved, it also has its own charm. Although it has received criticism from both the government and conventional ojek, slowly the existence of ojek-online can now be received positively by the wider community in Indonesia, especially in Banyumas Regency, because in addition to the easy ordering method, it also saves time, costs and energy.
The presence of ojek-online turns out to be very helpful for public transportation, especially in certain rural areas where no transportation is available or transportation is available but time is limited, so the presence of ojek-online brings fresh air and bright hope in increasing population mobility in remote areas that are difficult and expensive to transport.